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BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month Twenty-first Meeting The Twenty-first meeting of the Boston. Local Section of the Institute was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Comonwealth Avenue, Boston, Monday evening, Oct. 5, 1914. Twenty members and two guests were present. The Chairman, Henry L. Smyth, presided at the dinner, at the close of which he introduced, as the speaker of the evening, John M. Longyear, who gave a most interesting talk about his work in exploring for coal on the islands of Spitzbergen, 400 miles north of the North Cape of Norway. The talk was illustrated with many photographs, which showed clearly the nature of the work and the extraordinary difficulties of the location. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1914

By L. K. Jetter, C. J. McHargue

The use of axis charts for representing the texture of cold-rolled thorium sheet was compared with conventional pole figures. Four texture components were deduced from the axis charts and shown to be consistent with the pole figures. It was shown that consideration of the pole figures alone could lead to an apparent component which is the average of two actually present. It was also shown that the spread about the "ideal" textures and the amount of material associated with each could be readily obtained Fom the axis chart method. BECAUSE of the crystallographic nature of the deformation mechanisms in metals, plastic flow results in the alignment of certain crystallographic directions with the primary flow directions. In the study of the "preferred orientation" thus developed, one wishes to discern the distribution of the crystallographic directions with respect to some reference direction, usually a direction related to the fabrication procedure, such as the rolling direction. The pole-figure method, introduced by ever,' involves the plotting of the distribution of the poles of some family of planes on a stereographic projection which places the reference direction(s) at the north pole and/or in the center. By noting the angles between the reference directions and concentrations of poles on several such pole figures, one can deduce the crystallographic directions which are aligned with the reference directions. If the preferred orientation is relatively simple and well-developed, one to three pole figures may be sufficient for obtaining the desired information; if there are several texture components, more pole figures may be needed. A significant improvement in the method of representing the textures in wires and rods resulted from the introduction of the "inverse pole figure" or axis-distribution chart by Harris.2 Such a chart gives directly the distribution of the reference axis relative to the standard stereographic projection. There has been widespread acceptance of this method for the representation of fiber textures, and methods have been proposed for converting observed diffraction intensities into axis densities.2-6 The suggestion by Mitchell and Rowland3 and Jetter, McHargue, and williams5 that sheet textures could be represented as distributions of rolling, normal, and transverse directions have been criticized on the basis that they offer no significant advantage over a combination of two ordinary pole figures and that it has not been proved that sheet textures can be treated as quasi fiber textures.6 If the purpose of a texture determination is to study some property which is related to the orientation of a particular crystallographic plane or direction, then conventional pole figures certainly are sufficient. For example, the distribution of the slip planes in face-centered cubic metals (the (111) pole figure) serves to indicate the variation in mechanical properties of sheet. On the other hand if the study is directed at an understanding of the factors influencing texture formation, it is desirable to know not only the preferred orientation but the kind and degree of spread from it and the relative amounts of material in each component, if there are more than one. Axis charts give this information as well as the orientation distributions. Consider the procedure for deducing a texture component from a pole figure for the (111) planes

Jan 1, 1961

National Steel Shuts Weirton Coal Operation Dutch Firm May Aid Ungava Project

Jan 7, 1953

By W. Tempelaar Lietz

The Ten Section oil field is located in the San Joaquin Valley in Kern County, California. about 12 miles southwest of Bakersfield in Township 30 South, Ranges 25 and 26 East. The accumulation is in a low relief anticlinal dome and has a productive area of approximately 2,200 acres. Discovered in 1936 as a result of seismic work, it was the first field on the floor of the Valley to obtain production. It had a small primary gas cap, and since its inception has been produced by depletion with controlled withdrawal from the gas cap to minimize blowthrough. STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY The Ten Section structure is an elongated anticlinal dome with flank dips of only about 7 degrees. A map of the field, now fully developed, and a composite log are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Contours shown on the map are on the top of the first zone, or Marker XA as indicated on the composite log. As shown, the field has a productive closure of only some 350 feet, and there apparently is no faulting in the reservoir. The productive measures in Ten Section are of Upper Miocene age and are known as the Stevens sand. They contain thin, irregular shale or siltstone streaks which vary considerably in stratigraphic position and thickness and apparently are rather discontinuous. As a result, individual sands and shales cannot be correlated over any appreciable area, which makes it difficult to subdivide the sand body into separate zones which are distinct throughout the field. However, there are two fairly persistent siltstone bodies that at the time of development were considered to divide the productive measures into three - zones. The first, or uppermost zone is productive over the entire field and has an average thickness of 180 feet, of which some 65 per cent is sand. It had a primary. gas cap in the crestal area with an areal extent of 930 acres. The second zone has a productive area somewhat smaller than the first zone, but it did not have any original gas cap. It has an average thickness of about 360 feet, of which 55 per cent is sand. The third zone has a very limited areal extent and a maximum productive thickness of 100 feet, of which 80 per cent is sand. Recently, a deeper oil accumulation, termed the "53" sand, was discovered, but it is not discussed in this analysis. In the first and second zones the water table was at 7,980 feet subsea, while in the third zone it was at 8,080 feet subsea. RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS Sand Characteristics The Stevens sand in Ten Section is hard and well consolidated, and numerous wells were cored for core analysis. Core data on four representative wells are shown, plotted beside the electric logs in Figs. 3 to 6. The average porosity is 20 per cent, with porosities ranging from 15 to 30 per cent. It is estimated, from cores taken with oil base muds, that the interstitial water content is about 40 per cent. The average weighted permeability is approximately 140, with measured permeabilities ranging from 10 to 3,000 md. As might be expected with practically no correlation of individual sand

Jan 1, 1949

By W. Tempelaar Lietz

The Ten Section oil field is located in the San Joaquin Valley in Kern County, California. about 12 miles southwest of Bakersfield in Township 30 South, Ranges 25 and 26 East. The accumulation is in a low relief anticlinal dome and has a productive area of approximately 2,200 acres. Discovered in 1936 as a result of seismic work, it was the first field on the floor of the Valley to obtain production. It had a small primary gas cap, and since its inception has been produced by depletion with controlled withdrawal from the gas cap to minimize blowthrough. STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY The Ten Section structure is an elongated anticlinal dome with flank dips of only about 7 degrees. A map of the field, now fully developed, and a composite log are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Contours shown on the map are on the top of the first zone, or Marker XA as indicated on the composite log. As shown, the field has a productive closure of only some 350 feet, and there apparently is no faulting in the reservoir. The productive measures in Ten Section are of Upper Miocene age and are known as the Stevens sand. They contain thin, irregular shale or siltstone streaks which vary considerably in stratigraphic position and thickness and apparently are rather discontinuous. As a result, individual sands and shales cannot be correlated over any appreciable area, which makes it difficult to subdivide the sand body into separate zones which are distinct throughout the field. However, there are two fairly persistent siltstone bodies that at the time of development were considered to divide the productive measures into three - zones. The first, or uppermost zone is productive over the entire field and has an average thickness of 180 feet, of which some 65 per cent is sand. It had a primary. gas cap in the crestal area with an areal extent of 930 acres. The second zone has a productive area somewhat smaller than the first zone, but it did not have any original gas cap. It has an average thickness of about 360 feet, of which 55 per cent is sand. The third zone has a very limited areal extent and a maximum productive thickness of 100 feet, of which 80 per cent is sand. Recently, a deeper oil accumulation, termed the "53" sand, was discovered, but it is not discussed in this analysis. In the first and second zones the water table was at 7,980 feet subsea, while in the third zone it was at 8,080 feet subsea. RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS Sand Characteristics The Stevens sand in Ten Section is hard and well consolidated, and numerous wells were cored for core analysis. Core data on four representative wells are shown, plotted beside the electric logs in Figs. 3 to 6. The average porosity is 20 per cent, with porosities ranging from 15 to 30 per cent. It is estimated, from cores taken with oil base muds, that the interstitial water content is about 40 per cent. The average weighted permeability is approximately 140, with measured permeabilities ranging from 10 to 3,000 md. As might be expected with practically no correlation of individual sand

Jan 1, 1949

CHICAGO SECTION CHARLES H. MACDOWELL, Chairman, Luther V. DICE, Vice-Chairman, HENRY WT. NICHOLS,. Secretary-Treasurer, 164.5 E. 68 St., Chicago; Ill. ALEXANDER K. HAMILTON-, HENRY P. HOWLAND, GEORGE P. HULST, FREDERICK 1. SNYDER. There were 32 members present at the dinner of the Chicago Section which was held at the Chicago Engineers' Club on Friday Evening, December 22. At the meeting after the dinner, the Chairman called attention to the work of Mr. Hoover in Belgium and spoke briefly of the assistance which' could be given him through the Belgian Kiddies, Ltd. Mr. Alonzo Kinyon read a paper on "Burring Powdered Coal" which so interested the members that many of them participated in the long discussion which followed. Prof. Harry B. Pulsifier then described the metallurgical plants about Chicago. He mentioned briefly the equipment and interesting features of 30 metallurgical plants of importance and stated that there were also 200 foundries in the district. He said that when number, size, quality and diversity of the plants are considered, the Chicago District is justified in calling itself the greatest metallurgical center on earth. The paper was followed by a brief discussion in Which attention was called to some smaller and incipient plants of an interesting character. HENRY T. NICHOLS, Secretary.

Jan 2, 1917

MONTANA SECTION W. C. SIDERFIN, Chairman, OSCAR ROHN, Vice-Chairman, E. B. YOUNG, Secretary-Treasurer, 526, Hennesey Building, Butte, Mont. F. W. BACORN, C. D. DEMOND. The semi-annual meeting of the Montana Section was held at the Silver Bow Club, Butte, Montana, on Friday, Nov. 16, at 8 p. m.; this was a postponement of the regular October meeting because of conflict in date with the St. Louis meeting of the Institute. An informal dinner was served to 68 members and guests. After dinner, Chairman W. C. Siderfin called the meeting to order. The minutes of the annual meeting, of Feb. 2, 1917, and the special meeting of May 21, 1917, were read and approved. C. W. Goodale led the discussion with "Notes on the St. Louis Meeting." He was followed by J. H. Warner who spoke on " The Joplin and Miami Districts," and by J. L: Bruce, Alexander Leggatt, N. B. Braly, and E. B. Young, the latter speaking on the work of the War Minerals Committee; and on the Cosden Oil Refinery at West Tuba, Okla. R. H. Sales reviewed briefly the manganese situation. E. N. Norris presented a paper on "Fire Proofing of Mine Shafts by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co." This resulted in interesting discussion by C. L. Berrien, C. E. Nighman, N. B. Braly, W. B. Daly, B. H. Dunshee, and J. J. Carrigan. C. L. Berrien and C. E. Nighman presented their papers on "Fire Extinction by Hydraulic Filling." In view of the late hour, discussion was waived. The executive committee, by unanimous consent, decided to request written discussion of the above papers to be presented at the next meeting, in February. B. B. Thayer spoke interestingly on the work of the Naval Consulting Board, and referred to the arsenic situation. Spencer Miller, also a, member of the Naval Consulting Board, entertained the-meeting with a vivid description of the method of "Coaling Battleships at Sea." Robert Sticht of Tasmania, in a short talk, spoke feelingly of his relations with the United States. At a late hour adjournment ended a most successful and interesting meeting. E. B. YOUNG, Secretary.

Jan 1, 1918

SAN FRANCISCO SECTION T. A. RICKARD, Chairman W. H. SHOCKLEY, Vice-Chairman C. E. GRUNSKY, JR., Secretary-Treasurer, 57 Post St., San Francisco, Cal. E. A. HERSAM H. W. YOUNG. A meeting of the San Francisco Section was held at the Engineers' Club of San Francisco on Mar. 28, 1916. Dr. Bailey Willis, Head of the Geological Department of Stanford University, read a paper on The Relation of the Major Structural . Features of the South American Continent to the Mineral Districts. Vice-Chairman Shockley interested the Section with an account of his experiences in South America. Discussion was participated in by C. F. Tolman, Jr., A. C. Lawson, Frank Probert, and E. A. Hersam. C. E. GRUNSKY, JR., Secretary.

Jan 5, 1916

BOSTON SECTION ALFRED C. LANE, Chairman, GEORGE A. PACKARD, Vice-chairman, H. M. BOYLSTON, Secretary-Treasurer, R. L. AGASSIZ, FRED W. DENTON. The forty-ninth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Boston City Club on Monday evening, Dec. 23, 1918. The meeting was preceded by an informal dinner at which 29 members and guests were present; three or four others came in later. The reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed with by consent.

Jan 2, 1919

H. W. NICHOLS, Secretary-Treasurer, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill. , R. S. BONSIB, H. B. PULSIFER, . HORACE H. CLARK, H. T. WALSH. Seventy-four members of' the two organizations attended a three-day joint field meeting of the Chicago Section and the Illinois Mining Institute at La Salle, Ill., on May 17, 18 and 19. The meeting began with a technical session in the rooms of the Illinois

Jan 7, 1917

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month, Twenty-third Meeting The Twenty-third Meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., on Monday evening, Nov. 30,- 1914. Prof. R. A. Daly addressed the meeting on The Iron Ores of Küruna; Sweden. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS Secretary.

Jan 1, 1915

Expect Labrador Iron Ore Shipments by 1954 Iron ore shipments from the Quebec-Labrador area are a "definite expectation" by late summer, 1954, according to William H. Durrell, general manager of the Iron Ore Company of Canada. About $120 million have been invested in the project, with a total of $200 million expected to be reached before a ton of ore is shipped, Mr. Durrell said. According to the general manager approximately 418 million tons of open pit highgrade ore have been proven in the project. Deposits lie several hundred miles north of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in territory which was without transportation of any kind. Construction of a railroad from Seven Islands to Knob Lake, about 360 miles, is an important part of the development plan. The railroad will be the first to adopt complete roller bearing applications. Construction is on schedule with 215 miles of the route graded. Completion involves two tunnels through rock, one of almost half mile length, a 700-ft bridge and several smaller spans.

Jan 3, 1953

BOSTON. SECTION W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman, H. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman., E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. The 37th meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, on Monday evening, Oct. 2, 1916. Fourteen members and guests attended the dinner. The Society was fortunate in having present not only the announced speaker, J. G. Carleton of Marblehead, Mass., but also a brother member from afar, Thomas Warner of California. Mr. Carleton, who has spent the' past few years in South America, gave an informal talk on the mining of the precious metals on the South American continent. He drew a comparison of the geographical distribution of the precious metals in North and South America and pointed, out the similarity in the geological occurrence of the eastern mining, regions, mentioning particularly Venezuela and Brazil. He also directed attention to the fact that the great placers of the northwestern part of North America had their counterpart in the gold-bearing region of Columbia. The marked contrast between the southern end of North America, so rich in metals, and the southern part of South America, so poor in mineral deposits, was clearly brought out. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the South American Cordillera is less intensely mineralized, than the corresponding mountain.

Jan 1, 1917

COLORADO LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee CHARLES A. CHASE, Chairman S. A. IONIDES, Vice-Chairman C. LORIMER COLBURN, Secretary-Treasure, 614 Ideal Bldg., Denver, Colo. F. H. BOSTWICK, W. G. SWART. The annual meeting of the Colorado Local Section of the Institute was held at the Savoy Hotel, Denver, Jan. 15.- The Chairman, Frank Bulkley, presided and made a short address on the work of the Section. The following officers were elected:

Jan 3, 1915

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Cal. C. COLCOCK JONES FRANK ROBBINS The February meeting of the Southern California Local Section-was held at the headquarters in the Chamber of Mines and Oil of. Los Angeles on Feb. 17, C. Colcock Jones presiding. Fourteen members were present. The subject announced was Ore Sampling. W. M. Watts opened the discussion by a general outline of the important points to be covered, in sampling a mine and the methods to be used in the various stages of the work. All the members present successively contributed details from their personal experience. The March meeting of the Section was held at its headquarters on Mar. 15. Twelve members were present, with Dr. Theodore B. Comstock in the Chair. The subject announced was Secondary Enrichment and all present took part in the discussion, Frank Robbins contributing a short paper on some observations in Central America. The next meeting will be held on Apr. 14, at which time the subject of Mine Accounting will be discussed. F. J., H. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 5, 1914

MONTANA LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee F. M. SMITH, Chairman J. L. BRUCE, Vice-Chairman . D. C. BARD, Secretary, Box 267, Butte, Mont. FREDERICK LAIST W. C. SIDERFIN The semi-annual meeting of the Montana Section was held at the Silver Bow Block, Butte, Mont., on Friday evening, Oct. 8, 1915. An informal, subscription dinner, at $1.50 a plate, was enjoyed inn' the early evening, by 62 members and guests. After dinner a technical session was held, and a paper entitled Preliminary Outline of Paper on Mines in the Boulder Batholith was presented by J. A. Grimes, who is joint author of the paper, with Paul Billingsley. The paper elicited a lively and interesting discussion, in which a score of members took part. After the reading of the paper the rest of the evening was spent socially. D. C. BARD, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1915

PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE SECTION Executive Committee R. V. NORRIS, Chairman. CHARLES F. HUBER, Vice-Chairman, W. J. RICHARDS, Vice-Chairman, EDWIN LUDLOW, Vice-Chairman, ARTHUR H. STORRS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES ENZIAN, Secretary-Treasurer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. DOUGLAS BUNTING, FRANK A. HILL, ALBERT B. JESSUP, RUFUS J. FOSTER, JOHN M. HUMPHREY, ROBERT A. QUIN. The Pennsylvania Anthracite Section held its second regular meeting at the Pottsville Club House, Pottsville, Pa., July 25,1914. The meeting was attended by more than 90 members and guests. Vice-Chairman W. J. Richards presided. Following an informal dinner, W. G. Whildin, Mining Superintendent, Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford, Pa., presented a. paper on Steep Pitch Mining of Thick Coal Seams, illustrated by numerous drawings. This paper will be printed in the November number of the Bulletin. A lively discussion followed the reading of the paper.

Jan 10, 1914

By D. Hanson

Fox most of their practical applications metals are required to with-stand stresses of appreciable magnitude: indeed, it is because they possess the quality of resisting stress without becoming permanently deformed that they find such extensive use in the service of man. Metals and alloys must, in service, usually behave as elastic substances-or nearly so. It is not difficult to satisfy this condition at ordinary temperatures. Iron and its alloys, especially the steels, are at normal temperatures excellent elastic bodies, capable of satisfying most of the mechanical requirements of the engineer: where electrical, chemical or other properties are impor-tant, which cannot be met by steels, it is usually possible to find a non-ferrous alloy such as nickel, copper or aluminum, which will prove satisfactory. When the metals or alloys are not inherently sufficiently elastic, cold-working or heat-treatment may develop elastic properties to a sufficient extent for practical needs. By means of relatively simple, rapid tests we can measure such properties as elastic modulus, limit of proportionality and proof stress, upon which design can be based with confidence. The case of the soft metals, such as lead and tin, is well known to be exceptional. They possess no definite limit of elasticity, and the value of proof stress or tensile strength depends to a great extent on the speed with which the test is carried out. Design here must be based on other considerations than a well-established theory of the proportionality of stress and strain. It is now generally recognized that steels and non-ferrous alloys possess at temperatures not greatly exceeding that of the atmosphere, characteristics quite different from those existing at ordinary temperatures, and that they assume qualities similar to those of the soft metals. Not only have they no limit of elasticity, but the proof stress and the ultimate stress depend on the time of application of the load. Flow under load may persist for long periods of time, possibly indefinitely, and the determination of a true maximum stress becomes a matter of great difficulty.

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1925

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month Twenty-fourth Meeting The Twenty-fourth meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Exeter Street Theater, Boston, Monday, Jan. 4, 1915. The Chairman, Henry L. Smyth, introduced Mr. S. Le Fevre, of Mineville, N. Y., who presented an exhibit of moving pictures, illustrating the various operations of mining and milling iron ore as carried out at Mineville. Mr. Le Fevre pointed out, as the pictures were run off, the dangers of the various operations, and the precautions that should be taken to avoid or minimize these dangers. . After the exhibition of pictures, the members adjourned to the University Club, where dinner was served. At the close of the dinner and an impromptu recital by Mr. Weeks, the meeting was adjourned. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary.

Jan 2, 1915