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By W. F. Faragher, W. A. HORNE

Previous interrogation of German scientific personnel by numerous in- vestigators and the examination of evacuated documents indicated that fur- ther information was desirable on a miscellany of products and processes of interest to the Petroleum Industry. Accordingly, Dr. Pier and a large number of other men of the I.G. Farbenindustrie, A.G. plant at Ludwigshafen/ Oppau were further interrogated in July-1945. The information contained in this report supplements that previously reported in the CIOS report of 16 August, 1945: "Report on Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams at the I. G. Farbenindustrie A.G. works at Ludwigshafen and Oppau", edited by Lt. Col. R. Holroyd, (FP).

Aug 1, 1943

By Seth C. Schaefer

The Bureau of Mines investigated the thermodynamic properties of Bi203 (bismuth sesquioxide) and Sn02 (stannic oxide). Standard Gibbs energies of formation (AGfO) of these compounds were determined with high-temperature electromotive force (emf) cells using stabilized Zr02 (zirconia) as the electrolyte. Potential measurements were obtained from the cell

Jan 1, 1984

By H. B. Humphrey, F. E. Cash

The following information on accidents in Alabama during 1930 was compiled from data obtained from the companies represented in a course on accident prevention given by the United States Bureau of Mines in Birmingham. These mines produced nearly three-quarters of the tonnage of that State for the year, and included most of the larger operations in the district. The figures are probably representative of the mines which are doing recognized safety work, and are better than the average for all the mines in Alabama. Table 1 lists the days lost in accordance with the weights given to fatalities and permanent disabilities, part and total, which is the scale used in the National Safety Com¬ petition for Mines, conducted by this bureau. By way of explanation, temporary disabilities are weighted according to actual number of calendar days of disability, including Sundays and holidays — that is, all days are counted except the day of accident and day of employee's ability to return to duty. Hernia is classed as a temporary disability to be charged with the actual number of calendar days during which the employee was unable to work. Table 2 gives the number of accidents and the days lost from each cause at 45 coal mines and 7 iron ore mines, also the average frequency and severity rates.

Aug 1, 1931

By Lloyd A. Morley

A guide to the development and use of an APL computer program for the analysis of load-flow problems is presented. The program is designed to provide an interactive method of load-flow study to improve underground coal mine electrical system design and safety. The theoretical basis for load-flow analysis is discussed, along with per-unit calculations which facilitate computation. Specific input/output, execution and network modification procedures are presented for using the APL program. In addition, typical results are given for examples taken from power system analysis literature.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. C. Fieldner

In preparing this paper, an attempt was made to obtain results of plant-scale carbonization tests on washed and unwashed coal from the same mine. A letter. in which the following questions were asked was sent to some 50 coke-oven superintendents and others who might be interested; "What is the influence of washing coal on: (1) The chemical and physical properties of coke, as for example, the size the amount of breeze, the fracture, strength, cell-structure, etc. (2) The quantity and quality of gas and by-products. (3) The capacity of the ovens. (4) The composition of the coal. "Your general opinion, as well as any specific data or results of tests, on this important subject will be arc greatly appreciated."

Jan 1, 1930

By L. C. IlsLey

Most State enacting bodies have deemed it necessary to specify a maximum speed at which men may be hoisted or lowered in mine shafts. Since most mine cages are not closed in, as are passenger elevators in office buildings, and since, ordinarily, neither the starting tin g nor stopping of the cage is as general as that of these elevators, such regulations are all the more necessary for the comfort and safety of the men. It is also quite generally recognized that it is dangerous to over-crowd cages. Hence, a number of States have limited the number of men that may be on cage at one time.

Jan 1, 1939

By R. F. Abernethy

Analytical results, including ash fusibility data, are presented by the Bureau of Mines for 10 major constituents in coal ash from 373 samples of commercial U.S. coals. Determinations of Si02, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and P2O5 were made by colorimetric methods, Na2O and K2O by flame photometry, Ti02, CaO, and MgO by a spectrochemical method, and SO3 by a gravimetric method. In bituminous coal ashes the silicon, aluminum, and iron calculated as oxides often make up about 90 percent of the ash.

Jan 1, 1969

By RUSSELL S. DAVIES, Andrew Allan, John W. Buch

This is a progress report for the period February 1, 1949, to August 15, 1949, covering experiments with lightweight shearing machines for developing thin, steeply pitching anthracite beds. The over-all objective at the time an underground test section was established on July 30, 1946, was to improve mining above the gangway by developing methods for mechanization of pitch mining. Following the preliminary cutting tests in the gangway with the German machines, it became evident that the use of machines of this type indicated advantages for development work that could not be overlooked and warranted investigation. An agreement was reached with the cooperating company that this be done. Thus, the objectivo in the period covered by this report has been to obtain operating data to uso in comparing hand and machine methods of driving development openings. In obtaining the machine-mining data, 78 feet of gangway, 108 feet of heading, and 80 foot of chute work were driven. Hand-mining data are authentic for the mining condition. It has been shown that full mechanization is two and one-half times as fast as conventional hand methods on a lineal-feet- advance-per-shift basis and costs but little more than one-third as much. Tho machines are air-powered; there is less shattering of the coal bed by blasting; water sprays are used to allay' dust; coal is loaded by machine; no rock is taken; timber is not dislodgod by heavy blasting charges; and it may be said, except for the development of a means for transporting timber to the face, that the tasks for the miner are less arduous, and the working face equally as safe, or safer, than in driving by hand. Face timbering remains the greatest time- consuming cycle item, and steps are being taken to correct this. More than 50 percent of the cycle time is now usod for face-timbering work.

Jul 1, 1951

By Margaret R. Egan

The Bureau of Mines experimentally burned Pittsburgh Seam coal and other combustible materials found in mines in order to obtain a better knowledge of their emission products. These experiments were conducted in the Bureau's intermediate-scale fire tunnel, which simulates environ-mental conditions in underground mines. Smoke characteristics, gas concentrations, mass loss, and ventilation were measured. From these values, heat-release rates, particle sizes, obscuration rates, combustion yields, and production constants were calculated. This information was sought as part of a comprehensive study of combustible materials that will ultimately advance the design of more efficient fire detection and suppression systems. The coal combustion measurements presented in this report, together with previous analyses of wood and transformer fluid fires form a data base by which future studies of other mine combustibles can be compared.

Jan 1, 1987

By R. Havens

During the course of the investigation of possible domestic sources of manganese, engineers of the Bureau of Mines examined and sampled two manganese mineral deposits in northeastern Utah. The Daggett Chief claims are situated in the northern part of Daggett County,5 miles southwest of Manila, Utah, and approximately 57 miles from Green-River, Wyo. Owners of the property are J.E. Harris Of Salt Lake City, Utah, Nels Palleson of Manila, Utah, and J. P. Larson. The manganese occurs in a vein 6 to 8 feet wide in a shale and sandstone formation. Two distinct occurrences Of manganese are present Within the vein, and samples of each were subjected to testing. Lot A, representing .probably the major portion of the Manganese; was composed of nodules and veinlets of manganese oxides in a semicompact; gray, shaly formation. Lot B represented a 15-inch vein of dense iron-manganese ore. .Most of the laboratory work at Salt Lake City, Utah, was done on these two samples; but preliminary testing also was carried out on a small sample, physically similar to lot A, submitted by the owners.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. J. Marek

The number of persons fatally injured in the California petroleum industry in 1931 was 30, a decrease of 20 fatalities or 40 per cent from the number killed in 1930. As a result of the decrease in the number of fatalities for 1931, the fatality curve of the California petroleum industry reached its lowest point in nine years. Although reductions in personnel--which permitted the retention of a select and experienced class of workmen, decreased active field-development work, and curtailed production--undoubtedly have had a marked effect on reducing the number of fatalities in 1931, the decrease also has resulted from continued accident-prevention efforts. Statistics show that a direct relationship exists between development activity and the number of men accidentally killed in the drilling and producing division of the California petroleum industry. For example, when the average number of drilling wells in 1930 was 29 per cent less than in 1929, the number of men accidentally killed at drilling wells dropped 48 per cent; and when the average number of drilling wells in 1931 decreased 52 per cent from 1930, the number of fatalities at drilling wells decreased 58 per cent. The relationship between field-development work and fatality frequency is significant because each year at least 50 per cent of all the fatalities in the California petroleum industry occur in the drilling and producing division. This relationship should serve to guide the accident-prevention efforts of the industry, especially in the drilling and producing division, toward checking an increase in fatal accidents when development activity again takes an upward trend.

Jan 1, 1932

By H. Kenworthy

The purpose of the study described in this publication is to develop methods for recovering simple master alloys or single metal components from discarded and scrapped S-816 alloy, The Bureau of Mines started this investigation late in 1955 after the need became apparent for a method of reclaiming high-temperature alloys from an ever-increasing accumulation of rejected and wornout jet engine turbine buckets. Laboratory studies showed the following: (1) Pyrometallurgical separations are not selective enough, (2) several methods can be used for effective chemical dissolution of the major constituents of the alloy, (3) a master alloy or complex salts of cobalt and nickel can be separated, (4) chromium, contaminated by several other metals, may be segregated, and (5) more time and effort need to be expended in separating the minor constituents and improving the purity of the major metals removed. Difficult and incomplete chemical separations were attributed to the complexity of alloy composition, as were the long tedious chemical analyses o' products. For determination of several of the metallic components, standard methods of separation and routine analytical procedures had to be considerably modified to achieve satisfactory results. The overall technical problems involved in separating S-816 components do not appear to be insurmountable; however, refinement of several of the methods used in this investigation is desirable.

Jan 1, 1961

By Irving Hartmann, John Nagy, Donald Mitchell

"SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe test data indicate that water infusion of the Pittsburgh coal seam does not reduce the amount of fine dust produced during mining operations to the extent reported elsewhere. Wide variations in the amounts of dust collected in the air current were noted in duplicate samples and repetitive tests. Changes in depth and location of the infusion holes and amount of water injected and addition of a wetting agent to the water had little effect on the amount of dust liberated.Water was forced readily into the coal. Some water flowed out along the cleats, but an appreciable amount remained in the seam. Little or no water pene¬trated the coal seam above the upper infusion holes.The average dust concentration (with and without infusion) in the return air, 40 feet outby the working face, was 25 million particles per cubic foot during undercutting, 20 million during drilling, 75 million during shot firing, and 20 million during hand loading. At the working face the average concentration was 3 to 6 times higher. The concentrations were measured at an airflow of 1,600 cubic feet per minute (c.f.m.) at the face.On the basis of this short investigation, no final conclusions can be made on the effectiveness of water infusion in reducing the amount of fine dust liberated during mining in the Pittsburgh coal seam. However, the data indicate that dust reduction resulting from infusion would be small.INTRODUCTIONThe production of fine coal dust is an inherent part of nearly every phase of mining. The use of large, high-speed continuous-mining machines and other mechanical equipment has increased dust production. In addition, in coal seams that have been subjected to high pressures for a long period, and particularly in dry and friable seams, some very fine dust is in the seam before mining. Much effort has been devoted to allaying and collecting at its source the fine coal dust released during mining. One of the comparatively recent techniques that has been developed for this purpose is infusion of water or other liquids into the coal seam. This method consists of injecting water under pressure into a coal seam to neutralize the fine dust released during mining. The water generally is introduced through bore holes in the face before undercutting."

Jul 1, 1957

By C. M. K. Boldt

The Bureau of Mines surveyed waste disposal sites at 18 metal and non-metal mines and conducted laboratory and full-scale field tests to de-termine the effects of tailings deposition techniques on physical properties of tailings pond beaches. Survey data included measurements of beach slopes, descriptions of deposition techniques, and measurements of beach physical properties taken at various distances from the point of discharge. Laboratory tests involved depositing two types of tailings, each with different grain-size distributions, into a settling trough and determining the resultant physical properties of settled materials along the length of the beach. Side confinement and the closeness of the water pool to the point of deposition caused the laboratory results to be inconclusive. Full-scale field deposition tests conducted at the tailings pond of a cooperating mine showed that there were similarities in relationships between exit velocities of tailings slurry and physical properties of the settled tailings on the beach.

Jan 1, 1988

By Aner W. Erickson

"Magnetite iron deposits on Tolstoi Mountain were examined as part of the investigations by the Bureau of Mines of iron and copper ores on Prince of Wales Island. The Tolstoi Mountain project was a part of a program for investigating mineral deposits in Alaska, under the general supervision of R. S. Sanford, acting branch chief.A preliminary examination was made by S. P. Holt, mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines, in company with John Reed, L. A. Warner, and W. S. Twenhofel of the Federal Geological Survey, on July 14, l943. Three samples were taken, rough estimates were made, and it was proposed that the area be mapped, topographically and geologically,. Dip-needle work was added to the program, and it was decided that, should results warrant, the deposits would be diamond-drilled.From March 26 to May 28, 1944, the deposits were examined thoroughly by Bureau of Mines personnel under the direction of the author. Thirty-two acres were mapped with contour intervals of 10 feet, grids were established covering the principal outcrops, over 1,500 dip-needle readings were secured, and the magnetite bodies were outlined. Additional information was gathered by trench inch and channel-sampling, 600 linear feet of trench being dug and 32 channel samples being cut. Finally, the mapped area was checked for nonoutcropping deposits by taking dip-needle readings at 10-foot intervals along the traverse lines, creeks, trails, and all outstanding topographical features. This re-connaissance work gave sufficient coverage of the 32 acres to eliminate the possibility of further magnetite bodies of any consequence remaining undiscovered.Acknowledgment is made to Nile Johannsen, assayer, Territorial Department of Mines, Ketchfkan, Alaska, for determination of samples.The deposits are on Prince of Wales Island in Southeastern Alaska near Tolstoi Pay, a deep-water indentation at the northwest and of Kasdan Peninsula. The physical features are shown on figures 1 and 2 and the location of the deposition figure 3. Old workings were found on the west side of Tolstoi Mountain; between elevations of 650 and 1,150 feet, at distances of 3/4 to 1-1/4 miles from the east shore of Tolstoi Bay.Access to the area is over a brushed foot trail built by the Bureau of Mines. Topography would permit construction of either surface or aerial tramways at moderate cost but would make road building expensive. Deep-water navigation, permitting inexpensive water transportation, is possible the year around.Kasaan Peninsula is an area of moderate relief, being considerably less rugged than the mainland to the east. Most of the mountains and ridges are less than 2,500 feet in height and show evidence of having been covered by the ice cap of the Pleistocene age. Rock exposures below elevations of 2,000 feet are limited, as extensive overburden 2 to 20 feet deep covers the greater part of the peninsula."

Dec 1, 1948

By James F. O'Neill

Brown iron ore deposits in Quitman County , Ga . , were investigated by the Federal Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the State of Georgia , Department of Commerce , and the University of Alabama . Ninety- one holes were drilled , having an aggregate footage of 2,188 feet ; seventy- one holes penetrated 248 feet of iron mineralization . Average thickness of the ore zone was 3.5 feet under an average thickness of 14.7 feet of overburden . The drilling developed inferred reserves containing nearly 30 million long tons of crude ore with an average analysis of 28 percent iron plus minor quantities of manganese . Test work done by the Bureau on the crude ore samples indicated that they would upgrade by current log washer practice , with the use of a 1 /8 - inch screen , and yield 4.4 million dry long tons of concentrate with an average analysis of 52.1 percent iron plus manganese . The weight recovery obtained was 14.7 percent . Research studies made by the Bureau showed that the weight recovery would be increased by changing the screen size without any appreciable sacrifice of grade . The average weight recovery was increased to 18 percent with a 10 - mesh screen and 22.8 percent with a 20 - mesh screen . Screen tests studies indicated that there was no appreciable interlocking of the iron and manganese minerals and the clay and silica waste particles of the materials retained on a 200- mesh screen . Clay was prominent in micron - size slimes . Silica was deleterious in the minus 20 - mesh size .

Jan 1, 1965

By L. L. Oden

The Bureau of Mines is conducting research to develop methanation catalysts for converting synthesis gas derived from coal to synthetic natural gas. This report describes a method to prepare supported Raney nickel coatings by dipping screen-covered nickel sheet in molten aluminum-nickel alloy. Coatings were formed at 1,050° C that were comparable in thickness, composition, microstructure, and catalytic properties to flame-sprayed commercially pre-pared Raney nickel. A molten salt comprising cryolite-8 wt-pct LiF was employed over the molten metal bath to clean and preheat the substrates, to protect the metal bath from oxidation, and to heattreat the coated specimens. Immediately following heat treatment, specimens were quenched to 700° C in a molten salt bath containing CaC12-34.5 wt-pct NaCl, which also functioned to remove the insoluble occluded fluoride salt.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. A. Allen

"The problem of signaling to the hoisting engineer from a moving cage in the shaft has been considered by many mine operators for a number of years. There are several methods in use in different mining districts, and so far as the writer is aware they have been further developed in Utah than in any other state. The latest installations are of interest because they use a very low-voltage circuit for the shaft wires and also because the wiring can be so arranged that the hoist can be stopped from the cage, if so desired.The first installation in Utah was in the shaft of the Centennial-Eureka mine under the management of C. E. Allen. It was placed in operation in the summer of 1899, end has been in continuous and satisfactory operation for 21 years. The arrangement consists or two bare wires down the shaft carrying a current at 60 volts potential, with a device on the cage for making connection between the two wires. This device is simply a short piece of wire which is thoroughly insulated from the cage and is operated by a short lever. Whenever the cage rider wishes to signal the engineer he pulls down the lever, forcing the short wire out against the two bare wires, thus making a circuit which rings the bell in the hoist-room. A similar device was planned in the Grand Central shaft at Mammoth, Utah, but was later abandoned. The cause of failure was reported to be that the shaft was very wet."

Jun 1, 1920

By A. C. Richardson

The mine of the Porter Coal Co. is located at the town of Porter in the northwestern part of Jefferson County, Ala., about 20 miles west of Birmingham. The operations in this mine are confined to the middle and bottom benches of the Mary Lee bed. The coal from the Porter mine is handpicked and washed before being placed on the market. The handpicked lump coal and the washed egg and nut coal are sold chiefly as domestic and steam-raising fuel. The coal finer than 1 inch is washed in 2-compartment jigs and utilized in the manufacture of metallurgical coke. The coal company has found that, when coal ranging in size from 1 to 0 inch is washed in jigs, a considerable amount of high-ash material finer than 3/16 inch remains in the washed coal. This paper gives the results of an investigation which was conducted for the purpose of determining the washing characteristics of the through 3/16-inch raw coal and the extent to which the ash might be reduced by means of coal-washing tables. This investigation has been made in connection with an extensive study of the coal-washing problems now being conducted by the United States Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama, with the cooperation of the coal-mining companies of the State.

Jan 1, 1933

By N. S. Dalal, X. Shi

"This study reports a new property of the important NAD(P)H-dependent flavoenzymes, glutathione reductase, lipoyl dehydrogenase and ferredoxin- NADP oxidoreductase, that can catalyze a one electron reduction of metal ions such as chromium(VI) and vanadium(V). During the enzymatic reduction process, molecular oxygen is reduced to H2O 2 , which reacts with the reduced metal complexes to generate hydroxyl radicals. Since the hydroxyl radicals have been suggested to play an important role in Cr(VI) toxicity, this study provides a basis for a recent observation that Cr(VI) mutagenesis is strongly oxygen dependent. These results also point to an enzymatic pathway for the metabolism of some metal ions and concomitant generation of hydroxyl radicals. l. INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this communication is to report that some important NAD(P)H-dependent flavoenzymes (glutathione reductase, lipoyl dehydrogenase and ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase) can catalyze one electron reduction of metal ions such as chromium(VI) and vanadium(V) and simultaneously reduce molecular oxygen to generate Hi02 and, eventually, the ""OH radical. This finding is significant because (i) the known substrates for the flavoenzymes are organic species and not metal ions, and (ii) the report on the enzymatic formation of the ""OH radical provides a new pathway for understanding the mechanism of genotoxicity of some non-ferrous metal ions. For example, it has been suggested that OH radical is likely to be the major species responsible for Cr(VI) genotoxicity [1-5). The 'OH radical is generated through the reaction of Cr(V) complexes with cellular Hi02 [4,5]. Cr(V) itself is known to be generated from Cr(VI) in various biological systems, in particular, microsomes [ 6), mitochondria [7] and mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes [8]. However, no specific enzyme responsible for the Cr(V) generation has been identified except possibly glutathione reductase [4]. In this study we have used ESR and spin trapping techniques to show that the flavoenzymes can generate Cr(V) and provide a catalytic redox cycle for 'OH formation in such reactions. Herein we present our results on Cr(VI) and summarize those on other systems. Correspondence address: N.S."

Jan 1, 1990