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By Terry Aben

Outline ?Review of standards that can be used to identify current coating conditions and optimal points to perform coating maintenance. ?Identify how standards can be used to extrapolate the future condition of coatings to achieve predictive maintenance planning. ?Demonstrate how the above can be combined with project estimating to generate a data driven, quantitative, predictive, risk-based asset integrity maintenance program for Protective Coatings. The Value of Asset Integrity Programs ?Maximize the benefit produced from the investment in maintenance spending. ?Get the best bang for your buck! ?Don?t perform maintenance work before it is necessary ?Money is invested early with no increase in the service life extension. ?Don?t delay until it is too late. ?Planned Maintenance is far less costly than Reactive Maintenance. ?Identify the Optimal Point for Maintenance.

Nov 1, 2011

By Pingchao Ke, Zhihong Liu

Fe(III)-As(V) precipitates were synthesized from the Fe(II)-As(V)-SO42--H2O system at 90°C in initial Fe(II)/As(V) molar ratios of 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The synthesis were carried out by introducing oxygen gas into the system to oxidize Fe(II) ions into Fe (III) ions, and at the same time, adding aqueous sodium carbonate solution into the system to neutralize the acid released by the hydrolysis reactions, with the purpose of keeping the pH constant at 1.5±0.05. The precipitates obtained were characterized by XRD, chemical composition analysis, SEM, XPS, and Raman spectrum. The results indicated that the particles in the precipitates were in the morphology of irregular aggregation with their sizes in the range of about 1–4 µm. The precipitates consisted of scorodite, ferric arsenate and amorphous hydrated ferric oxide, of which amorphous hydrated ferric oxide formulated as Fe(OH)x(SO42-)y. The characteristic XPS peaks of Fe-AsO43- and Fe-O in the precipitates located at 711.8 and 713.3 eV, separately, and the existence of amorphous hydrated ferric oxide led to two series of shake off lines developed over the end of high binding energy of Fe2p XPS. The precipitates were stable in TCLP tests at pH 4.93 for 60 hours with the arsenic concentrations in the leaching solutions being 0.27 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L for the precipitates prepared in the initial Fe(II)/As(V) molar ratios of 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The tests for the long-term stability of the precipitates were carried out by leaching them for 40 days at 25°C under various media in the pH range from 9.50 to 10.57, and the results showed that the precipitates synthesized in this study were much more stable than those by previous researchers.

Jan 1, 2017

By J. W. Smith, J. G. Eacott, D. H. Napier

"Three hydrometallurgicat processes (Noranda chloride leach, B. C. Research biological leach and Sherritt-Cominco activated oxygen leach) and the Noranda pyrometallurgical process have served as the basis for design projects in the final year of the chemical engineering program at the University of Toronto. Each member of a team of five or six students devotes about 200 hours to the project and the final report is expected to include an economic analysis.None of the processes has been developed to full- scale plant, nor, in the case of the B.C. Research and Noranda processes, were pilot plant data available. Nevertheless, the designs developed provide a useful basis for a preliminary estimate of capital and operating costs and for a preliminary assessment of project feasibility.This paper discusses the approach used in the design projects with respect to engineering and economic aspects, and outlines the educational features and benefits of such a program as well as some of the problem areas that arise.IntroductionAs part of the undergraduate degree course in chemical engineering at the University of Toronto, students devote some 200 hours to a design project in their final year. Hydrometallurgical processes, not yet proven at the commercial scale, have been selected for study. The students are required to develop laboratory and / or pilot scale results into a conceptual plant design, using sound engineering principles. Capital and operating costs are then determined and a preliminary feasibility study and economic analysis are carried out."

Jan 1, 1986

By CIM Standing Committee

The CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (CIM Definition Standards) establish definitions and guidance on the definitions for Mineral Resources, Mineral Reserves, and mining studies used in Canada. The Mineral Resource, Mineral Reserve, and mining study definitions are incorporated, by reference, into National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101). The CIM Definition Standards can be viewed at mrmr.cim.org. Readers should be aware that reports written by persons issuing technical reports that disclose information about exploration or other mining properties to the public in Canada are governed by a number of securities regulations.

May 10, 2014

By Akira Fujisaki

"The oil crisis accelerated the change of non-ferrous metals' demand structure. Maturing societies in developed countries and preference for lighter, thinner and smaller products are eroding the non-ferrous metal industries' growth potential. Inventory-control, stockpiling and developing new demand are measures Japanese smelters have taken to cope with the changing demand.The most effective means for risk management of product demand lies in the cooperation between ore producing countries and metal consuming developed countries to assist developing countries in their efforts to ""take-off"", which in turn will bring about a surge of demand for metals.SummaryThe non-ferrous metal industry in the world is suffering its most serious slump since the war. With some of the markets of the advanced industrialized countries approaching saturation point and economized usage of natural resources and substitution growing, the possibility of a quick recovery of the demand for base metals is dim.To cope with the changing product demand Japanese producers have had recourse to such measures as strict inventory control and stockpiling for the purpose of stabilized imports. They have also tried hard for securing raw materials and promoting new field s of demand but the very core of ""risk management"" has been the diversification of line s of business to bolster and stabilize the foundation of management of the non-ferrous metal industry in Japan.To see the demand for nori-ferrous metals recover from the slump and be put on a path of solid development, we have to wait for the economies of the developing countries to ""take off"" and for its realization the economies of the developed countries must be reactivated with new growth industries playing a leading role, and the transfer of technology and money recycling must be carried out smoothly under an orderly international trade system."

Jan 1, 1983

By Dwayne D. Tannant

Digital photogrammetry allows rapid, remote measurement of millions of points, thus providing an unprecedented amount of spatial information. Research is being conducted to explore practical applications of digital photogrammetry for monitoring, surveying and mapping in surface mines. The performance, accuracy and operational ease of digital photogrammetry are discussed and practical aspects of conducting digital photogrammetry surveys are reviewed. Case histories from coal, diamond and limestone mines are presented.

May 1, 2006

By W. Petruk

"D. Doyle How large is the beam to which you referred? Are we considering Watts, Griffis the probe of a 1 micron sized particle?& McOuatReply Yes. The beam would be about 1 micron. We could enlarge or reduce it depending on the current in-put.D. Doyle Then chemically bound material we might not see. If you are restricted to 1 micron then you would not be able to separate things smaller than this. Is this not so?Reply We won't be able to analyse it but we will see it as the scanning electron microscope has a resolution down to about 0.1 microns. We should be able to get the general composition of such a grain plus its surrounding grains. We feel we can then make a reasonable estimate if it were as small as 0.1 microns. An accurate analysis would be achieved with grains of 3 and 4 microns.D. Doyle Would this have an application in the hydrocarbon field?Reply The lowest atomic number would be sodium. We wouldn't be able to go below that atomic number. Anything with sodiumor a larger atomic number would enable us to analyse the carbon.M. Fairwether Do you have any policy relating to priorities. For instance areCominco companies going to be limited in the amout of samples permitted to give everyone a chance because quite frankly our company, and I'm sure all base metals companies can hardly wait for the installation of this equipment. I can forsee two years back-log of work in the first month.Reply Quite frankly, I haven't looked at this. At the present time the work is under the START program but I suppose we will have to look at possible changes. Anything under the START program has first line priority.B. Thorndycraft Will the briquetting of samples be automated as well? Pinson MiningReply No, not at this point. Our polish section laboratory is first-class and can turn out 18 polish sections a day which is more thar we can handle.B. Thorndycraft With the capability of this machine to operate in a hands-off manner perhaps it could start to look for the 5 micron gold particle in tailings?Reply I have such a program using a wave-length spectrometer rather than the energy dispersive. The wave-length spectometer is about 10 times as sensitive and would scan the section much faster. A one inch diameter polished section would be scanned in about 7 hours for anything 1 micron or larger."

Jan 1, 1984

By C. Boudreault, M. Fortier, S. Fafard

In the forging industry, the increasing trend is to use DC cast billets as forging stock to replace extruded stock. However, there is little technical information available in open literature. In order to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of cast stock during deformation, a study was initiated to evaluate the impact of an homogenisation treatment on the billet prior to cold forging. Axisymmetric upsettings of cylindrical samples machined from DC billets were achieved in order to evaluate and compare flow stresses, crack initiation and propagation. Results show a 30% decrease in flow stress after homogenisation. Observations of the deformed samples show major cracking for the as-cast material. Optical microscopy and SEM observations have related the crack initiation to decohesion around ß -AlFeSi particles and subsequent growth along the constituent path. Homogenisation effectively breaks up and transforms the ß phase, present as platelets in the cast product, into smaller spherodised a-AlFeSi particles. This has the effect of preventing crack growth in the forged product. The homogenisation treatment also resulted in the reduction of Mg and Si in solid solution. The softer matrix generated 29% less die wear when compared to the as-cast structure. Based on the results of this study, it is thus recommended to homogenise cast billets prior to cold forging.

Jan 1, 2006

By Tom Brady

A major focus of ground control research presently being conducted by the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is to incorporate weak rock masses (such as are associated with operations in the Carlin Trend in Nevada) into existing design relationships. The original database that led to most of the empirical design relationships presently employed in hard-rock mining was derived from fair-to-good-quality rock. In this study, the relationship between weak rock quality and opening design (nonentry/entry methods) is being investigated. The common factor in all mines is a weak back or wall. This work attempts to provide tools that will enable a mine operator to make economic decisions that will also ensure a safe working environment.

May 1, 2003

For the last few years, a new and innovative technique has been successfully used to determine refractory and castable thickness in various metallurgical vessels. The acousto ultrasonic-echo (AU-E) technique uses stress waves to detect metal penetration and delaminations within refractory linings. In addition, it is capable of measuring the thickness of refractory layers and build-up material. The inspection and measurements can be carried out while the furnace is in full operation. The present paper discusses the principles of the AU-E technique, and its advantages and limitations. A number of case studies are presented to demonstrate various capabilities of this new Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technique.

Jan 1, 2005

By William H. Pomroy, Kenneth E. Hjelmstad

An underground mine fire can seriously threaten the lives of all personnel in the mine. This fact makes fire emergency planning a high priority in the mining industry. A fire emergency plan includes a means of warning miners of the existence of a fire, and the need to evacuate or retreat to a place of refuge. The warning alarm must be fast and must reach all miners, regardless of their location or work activity. Means of fire warning are varied, and include such methods as stench, flashing lights, telephones, and word-of-mouth (messengers). Unfortunately, none of these methods are entirely satisfactory. Stench can be slow and seldom achieves total mine coverage, especially in high-back room-and-pillar mines with low ventilation velocity. Telephones are effective only where personnel are close enough to hear the phone ring. A novel fire warning alarm system has been developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines which enables instantaneous warning of all underground personnel. The warning alarm is sent by an electromagnetic signal which penetrates through mine rock from a transmitter to small person-wearable receivers. Each miner's cap lamp battery could be equipped with a small receiver and when a fire or other emergency occurs the miner could be alerted to the danger by a blinking of the cap lamp. Testing of prototype equipment has demonstrated that the transmitted signal is capable of penetrating through over a mile of mine rock and activating the receiver. This paper describes the theoretical basis for through-the-rock ultra-low frequency electromagnetic transmission, design of the prototype transmitter and receiver, test results, and status of commercial development of systems utilizing this technology.

Jan 1, 1994

By W. M. Silva, Bittencourt. L. R. M.

Three newly developed alumino-silicate refractory bricks for use in safety lining of aluminum electrolysis cells were compared to one commonly used bricks for the same application. It was shown that the increase in silica content and decrease in permeability led to a sensitive decrease in cryolite attack. Both parameters are of utmost importance in selecting bricks for these cells. The reasons for this observation were the formation of a more viscous liquid after the reaction between molten cryolite and the brick, and the reduction of the rate of penetration. Moreover, a novel mortar with high silica content was tested and has shown improved resistance to molten cryolite. The use of oxidizing atmosphere led to increased attack rate in the brick when compared to reducing condition. The opposite effect was observed in the mortars.

Jan 1, 2004

By B. A. Peppley

The current most common method of hydrogen production for fuel cell systems, including SOFC systems, is autothermal reforming. Autothermal reformers have a number of advantages including fast start up and load following and ease of control. However, there are a number of problems inherent with the addition of air into a system connected to the anode feed such as dilution of the fuel with nitrogen and the potential for oxygen to reach the anode chamber directly. Pure steam reforming, which does not involve air addition, provides a richer fuel mixture to the SOFC anode and is inherently safer than autothermal reforming. Although in theory pure steam reforming can be shown to provide these advantages, a number of technical problems need to be overcome before such a system can be practical. In particular, issues such as catalyst degradation due to poisoning and thermal sintering, coking, as well as fuel-steam mixing need to be addressed. Experimental results from a prototype reformer will be presented to illustrate a number of these points. This paper will compare differences in system efficiency, safety and complexity between autothermal/SOFC systems versus a steam reformer/SOFC system. A system simulation will be utilized that is able to account for material and energy balances for a SOFC power generator operating on diesel fuel. The requirements for improved catalysts will be discussed and an analysis of the potential benefits of sulfur tolerance and lower temperature activity will be considered.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. Shariff

Titanium alloys have found increasingly wide range of applications in aerospace, chemical, medical, sporting, power generation, oil and gas extraction industries mainly due to the low density, high mechanical property characteristics, biocompatibility, and excellent corrosion resistance. In the manufacturing routes of their finished products, welding has been a key technique used and always been a main concern requiring the stringent compliance to the well defined process. Conventionally, gas tungstenarc (TIG), gas metal-arc (MG), plasma arc, and electron beam welding processes have been used to weld titanium alloys. Nowadays, laser beam welding has provided great challenging applications for titanium alloys due to the low and precise heat input, deep and narrow fusion zone, small heataffected zone, low thermal distortion and high productivity. At the NRC Institute for Aerospace Research, some R&D work has been undertaken for titanium alloys using laser beam welding process. These investigations have mainly concentrated on optimizing the welding process as well as understanding the fundamental process-structure-property relationships. In this invited keynote presentation, the research progresses obtained and the main issues encountered in laser welding of titanium alloys will be briefly summarized.

Jan 1, 2011

By Michel Gamache

This paper describes a system that manages and assigns vehicles in real-time in an underground mine. Each dispatching decision takes into account the traffic on the road segments of the mine network, whether bi-directional or unidirectional, and ensures that each LHD (Load-Haul-Dump Vehicle) arrives in the right orientation at loading and dumping points. Such systems can be used for two main purposes: 1) as a strategic planning tool and 2) as a real-time managing and optimising system for operations. Using a simulator in conjunction with the fleet management system, it is possible to accurately estimate the impact on productivity of decisions such as the development of waiting areas (bays, sidings), or the addition (elimination) of vehicles to the fleet in operation. Moreover, when used in for real-time dispatching, routing and scheduling of vehicles, the system can optimise production with respect to various assignment criteria such as minimising the cycle time or minimising the deviation from an optimal production plan. Dispatching, routing, and scheduling are handled simultaneously, taking into account the mine status, operational constraints, and all available information.

May 1, 2001

By Hans Lundberg

Magnetic methods have been used for more than three hundred years in prospecting for magnetic ores. More recently magnetic methods have been used for finding salt domes and studying certain geological formations. A number of instruments have been developed and substantial improvements made as to their sensitiveness and accuracy. Papers and articles written on magnetic methods are generally elaborate and technical, and the average prospector finds it difficult to obtain the necessary information as to how to operate the simple magnetic instruments to the best advantage. The miner's compass, dip needle, and inclinator are, indeed, very useful instruments and are easy to handle, and a great deal of valuable information can be gained if the instrument is properly operated and the results correctly interpreted. The lack of knowledge of the fundamental principles, however, has caused a great deal of disappointment. Other and more elaborate geophysical methods have recently come into the limelight, and the prospectors seem to have lost a great deal of interest in the dip needle. This is much to be regretted, because magnetic methods have a particular field of use. The present article is an attempt to help the prospector regain interest in the magnetic instruments and to show the use and application of a simple magnetic survey. If the prospector expects some useful help in his work, he must, of course, know the instrument, know how to take the readings, and know how to plot and interpret the observations.

Jan 1, 1929

By S. Xu, A. Ramesh, F El-dabbagh, Z. Fang, A. Sobhy, J. A. Kozinski

Waste remediation is a goal that will be driven forward by economic conditions. As the cost of waste disposal increases, new methods of waste reduction will become economically attractive, and will be implemented. It is difficult to imagine, however, a time when there will be no waste generation. For the foreseeable future, despite effective reduction practices, there will still be hundreds of millions of tons of waste that must be destroyed or controlled to protect the public health and the sanctity of the environment. To remain faithful to environmental covenants, the mineral and metallurgical industries will face these new challenges. This paper discusses novel waste remediation approaches and techniques focusing on hazardous wastes and thermal remediation. Aspects concerning technological and environmental importance are examined. Solutions for neutralization of environmentally hazardous compounds are proposed.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. Graham

Mechanisation has been a predominant theme of the past 50 years in the mining industry, particularly underground mining. As the level of technology employed has increased, the anticipated productivity gains have not been realised and the differences are not explained by the demand for higher standards of safety and security. Now, mining costs are so high and productivity so low that the resultant return on investment for many Canadian operations has fallen to levels considered unacceptable in a competitive capital market. Simply continuing technological development cannot reverse this trend and its financial implications. The focus on technological development has distracted us from some basic truths. Systems that are more complex are more likely to fail and cost-effective processes depend on the continuity of productive activity and the flow of material. When putting these facts together, it becomes clear that in a system that has fixed external conditions, the single most crucial issue is the effective management of the operational cycle. By its nature, technology focuses our attention on what gets done and how it gets done, while the crucial issue is the increasingly longer periods in the operational cycle when nothing productive is being done. What is required is to match the level of technological complexity to the fixed system conditions, which are virtually unchangeable. This paper looks at the overall system and objectives and attempts to present an appropriate level of technology for the Canadian mining industry, now and in the foreseeable future.

May 1, 2004

By Marke Wong

? Vietnam?s economy is growing so fast that gross domestic product (GDP) growth remained above 8% in 2005 and exports are rising steadily at 25% per year. ? Demand for electricity is expected to increase 18% per year through 2010 requiring an additional estimated 7,547 MW before 2010 ? Domestic coal demand is expected to be over 45 Mt by 2010. ? The Quang Ninhcoal deposits are estimated at 6.5-7 billion tons (350m) Vietnam News Agency. Saturday, May, 6, 2006. ? National resources are now estimated at 10 billion tonnes; not including a relative new coal bed discovery estimated at 210 billion tonnesin the Red River Basin.

May 1, 2006

By J. Olsson

The paper describes and discusses the use of stainless steels for leaching plants emphasising the duplex family, i.e., austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. This group has generally twice the proof strength of the more common 300-series austenitic grades, which implies possibilities to reduce the gauge at construction of pressure vessels and atmospheric tanks and vessels and thereby possibilities to reduce the weight. The duplex grades have also higher surface hardness resulting in better resistance to mechanical wear, i.e., abrasion and erosion corrosion. The lower contents of nickel and molybdenum imply lower cost and a more stable price considering the present market situation for these alloying elements. Corrosion data from laboratory and pilot plant tests, as well as examples of applications of duplex and highly alloyed austenitic grades, are presented. Cu2007 - Volume IV (Book 1) The John E. Dutrizac International Symposium on Copper Hydrometallurgy Edited by P.A. Riveros, D.G. Dixon, D.B. Dreisinger, M.J. Collins Toronto, Canada,

Jan 1, 2007