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By Gupta R. C

Syria has about 500 million ton deposit of minerals having 34 per cent iron content with alumina and silica as major impurities. Efforts were made to see the feasibility of concentration by four different methods involving washing, high intensity magnetic separation, reduction roasting and magnetic separation and acid leaching technique. It was observed that the reduction roasting with magnetic separation yields a concentrate with high iron (62.3 per cent) content without requiring water which is a scarce raw material in the region. The paper concludes that the detailed study may be made following this route to optimise the process Parameters.

Jan 1, 1999

By Bernard Lewis

This report on the research and technical studies conducted by the Explosives Branch of the Bureau of Mines covers the 2-year period July 1, 1946, to June 30, 1948. A report for the fiscal year 1947 was omitted because of the large amount of work still in an unfinished state. The material presented herein is based largely upon more comprehensive reports prepared under the authorship of members of the branch staff.

Jan 1, 1949

By I. A. Mwamba

Titanium aluminide of composition Ti-47.5 at.% Al was prepared by melting titanium and aluminium of commercial purity with additions of precious metals of 0, 0.2, 1, 1.5 and 2 at.% content. The microstructure, hardness and oxidation properties were assessed. It was found that at 47.5 at.% Al, the microstructure of plain TiAl alloys was duplex, consisting of duplex lamellar grains and ? grains. The lamellar grains consisted of alternating lamellae of ? (TiAl) and a2(Ti3Al), with overall aluminium content in the range of 43?47 at.%. The ? grains had a aluminium content above 50 at.%. The addition of precious metals to the TiAl alloy resulted in the formation of a new phase, with a high precious metal content, occurring mostly in the ?phase, without any major change to the microstructure. Increasing the amount of precious metals resulted in an increase of the new phase amount, at the expense of the ? phase. The hardness of the different alloys was around 300HV10. Overall, the research has shown that addition of precious metals to TiAl resulted in a slight increase in hardness and a significant improvement of the oxidation resistance. This shows that alloying TiAl with precious metals, at the addition levels investigated, does not alter the mechanical properties very much, but improves oxidation resistance.

Jan 1, 2012

By Belinda Campbell

Tools for Consistency 1. GIS Web Site 2. National Project Management System 3. Site Grouping Approach (721 PIDs) 4. Mine Reclamation Standing Offer Agreements ?Contracting tool 5. Remedial Objectives Guidance Document Background ?CBDC (now ECBC) is a Federal Crown Corporation and falls under federal jurisdiction. ?When it stopped mining coal, CBDC turned its attention to cleaning up and closing out its industrial sites. ?Public Works and Government Services Canada is common service provider to the GoC. ?Expertise in environmental, engineering, IT, project management, communications, GIS, real property management.

May 1, 2011

By L. K. Marshall

The importance of high quality underground mine ventilation is readily apparent. The principles of primary and auxiliary mine ventilation, however, are sometimes less readily apparent. The first article in this two-part series discusses some general aspects of primary and auxiliary ventilation. Next month's article will detail considerations involved with auxiliary mine ventilation.

Jan 1, 1982

By K. E. Stanfield

[Asphalt and road oil are the principal products manufactured from Wyoming ?clack oils? which, because of their high asphalt an high sulfur content, are difficult and costly to refine into high-grade motor fuels, burning oils, and lubricants by pre sent methods. Accordingly, the remand for these asphaltic residuums for the construction of roads and other uses is a controlling- factor in the quantity of crude oil produced. The increasing utilization of special asphalts as inexpensive bonding, insulating, and waterproofing materials indicates the desirability of obtaining information on the yield and properties, of asphalts from Wyoming black oil to promote a wider and more stable caret for these asphaltic materials.]

Jan 1, 1941

By D. D. Blue

To insure domestic production of aluminium for, essential civilian and defense uses, the Government, under authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950, programed and promoted an aluminum-expansion program that will more than double the primary production capacity that existed in 1949. In view of this vastly increased production, the raw materials, with respect to both quantity and sources, are reviewed. The raw-material consumption pattern, the requirements during an expansion period when excess quantities of materials for starting up new facilities are consumed, and the probable requirements for production of 1.7 million tons per year of primary aluminum are discussed. The raw materials that presented the most difficult supply problems were bauxite, electrical power, and fluoride salts, and the supply pattern for these materials probably will undergo changes. A major part of the electrical energy for the increased capacity was to come from thermal generation, Jamaica-was to become a major source of bauxite, and synthetic fluoride salts were replacing natural cryolite in increasing quantities. Other raw-material requirements discussed are: Soda ash; lime, and limestone; starch; filter cloth; fuel; alumina; the carbonaceous materials, green and calcined petroleum coke, high-and low-temperature pitch and coke or anthracite; cryolite; aluminum fluoride; the materials going into production of synthetic fluorides, acid-grade fluorspar, and sulfuric acid; and labor. INTRODUCTION The raw materials for the aluminum industry that have received the most publicity are bauxite, the ore that supplies elemental aluminum, and electrical energy, the means by which aluminum oxide is reduced to metal. A number of other important materials are, however, required in large quantities in the production of primary aluminum metal.

Jan 1, 1954

By Innes J. A

The structural variations occurring in pellets of finely divided mixtures of iron ore and coke breeze, metallized by firing at elevated temperatures, have been examined microscopically. For any given pellet composition, time and temperature are the two most important factors in determining the development of the bonding processes.INTRODUCTIONThe success of sintering and pelletizing processes in the agglomeration of fine iron ores for blast furnace use has brought about rapid changes in thinking relative to methods of preparing furnace burdens. Increases in productivity with the use of sinter emphasize the advantages of a stable, uniformly sized furnace feed. Current practice is to produce a self-fluxing sinter containing most of the lime requirements of the furnace incorporated as a stable medium (Figgis and Charker, 1962). The elimination of fine material from the burden allows greater stack permeability and smoother operation.Sintering and pelletizing of iron ores with or without the incorporation of fluxing compounds has conditioned operators to the extent that it is now considered possible that all components of the burden may eventually be beneficiated in one form or another. Investigations are in hand to improve the quality and sizing of coke, which occupies the major part of the burden volume (Callcott, Innes and Brown, 1961; Innes, Gregory and Worner, 1963). Interest is also being revived in methods of pre-reducing iron ores prior to charging to the furnace (Hansen, Melcher and Fine, 1961). Recent experiments in a small experimental blast furnace (Melcher, 1963) show that charging of semi-metallized pellets can give rise to a production increase of 55 per cent...

Jan 1, 1963

By John G. Payne

The Pebble deposit contains three contiguous zones. In the Pebble West zone, granodiorite stocks intrude gently warped volcanosedimentary rocks that had been intruded by diorite sills and two felsic intrusion breccias. In the Central zone, volcanosedimentary rocks are cut by diorite and granodiorite sills; the latter are genetically associated with the granodiorite stocks. In these zones, widespread potassic alteration consists of brown biotite and K-feldspar, with abundant quartz-carbonate-sulphide vein stockworks. Chalcopyrite/pyrite ratios range from 2/1 to 1/20. Diorite hosts the highest-grade mineralization, with much of it being disseminated. Patchy, later phyllic alteration is moderate and commonly depleted in copper. The Pebble East zone occupies a granodiorite stock and intruded host rocks below an eastwardly thickening wedge of barren Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks up to 600 m thick. Brown biotite alteration and copper mineralization are strong, with chalcopyrite/pyrite ratios commonly over 1/1. The zone extends to a depth of at least 1200 m below surface; some drill holes bottomed in strong mineralization. Later, weak to moderate sericitic alteration removed some chalcopyrite and locally remobilized gold. The Pebble deposit has a Measured/Indicated resource of 3 billion tonnes grading 0.28% Cu, 0.32 g/t Au and 0.015% Mo (= 0.5% copper-equivalent) and an Inferred resource of 1.13 billion tonnes grading 0.30 g/t Au, 0.27% Cu and 0.015% Mo (0.55% copper-equivalent). The Pebble East zone has an Inferred resource of 2.13 billion tonnes grading 0.55% Cu, 0.34 g/t Au, and 0.037% Mo (0.97% copper-equivalent). The Pebble East zone is open to the east and to a lesser extent to the north, south, and to depth.

May 1, 2006

The Sandvik DE710 diamond core drill has become one of the most popular exploration drills available. It is operated on exploration and mining projects in locations around the world. The compact nature of the DE710 allows a small footprint on site. This has proven to be a great benefit in difficult access areas where site preparation can be limited. The DE710 drill is available in a range of con-figurations to suit global operational and environ-mental demands. It can be truck-mounted for greater maneuverability and ease of relocating the drill between sites. The drill can also be fitted to crawler tracks, powered from the rig hydraulic system, making it a small, self-propelled unit for areas with difficult site access. And the DE710 is available in a shack-mounted configuration for cold weather applications, ensuring a protected working environment for the drill crew. The DE710 is powered by a 6.7-liter engine that produces 141 kW (190 hp) at 2,200 rpm to power the rig hydraulic system. The engine complies with the Tier 3 emissions standards that are being introduced in many countries. The hydraulic system design for the Sandvik DE710 is based on the company?s philosophy of selecting the best available products to suit the application. The main hydraulic pumps and motors are the variable displacement design. This allows for greater fl exibility and precise control of critical drilling functions. The cooling system has also been designed for operation in ambient temperatures up to 50° C (122° F) to cope with varying global operational demands.

Jan 1, 2009

Most mines in the Bundamba, North Ipswich, and Rosewood districts of the West Moreton coalfield of south eastern Queensland have installed washing plants during the last five years. Many problems were encountered in their installation, including the small size of washing plant required in many cases, the economical minimum ash content under present and future market requirements, production from a one-product washbox of large and small coal of quality to satisfy both markets, measures to avoid adding unnecessary moisture to the washed slack coals, and excessive middlings in some coals or soft clay in others.INTRODUCTIONIt was fortunate for Brisbane, which was to become the capital of a new State, Queensland, in 1859, and grow into a city of over half a million people by the time of its centenary, that coal was found in abundance almost on its doorstep near Ipswich, the first mine being opened at Redbank in 1843. This was followed by the opening of many more mines in that district and, some 40 years later, in the nearby Rosewood district where high-volatile gas coal was produced (Fig. 1). These discoveries ensured a supply of reasonably priced coal (currently about 85/- per ton delivered) in Brisbane, but the quality is inferior to that of other coals mined in Queensland beyond economic range of Brisbane.Various factors led to an increase in the average ash content of the West Moreton coals during and after the war. Between 1940 and 1952 the gasworks coals rose in average ash from 13 8 per cent to 23·9 per cent and the powerhouse coals from 17·1 per cent to 27·1 per cent. This drift was arrested by the installation of 28 screening and picking plants from 1952 onward, but it became obvious that mechanical cleaning of the coals was essential due to the competitive market for coal and the worsening quality of reserves.

Jan 1, 1963

By John C. Machisak

The National Safety Competition is sponsored and conducted annually by the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, to stimulate greater interest in safety in the mineral-extractive industries and to encourage the development of more effective accident-prevention programs. Since its beginning in 1925, thirty-four safety contests have been conducted. This publication reports results of the 11 annual contests for the period 1948-1958, inclusive. Mineral operations awarded the "Sentinels of Safety" trophy for the best safety record in their competitive group as well as those ranking second, third, fourth, and fifth are listed along with a summary of their achievements in preventing disabling injuries. In addition, this publication contains statistical information reflecting the disabling work-injury experience of all other mines and quarries enrolled in the annual contests. The injury statistics of these operations are arranged in the six groups of the competition and through 1955 are the only data on injury-severity at noncoal mineral operations published by the Bureau of Hines. Recognition of the National Safety Competition in promoting safety has increased steadily during its 34 years. The number of plants participating in these annual competitions increased from 210 in 1925, its first year, to a record of 675 in 1958. The expanding scope of the National Safety Competition indicates that more mines and quarries in the United States are enrolling 90 all available means to promote safety on the job will be used. Safety contests like this are generally recognized, in the field of safety promotion, as an effective way to arouse and hold the interest of employees and officials in accident-prevention programs. They tend to forge individual precautionary acts into group action centered on a common objective, such as winning the ?Sentinels of Safety? trophy.

Jan 1, 1960

By Kenneth H. Johnston

This report describes in detail three waterflooding projects and a pressure-maintenance project in Butler and Cowley Counties, Kans., that will be visited on the 1963 annual spring tour of the Kansas-Oklahoma Waterflood Association. Among the unique features of the projects are the flooding of five oil-producing horizons separately with injection water furnished by two water-treating plants. Discussion of the individual projects includes information on their early history, the source and treatment of the injection fluids, oil production decline curves, and the results of water injection on oil production.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. Schreuder

Conditions in the South African market relating to atmospheric emission control has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Companies have become more responsible, environmentally aware, and have to comply to more stringent environmental limits set by legislation. This paper describes briefly the current best available atmospheric pollution abatement technologies relating to particulates, acid gases, NOx, acid mists, aerosols, mercury, dioxins and furans. Mention is also made as to the best practices for product work-up and waste product disposal.

Jan 1, 2006

By F. Dai

Granitic rocks usually exhibit strongly anisotropy due to pre-existing microcracks induced by geologic loadings. The understanding of the rock anisotropy in mechanical properties such as tensile strength is critical to quarrying and stabilization of underground structures. In this paper, Brazilian tests are conducted in combination with MTS material testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system to measure both static and dynamic tensile strength of anisotropic Barre granite. Samples are cored and labeled using the three principle anisotropic directions of Barre granite (BG). These directions are also chosen as the loading directions for the Brazilian discs. For dynamic tests, pulse shaping technique is used to achieve dynamic equilibrium in the samples during the test. Finite Element Method is implemented to formulate equations that relate the failure load to the material tensile strength employing a orthotropic model for Barre granite. For samples in the same orientation group, the tensile strength shows clear loading rate sensitivity. The tensile strengths exhibit clear anisotropy under static loading; while less anisotropy under dynamic loading. The tensile strength anisotropy of Barre granite is interpreted as interactions of the pre-existing microcracks.

May 1, 2009

Pulverized Fuel Combustion The apparatus shown in the illustration is a complete equipment f r supplying coal to boiler and metallurgical furnaces, cement and lime kilns, dryers, and to all furnaces requiring a temperature and quality of fame under prompt and easy control. It is claimed that the Aero Pulverizer makes practicable the highest efficiency obtainable from burning coal. It makes coal burn like a gas, a flame, the physical and chemical character of which is regulable- a flame that may be elongated or shortened, thus placing the zone of highest temperature where needed- a flame that may be made oxidizing, reducing, or neutral, as occasion may require. The coal is burned as pulverized, and there is no storage of the powder with its attendant hazard. Artificial drying before pulverizing is not necessary if the coal supply be sheltered from rain and snow. Where the Aero is used, it is wholly a furnace question whether a dryer should be installed; it is not at all a pulverizing or storage question. Labor is reduced to a minimum. Slack coal at low cost yields its last B.T.U.

Jan 11, 1915

By M. Mikhaylenko

Rhenium, molybdenum and tungsten are the elements demanded by high-end technologies. These metals are found in process solutions in forms of their oxyanions: ReO4-, MoO42- and WO42-. The later two can exist in forms of iso- and/or heteropolyanions. Basically all three metals demonstrate very similar chemical behavior in aqueous solutions. Unfortunately, in their mineral sources these elements commonly accompany each other, like pairs of rhenium-molybdenum or molybdenum-tungsten. Their economical separation is a challenging task.

Jan 1, 2012

By D O’Dea, B Godel, T Honeyands, B Ellis, T Harvey

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive technique that allows the exploration of the internal structure of solid objects in 3D. Over the past ten years, the combination of XCT with more conventional 2D techniques and quantitative 3D image processing and analysis (commonly referred to as digital rocks) has allowed us to address some of the most challenging problems in ore deposit studies. The range of X-ray energies used in XCT allows the X-rays to be transmitted through complex and dense materials including iron ores (eg sinters, lumps, granules). Recent high-resolution XCT scanners have the ability to generate multiscale (25 down to 0.3 µm voxel size) imaging of a given sample enabling the characterisation of 3D textures across a range of scales. This paper will focus on the application of digital rocks to iron ore sinter particles (using filtered polychromatic X-ray beam). The paper is divided into three parts and includes: i) details on the methodologies including their benefits and limitations and the effect of spatial resolution; (ii) the quantification of pore network topology and pore characteristics (eg open versus closed pores, pore size distribution and pore morphologies; degree of connectivity of the pore network and its tortuosity); and (iii) the evaluation of the technique to characterise various phases within the material and quantify 3D mineral textures.CITATION:Godel, B, Ellis, B, O’Dea, D, Honeyands, T and Harvey, T, 2017. Digital rocks for iron ore sinters – towards a D quantification of sinter textures, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 529–534 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By and M. V Roper, H. N. Engelbrecht

Quality control interventions emanate from process upsets and trends that move product quality beyond the natural variation expected in a stable process. The ability to detect upset conditions and react in an effective manner protects both resource utilisation and compliance to specifications. Product quality control on coal processing plants traditionally relies on the reference (combined sampler and laboratory) system to measure product qualities. The introduction of online analyser (OA) technology, applied in different configurations, creates a second source of measurement information for control decision making. The case study was done on the primary sample stream of the final product stream at Exxaro’s GG7 and 8 plants, part of the Grootegeluk complex. It explores the OLA system’s ability to meet the OEM performance guarantee, perform equally to the reference system without analytical delay time, and assesses the effort to achieve this performance in a by-line analyser (BLA) configuration. In the paper, a conceptual comparison of the two measurement systems is done and the theoretical and practical comparison of measurement performance is discussed. Results demonstrate that the OA outperformed the OEM’s performance guarantee and achieved similar levels of performance to the reference system without the response delay. Keywords: Online analyser (OLA), by-line analyser (BLA), coal quality measurement, measurement performance

Jan 1, 2020

By E. V. Manlapig, K. R. Rahal, J-P Franzidis

"The Floatability Characterisation Test Rig or FCTR is a highly instrumented, mobile flotation pilot plant built by Baker Process (now EIMCO) for the AMIRA P9 Project for use in flotation plant modelling and simulation studies. With the Mintek Floatstar system controlling the level in every cell, and the facility for full stream sampling on all streams, the FCTR is a unique tool for producing data of sufficient quality for flotation plant modelling. The plant was commissioned at Lonmin's Karee and Eastern Platinum concentrators in 1999/2000, and completed a number of test work programs to investigate the effect of power input and regrinding on metallurgical performance. Lonmin's experience with the FCTR has caused it to build two of its own to undertake further projects on its various mines. This paper describes the design of the FCTR and the features that make it a unique research tool, and the benefits derived by Lonmin through their experience with the unit.INTRODUCTIONAs part of the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association (AMIRA) P9 project, a new model for flotation has been developed, in which the overall recovery, R, of the jth floatability class of the ith size class of a particular mineral, is given as (Savassi, 1998):"

Jan 1, 2002