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By R. D. Boddorff, R. L. Ash, C. T. Butler, W. W. Kay

DRILLING and blasting in anthracite open-pit mines is a continuous problem to contractors and explosive engineers because of the diverse conditions caused by the nature of the geological formations, the extensive mining of the portions of coal beds near the surface, and the proximity of many strip pits to populated areas. Pennsylvania anthracite occurs in four separate long and narrow fields totaling only 480 sq miles. The coal measures are rock strata and coal beds that are considerably folded and faulted. The crests of the anticlines are eroded extensively. The beds outcrop on the mountain sides and dip under the valleys. At first only the upper portions of the syn-clines could be stripped. Now stripping to increasingly greater depths is economically possible, as is indicated by the fact that the proportion of freshly mined anthracite produced by strip mining has increased from 3.7 pct of the total tonnage in 1930 to 29.6 pct in 1950. Much of the rock overlying the deeper beds now being stripped is so extensively broken that considerable difficulty is experienced in drilling satisfactory blast holes and in using explosives in such manner as to insure a uniformly broken material easily removed by the excavating machinery. Such breaking of rock strata has occurred because the bed now being stripped has been mined extensively in former years by underground methods, and tops of gangways and chambers have subsequently failed. Draglines are used to uncover coal where the overburden can be moved with little or no re-handling. These machines range in size from those having a 2 cu yd capacity bucket on a 60-ft boom to those handling a 25 cu yd bucket on a 200-ft boom. Draglines are also used to strip to the bottom of the coal basins if the depth and the distance between the crops are not too great. For this type of operation blast holes are drilled full depth to the bed. These holes are commonly 30 to 90 ft deep; however, in exceptional cases, holes may be as shallow as 12 ft or as deep as 130 ft. Drilling is normally done for blasts of 12,000 to 60,000 cu yd of overburden, 30,000 cu yd being considered an average blast if vibration is not the controlling factor. Where the stripping of wide basins or the exposure of a moderately pitching vein makes the use of draglines impractical, dipper front shovels equipped with 4 to 6 cu yd buckets load into trucks. Overburden is removed in benches of 25 to 30 ft with blast holes drilled 4 or 5 ft deeper than the planned floor of the bench. For shovels under 5 cu yd bucket capacity the volume blasted varies from 8000 to 12,000 cu yd, whereas a volume of 30,000 to 50,000 cu yd of overburden is frequently blasted at one time for the larger shovels where vibration is not an important factor. During the past decade the churn drill, generally the Model 42-T Bucyrus-Erie blast hole drill equipped for drilling 9-in. diam holes, has become the most common blast hole drilling machine. Electricity powers half the churn drills in use and is preferred on the large strippings where electric shovels are operated and the working area is concentrated. On these operations the cost of additional electricity for the drills is less than the cost of fuel to operate diesel units because of the existing large demand load of the excavating equipment. Moreover, electric motors start more easily in cold weather and generally are less expensive to maintain. Diesel driven units are employed where a higher degree of mobility is required. The average drilling speed is 8 ft per hr, although in softer rocks a rate of 15 ft per hr is attained. Where rock is hard and strata is badly broken, drill speeds may be less than 2 ft per hr. Low drilling production results under these circumstances when loose material falling from the upper portion of the drill holes causes drill stems to be jammed. Rock formations vary so greatly in the region that a 9-in. diam churn drill bit may become dull after drilling only 2 ft or may drill satisfactorily for 56 ft; however, an average of 35 ft is usual in sandstone of medium hardness. Dull bits are hoisted to flat bed trucks by the sand line of the drill and are usually sharpened in the contractor's bit shop adjacent to the job. Care is generally taken to cover the thread end of the bit with a cap. To facilitate handling of bits around the drill, a heavy thread protector having an eye top is becoming more popular than the flat-top rubber or metal cap furnished with new bits. The 9-in. diam blast holes for a 25 to 30 ft bench are normally on 18x18 ft to 20x20 ft spacings, depending on the character of the overburden, although in broken ground 15x18 ft centers may be used to obtain better breakage and a more even bottom for the bench. The patterns of holes for shots

Jan 1, 1953

By John E. Sherborne

Much valuable scientific research has been performed in recent years on the subject of phase behavior of hydrocarbons.l-11 Engineers employed in petroleum production are interesting themselves in this work as well as in methods of applying the fundamental data available to the solution of their various problems. Recently a number of papers have been published in which applications of phase behavior have been made to specific cases pertaining to critical phenomena.l2-16 Little effort, however, has been made in the literature to show the relation between changes occurring in the critical region and the more common phase behavior, therefore it is believed that a presentation of the fundamentals of phase behavior with reference to hydrocarbons is timely. Study of phase behavior is not new. In the metallurgical field, knowledge of heterogeneous equilibria has advanced tremendously, particularly with reference to solid-solid and solid-liquid behavior. Much is known about vapor-liquid equilibria too, but few engineers are familiar with this subject. Definition of Terms In a discussion of this sort, a definition of terms used is most important. Such terms as "pressure," "temperature" and "volume" need little definition other than mention of the units in which they are considered. Pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch absolute. Temperature is usually expressed as degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Rankine. In considering thermodynamic and phase behavior, the use of the absolute, Rankine, scale is desirable. Volume is expressed as specific volume, such as cubic feet per pound. This will be recognized as the reciprocal of the specific weight. In considering systems composed of more than one component, it is sometimes desirable to consider molal

Jan 1, 1940

By John E. Sherborne

Much valuable scientific research has been performed in recent years on the subject of phase behavior of hydrocarbons.l-11 Engineers employed in petroleum production are interesting themselves in this work as well as in methods of applying the fundamental data available to the solution of their various problems. Recently a number of papers have been published in which applications of phase behavior have been made to specific cases pertaining to critical phenomena.l2-16 Little effort, however, has been made in the literature to show the relation between changes occurring in the critical region and the more common phase behavior, therefore it is believed that a presentation of the fundamentals of phase behavior with reference to hydrocarbons is timely. Study of phase behavior is not new. In the metallurgical field, knowledge of heterogeneous equilibria has advanced tremendously, particularly with reference to solid-solid and solid-liquid behavior. Much is known about vapor-liquid equilibria too, but few engineers are familiar with this subject. Definition of Terms In a discussion of this sort, a definition of terms used is most important. Such terms as "pressure," "temperature" and "volume" need little definition other than mention of the units in which they are considered. Pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch absolute. Temperature is usually expressed as degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Rankine. In considering thermodynamic and phase behavior, the use of the absolute, Rankine, scale is desirable. Volume is expressed as specific volume, such as cubic feet per pound. This will be recognized as the reciprocal of the specific weight. In considering systems composed of more than one component, it is sometimes desirable to consider molal

Jan 1, 1940

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 *ABBOTT, CHARLES W., Min. Engr. Pioche, Nev. ?08 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94 *AOTT, ROBERT R., Met. Engr., Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, Ohio. '12 || ARAHAMS, ALEXANDER I., Student.. .67 E. 93rd St., New York, N. Y. '13

Jan 1, 1917

By R. W. Young, Arthur F. Taggart

The tests herein described are part of an extended series of expel<ments, performed by the authors together with J. F. McClelland and L. W. Bahney, on the reclamation of metallics from foundry and manufacturing-plant scrap. The most obstinate problem encountered was the proper cleaning of the metal. Introduction In the manufacture of brass and brass products the weight of the finished product leaving the plant is much less than the total weight of. copper and zinc entering. A small part of this discrepancy is due to the unavoidable oxidation of the metals in melting, but by far the largest part of the loss is in the form of metallic particles of copper,. zinc, and brass. These losses occur principally at three points in the process: (a) in the casting-shop ashes; (b) in the slags from furnaces melting scrap brass; (c) in material spilled on the floor throughout the manufacturing process. The amount of these products in some plants is nearly 100 tons per 24 hours. Casting-shop ashes contain the metal spilled from the crucibles during melting and pouring, and the metal included in the slags formed in the melting process. The ashes also contain pieces of broken crucibles with adhering metal; 20 to 30 per cent. of unburned coal is also present. The metal in casting-shop ashes contains clean pieces of zinc or copper ingots weighing 1 to 2 lb., jagged pieces of metal of all shapes ranging in size from several inches down to the finest dust, and shot and botryoidal shapes ranging in size from 2 or 3 in. down to 0.01 mm. or less in diameter. Slags from furnaces melting scrap brass contain metal in the form of small shot. Floor sweepings occur in all shapes: spirals, thin shavings, pins and pin-like pieces, wire, rods, and buffing-wheel dust are the commonest.

Jan 1, 1916

By Reed S. C. Rogers, Robin P. Gardner, Kuruvilla Verghese

The development and use of short-lived radioactive tracer methods for the onstream determination of residence time distributions in large-scale ball mills is described. Tests are reported on a pilot-plant ball mill with 0.43 m diameter and 0.86 m length and on an industrial mill with 1.83 m diameter and 2.74 m length. Tests with different tracer feed sizes indicate that the residence time distributions on both mills are independent of charge particle size. Similar tests are planned for a large ball mill of 4.57 m diameter and 9.30 m length. No safety problems were encountered in these tests and none are anticipated in tests of the larger mill.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. M. Boutwell

PAGE I. Introduction,.......541 II. General Geography,......542 III. General Geology,......544 1. Sedimentary Rocks,..... 544 2. Igneous Rocks,...... 545 3. Areal Geology,.......546 4. Structural Geology......547 IV. General Character of Ore-Deposits,...548 V. Genesis of the Disseminated Ore in Monzonite,.... 549 1. General,........549 2. Character and Occurrence,... 649 3. Genesis,....... 550 4. Superficial Alteration.....553 5. Conclusion......553 VI. Genesis of the Ore in Fissures,...553 1. Character........... 553 2 Occurrence......554 3. Deposition...... 556 4. Transporting Agent....555 6. Immediate Causes of Deposition..556 6. Superficial Alteration....564 7. Conclusionl ..... 565 VII. Genesis of the Copper-Ore in Limestone...... 566 1. Character......566 2. Occurrencel .....566 3. Deposition......567 4. Relation of Fissures.....569 5. Relation of Intrusives,...571 6. Superficial Alteration....575 7. Conclusion......578 VIII. Periods of Ore-Deposition....578 IX. Dates of Mineralization.....579 X. General Conclusions.....580 I. Introduction. The object of this paper is to present a concise statement on the genesis of the copper- and lead-deposits of the Bingham

Jan 1, 1906

By W. R. Crane

MINING of the red iron ores of the Birmingham district has been carried on energetically during the past 50, years, and their development has created a large iron and steel manufacturing, center, the only important one in the South. The district produces approximately 10 per cent. of all the iron ore of the United States (80 per cent. of the Alabama ore mined is red ore) ; also, 43 of the 419 blast furnaces of the country are in the district tributary to Birmingham. The rapid growth of the district has been made possible through investigations that resulted in radical changes in furnace practice, and a still greater impetus will come from the study of the low-grade, high-silica ores, as a result of which they will be made amenable to treatment by concentration. Mining practice in this district has been comparatively simple because of the occurrence of the ore; but with the-rapid extension of the work-ings and the disturbed condition of the ore bed at some distance from the outcrop, more difficult conditions are encountered and the tendency is toward worse rather than better conditions. Should the high-silica ores of the lower bench of the Big Seam become available through beneficiation, mining practice will have to be modified to meet the new conditions, which will be rendered more difficult by the increased weight of cover that will exist at considerable distances from the outcrop. Support of workings will require greater attention and the efficient and economical operation of the mines will depend largely on the successful solution of the problems of working-and handling the ore.

Jan 9, 1924

By H. O. Hofman

The object of refining copper in the reverberatory furnace is to obtain a metal which will have the highest attainable degree of malleability, ductility and electric conductivity, and present at the same time a level surface when it solidifies in the mold after casting. These desirable physical properties are governed by the character of the impurities and the forms in which they are present, by the amount of cuprous oxide retained by the copper, by the quantity of gas held in solid solution, by the casting-temperature, and by the thickness of the casting. The effects of impurities, of cuprous oxide and of gases upon the mechanical properties of copper have been studied by Hampe1 in his classical paper " Colitributions to the Metallurgy of Copper." The most recent research into the effect of metals upon the electrical conductivity of copper is that of Addicks. 2 The influence of cuprous oxide upon the electrical conductivity has been investigated by Walker3 and Addick. 4 The absorption of gases has received attention by Hampe: Stah16 and Heyn 7 The effects of casting-temperature have been noted by Stahl.8

Jan 1, 1908

By W. E. D. Stokes

WHEN history is written, the year of the blitzkrieg will go down as giving aviation its greatest impetus. No perceptible drop in military business, even with cessation of hostilities abroad, seems likely. The combined air force of the U. S. Army and Navy on July 1 was approximately 5000 planes, as against 50,000 planes currently discussed as necessary. Observers at the fronts are giving designers and metallurgists back home some realistic ideas to shoot at. As conventional runways reveal the location of airports to enemy raiders, operating bases are now masked. Difficult, often muddy and rough landing strips, requiring strong landing gears and exacting take-off and maintenance characteristics, are the specifications of war. This is "old stuff" to numerous mining operators in mountainous jungle areas where gradients up to 8 per cent are in more or less common use in such mountain landing fields. Although airplane building is not readily adaptable to assembly-line methods, a trend towards mass productions is now in evidence. Incidentally, a U.S. Army "Curtiss P-40" requires about 10,000 man hours of work to complete and is tied together with 75,000 rivets. During the past year a number of aircraft factories adopted the "shot-

Jan 1, 1941

By J. L. Jernegan

In the summer and fall of 1875, the author was present during a short smelting campaign at the Hall Valley works, and having had occasion to make a number of chemical analyses of the ores, fuel, and fluxes, deems that the results of the same, and also an account of the smelting operations, may be found of interest to members of the Institute. The mines and reduction works of the Hall Valley Silver—Lead Mining and Smelting Company (limited) are situated at Hall Valley, Park County, Colorado. The smelting works are located about half way from the mouth to the head of the above-named valley, and the mines high up on the mountains, near its head. The three principal mines of the company are the Whale, Leftwick, and Coldspring. They are all on different veins, running parallel to one another, with a general trend from southwest and northeast. The

By William H. Shockley

Though China has been widely explored by mining engineers during the past dozen years, comparatively little has been published concerning its mineral resources. The few moilographs scattered through the transactions of various societies contain far less information than the private reports made to the numerous syndicates which have sent out engineers. The best general account of the geolopy and mineral resources of China is to be found in the works of von Richthofen,&apos; a remarkably gifted observer. The observations recorded here in this paper were made in the service of the Pekin Syndicate (which has kindly given me permission to publish them), during the first months of 1898, among the coal- and iron-fields of southeastern Shansi. This is one of the largest anthracite-regions known, the area being

Jan 1, 1904

By H. W. Gillett

Many of the parts of motor cars, aircraft, etc., that require strong light construction, hence must be made of high-quality steel, are stressed to the maximum limit only in a very small volume. In parts subject to bending stress a line or even a point may take the maximum stress. A series of endurance tests under repeated bending in progress in the U. S. Bureau of Mines laboratories, like similar tests by other investigators, has shown the great difference in life of sister bars of the same stecl, handled in the same way and tested at the same nominal stress. It is known that a surface notch or scratch greatly increases the local stress over the nominal calculated stress; internal notches, such as those formed by inclusions or sonims, probably have a similar effect. From the tetss made by the Bureau of Mines, the cleanliness of the steel at the dangerous section, or point of maximum stress, seems to be one of the most important factors in determining the life of the piece. The more localized the stress, the more does chance, rather than the average properties, dctermine the life of the steel. The usual test, a tension test of a bar taken longitudinally, is not sensitive to the local drop in strength (or tendency to increase the true local stress over the nominal) because of inclusions, which probably have a more injurious effect in hard heat-treated steels, such as must be used when great strength is sought, than in softer steels. Users of steel who make transverse tests find surprisingly low ductility on transverse bars of dirty steel, though the longitudinal tests may be good. Bending tests, reverse bending tests, and notch-bar impact tests,

Jan 1, 1923

By H. W. Gillett

Many of the parts of motor cars, aircraft, etc., that require strong light construction, hence must be made of high-quality steel, are stressed to the maximum limit only in a very small volume. In parts subject to bending stress a line or even a point may take the maximum stress. A series of endurance tests under repeated bending in progress in the U. S. Bureau of Mines laboratories, like similar tests by other investigators, has shown the great difference in life of sister bars of the same stecl, handled in the same way and tested at the same nominal stress. It is known that a surface notch or scratch greatly increases the local stress over the nominal calculated stress; internal notches, such as those formed by inclusions or sonims, probably have a similar effect. From the tetss made by the Bureau of Mines, the cleanliness of the steel at the dangerous section, or point of maximum stress, seems to be one of the most important factors in determining the life of the piece. The more localized the stress, the more does chance, rather than the average properties, dctermine the life of the steel. The usual test, a tension test of a bar taken longitudinally, is not sensitive to the local drop in strength (or tendency to increase the true local stress over the nominal) because of inclusions, which probably have a more injurious effect in hard heat-treated steels, such as must be used when great strength is sought, than in softer steels. Users of steel who make transverse tests find surprisingly low ductility on transverse bars of dirty steel, though the longitudinal tests may be good. Bending tests, reverse bending tests, and notch-bar impact tests,

Jan 1, 1923

By Albert F. J. Bordeaux

Alluvial gold was first discovered in Guiana in 1852, in the sands of the Arataye river, by Paulino, a Braziliaii convict. During the following years, gold was found also in the rivers Orapu, CirubQ, etc. In 1873 the famous placers of the Sinnamary system were opened: Saint-Elie, Dieu-Merci, Adieu-Vat, and Couriege. This group of mines has produced nearly $10,000,000, according to official records, not including the gold that escaped the taxes. The discoverer was a mulatto named Vitalo. Except in a few rich spots, the gold was rather evenly distributed along the creeks. In one instance, gold was found in the red dirt from the slope of a hill, which, after transport to the creek, gave an amount of 150 kilograms. The placers of the Mana system, Enfin, Elysee, Pas-Trop-Tot, date from 1878, and their production has been about %g5,000,000. In 1888, the Awa placers, along the boundary bet.ween the French and Dutch Guianas, on the Maroni and its tributaries, were discovered. They have yielded $12,000,000. The only industrial company, the Dutch Guiana Freiich Minillg Co., produced in 15 years about 2,500 kg. of gold, worth $1,500,000. From 1893 dates the famous Carsewene discovery, in territory then in dispute between France and Brazil. A settlement was made recently in favor of Brazil, by arbitration of the Switzerland State Council. Carsewene is said to have produced about $18,000,000 in six years (1894-1900), but not even one-fourth of tho production went through French Quiana and

Jan 1, 1911

By William H. Shockley

[SECRETARY&apos;S ]NOTE.-The following notes, arranged and edited in this office, but not yet revised by the author, were placed at my disposal with much modest hesitation (due to their incomplete and fragmentary character), upon my earnest request, and my argument that such recent and trustworthy data concerning a new and important mining industry ought not to be withheld from our Transactions, simply because they are not sufficient to constitute a, complete academic treatise on the subject. This argument is recommended to the attention of many other members, who are waiting for the opportunity to contribute something "monumental" to our Transactions. In a number of instances, death has nulli¬fied this ambition, and the intended "monumental" contribution has turned out to be an obituary notice by the Secretary, instead of a valuable record of the professional experience thus hopelessly lost to the world.-R. W. R.] The official publications of the the Russian Government give fairly complete statistics of the dredges operated in the Empire; and in a recent English bluebook, Mr. Cook&apos;s report on Siberian Trade presents a brief account of dredging in Siberia. The data in Table I. (not given by Mr. Cook) have been taken from the Gold Mining Messenger (Russian) for July, 1905. These interesting statistics, though incomplete, show that the Yenisei dredges are working on poor ground and yield small returns. According to report, but few yield a profit exceeding 10 per cent. per annum on the capital invested. In the summers of 1904 and 1905, I traveled in the Urals as far north as lat. 61° N., long. 61° E., on the the Lozva river, a part of the vast system of the 01) river. This clear-water stream starts from the summits of the Urals at an altitude of 4,000 ft., and flows through a flat country, densely wooded with larch, spruce, pine, fir, birch and poplar. The river is full of fish, and is navigable for good-sized steamers as far as Ivdell. Winter lasts from early November to late April, the temperature rang¬ing from -60° F. to a summer maximum of 90° F. The rain¬fall is 20 in.. The climate is healthy, although mosquitoes,

Jul 1, 1906

By AIME AIME

BERYLLIUM is one of the most interesting of the minor metals and distinctly a modern development, for until the last two decades it had practically no commercial importance whatever. Then it was discovered that when small quantities of it were alloyed with copper, a copper alloy of unusual and valuable qualities resulted. This is by far its major use-in the manufacture of strong, heat-treated copper-base alloys in which the beryllium content varies from about 0.3 to 2.5 per cent. Its second most important use, though much smaller, is in the form of oxide or other nonmetallic products in the fluorescent lamp, X-ray, cathode ray, and television industries. Certain beryllium salts have the quality, in common with several other materials, of transforming short-wave radiation and cathode rays to visible radiation. Such materials are commonly known as phosphors, and the beryllium salts are the most important phosphors now in use. The third largest use for beryllium is for ceramics, including refractories. Beryllium is also used in small quantities in the form of the metal itself.

Jan 1, 1943

By Charles Catlett

(Chattanooga Meeting, October, 1M.) THE terms " developed " and " undeveloped " are necessarily relative and cover a wide range; but the latter is here applied to cases in which the information at hand falls short of a clear demonstration of values, and conclusions must be reached from a study of the geological conditions of the particular deposit, interpreted in the light of similar and closely related deposits. Such an inquiry might be characterized as an effort to reach reliable conclusions from insufficient data. But the engineer engaged in commercial work finds himself often face to face with apparently such problems; and while he may realize with regret that a small amount of intelligent development would add enormously to the value of his conclusions, he is compelled to recognize the demand of a business situation for a prompt decision as the basis of immediate action. In a case within my knowledge, the question involved was the purchase of 50,000 acres of coal-land, and 10 days was the limit within which this question must be decided. Of course, it was impossible to make a satisfactory examination within that time; but the &apos;instructions were "to make the most complete examination and the most positive recommendation possible." Such instructions are often given; for, no matter how much time an investor may have, he is likely to put of his decision until the last moment, and then discover that he needs more light and advice. It does not follow that engineers, after full explanation and mutual understanding of the situation, should decline to undertake examinations thus limited. In the case just mentioned, while only the broadest view was possible, half the time available was sufficient to show that the property was a good purchase. The timber alone was subsequently resold for more than the entire purchase-price of the

Mar 1, 1909

By G. Van Esbroeck

THE copper mines of the Katanga region in the Belgian Congo lie along the same mineralized belt as those of Northern Rhodesia. There are two distinct types of deposits in that belt, the dolomitic and the quartzitic. In the dolomitic type the metallic minerals are found in a dolomitic limestone country rock. Through oxidation and enrichment, large deposits of high-grade oxidized copper ores were formed, some of which are being worked by the Union Miniere du Haut Katanga. Such deposits are all in Katanga. The quartzitic deposits are found in Katanga and Northern Rhodesia. Here the primary mineralization occurred in sandstones and quartzites, in horizons stratigraphically lower than the dolomites. These rocks are not favorable to secondary enrichment and the oxidized zone is poorer than the sulphide zone, which alone contains the ore. There are also in Katanga a few ore-bearing veins. One of them is being worked in the Prince Leopold mine at Kipushi.

Jan 1, 1939

By CHARLES M. A. STINE

IN fighting a war the all-absorbing intent is to win. There is little time to analyze the rush of events or to appraise their consequences beyond the war&apos;s end. The united objective is, rightly, success for our arms. Yet under the pressures of a great war there may be compressed scientific, economic and social developments that might have taken many decades to achieve under less urgent conditions. Their effects on our lives and all civilization may be more wide-reaching and lasting than any military conquest. They constitute one of the must imperative incentives to victory. No American, least of all any scientist worthy the name, conceivably could endorse war as a justifiable means to progress. The destruction of life and property wrought by the present war far exceeds the havocs of a century&apos;s earthquakes. Most of mankind is burning itself on an altar of paganism. Nonetheless, one fact is inescapable Despite the recurrent malady of war history&apos;s overall course is forward. Mankind has the habit of rising phoenix-like from its own ashes to attain greater heights. Progress is immortal.

Jan 1, 1942