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By C. Y. Sun

In this paper, the development of research and practice on the separation process of fine complex Cu-S ore at a Copper Mine in south of China, was discussed. Since early 1980s, various processes were used, such as the process of bulk flotation-separation, the process of selection flotation and the process of iso-flotation. Especially when the process of selective flotation was put into operation, further development was achieved in beneficiation results, but the difficulty in separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite has not been solved yet, so causing a poor quality of Cu concentrate. The author has successfully developed a new separation process characterized by the use of collector thionocarbamate and fast flotation. The selectivity of fine chalcopyrite and pyrite was greatly improved. This process supplied a new route for the treatment of fine complex Copper sulphide ores.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. M. Marabini, G. Belardi, V. Alesse, M. Acosta

Sotiel mine is situated in the Iberian Pyrite Belt in southern Spain, some 40 km north of the port of Huelva. Although mining operations at the site date back to Roman times, the present mine came into production in 1983 and 5.6 million tonnes of ore had been extracted by 1993. The orebody is volcano-sedimentary and consists of fine grained copper, lead and zinc minerals in massive pyrite surrounded by slates and volcanics. Prior laboratory research had resulted in the synthesis of a new collector, belonging to the MercaptoBenzoOxazole (MBO) class that acts selectively towards Cu and Zn minerals after activation with CuS04. The MethylMercaptoBenzoOxazole (MMBO) version of this collector had been used for the laboratory flotation of Cu minerals and sphalerite activated by CuS04. This resulted in identification of the optimal physicochemical conditions for laboratory-cell flotation of the two minerals from samples of complex sulphide ores, and subsequently the reagent has been tested in the Sotiel plant (Spain). The plant has three flotation sections. With conventional re-agents, the first section yields a Cu concentrate grading 21% with a total recovery of 29%, and the second one yields a 40% Pb concentrate with total recovery of 34% and a 47% Zn concentrate with total recovery of 78%. Application of the new synthetic reagent in the copper and zinc circuits produces a more selective process with a decrease in re- agent concentration grade and recovery are increased by 2 and 9 points respectively in the case of Cu and by 1 and 3 points where Zn is concerned. Moreover, the penalty elements in the Cu concentrate are halved.

Jan 1, 1995

By G. Sahasrabudh, G. DeIulii, K. P. Galvin

A novel agglomeration process has been developed, utilising a concentrated water in oil emulsion as a binder. The binder is typically 95 wt% water, the remainder being an organic phase containing kerosene and the emulsifier— sorbitan mono oleate (SMO) in equal mass portions. The binder can selectively agglomerate hydrophobic particles in less than 7 seconds. The agglomeration has proven to be highly effective in recovering any particle of virtually any size, provided the particle is hydrophobic. The approach has previously been applied to coal, magnetite and silica. In the paper, sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX) and its much longer chain version, potassium tetradecyl xanthate (C14X), were used separately as collectors to selectively agglomerate chalcopyrite from the ore. Xanthates attach to metal sulphides, thus hydrophobising sulphide mineral particles. Chalcopyrite is a sulphide mineral; however, it hydrolyses quickly in the presence of water. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used to remove the oxide layer formed at the surface of the mineral particles after wet grinding, leaving behind a freshly generated metal sulphide surface. After the EDTA treatment, the ore particles were quickly conditioned at an optimised pH as well as collector concentration and agglomerated. The agglomeration achieved a copper recovery of 75% within 7 seconds, consistent with the recovery achieved by flotation over much longer time scales. Keywords: Chalcopyrite, agglomeration, froth flotation, interfacial chemistry, X-ray fluorescence, selective hydrophobisation

Jan 1, 2020

By F. M. Russell

Scheduling the extraction and rates of production for an underground mining operation is a common task carried out during the life of a mine, from the initial feasibility study through to the final production phase. The scheduling process can be complex when several requirements have to be satisfied, for example, match mill capacity and maximize net present value while constrained by mining sequence and availability of resources. Many mines have computer programs relevant to their operation but because they are site-specific they need considerable reprogramming to be adapted to other operations. Other methods currently in use also suffer drawbacks: manual spreadsheets are laborious, computerized spreadsheets cannot handle sufficient constraints, and operations research techniques require a complex mathematical model to be set up. The use of network analysis techniques has been proposed previously but the unavailability, until recently, of easily used computer programs has not allowed this approach to be developed. There are now many programs which can be used; however, the particular program which has been adapted to mine scheduling is Metier's 'Artemis-PC' running on IBM-XT or compatible machine. The use of network analysis offers many advantages, including the use of a logical mining sequence; activities can be as detailed as required; related activities can be readily incorporated, and costs can be easily extracted. A heuristic approach is necessary to optimize the schedule, but the ease and speed of program execution enables this to be readily achieved, while leaving the mining engineer in full control. The paper discusses the problems encountered in mine scheduling and current solutions. It then details the use of network analysis techniques and the application of the Artemis-PC program to solve mine scheduling problems.

Jan 1, 1987

By T. A. Vivian

The use of heavy media organic solvents to recover coal from its attendant gangue is hardly new. DuPont built a pilot plant using pentachloroethane in 1936 at Weston Coal Company, Weston Breaker, Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. That's almost half a century ago. Since that time, it has become common practice to utilize similar classes of chemicals in laboratory separations of coal samples. It is the objective of this paper to discuss some specific separations on both pilot and laboratory scale on samples representing different classifications of coal. These separations have been carried out on coarse (+4 M), middling (4 x 20 M), and fine (-20 M) coal samples. The coal samples tested include Pennsylvania anthracite; Pennsylvania, Indiana and Colorado bituminous; Wyoming sub-bituminous; and Texas lignite. Other chlorinated solvents were used to vary the specific gravity of separation.

Jan 1, 1984

By Z. Xingrong, L. Jiongtian, Z. Yangge, C. Yijun, L. Liang, H. Yangjia, H. Long

In this present research, a polymer poly (acrylamide-allyl thiourea) (PAM-ATU) with an average molecular weight 1.66 × 104 g/mol was used as a depressant in the flotation separation of molybdenite from chalcopyrite and galena. The micro-flotation experimental results showed that PAM-ATU exhibited a strong influence on the flotation performances of chalcopyrite and galena, but had little effect on that of molybdenite within a pH range of 9.0~11.0 at a dosage of lower than 6.0 mg/L. The flotation results of bulk flotation tests illustrated that PAM-ATU showed a stronger depression power than sodium thioglycollate (TGA) and sodium sulfide. The comparison results demonstrated that PAM-ATU and TGA had an advantage in reducing galena and chalcopyrite impurities in the molybdenum concentrate, respectively. With the combination of PAM-ATU and TGA, a good flotation separation result was achieved through one roughing operation where the recovery of molybdenum in the froth product was over 75.0%, while the recovery of copper and lead were less than 22.0% and 15.0%, individually. It was also found that a molybdenum concentrate with Mo grade of 46.32%, Cu grade of 0.16%, Pb grade of 0.06%, was obtained by a closed circuit flotation flowsheet of one roughing-three scavenging-five cleaning with a Mo recovery of 77.67%. Keywords: PAM-ATU, molybdenite, depressant, chalcopyrite, galena

Jan 1, 2020

By Peter Zhang

The immediate roof at the test site consisted of laminated clay shale that is likely to be susceptible to weathering. With seasonal dry-wet cycles in the mine ventilation air, the roof in the intake air would deteriorate and lose integrity over time. In many instances, the weathering-prone roof would gradually scale off piece by piece between bolts and over the entry corners. In some long-term entries, roof weathering could develop up to 2-3 ft deep with columns of bolted roof hanging under the upper intact roof. If wire mesh is used, the roof bags down and reduces the entry height, and the weight of the bagged roof tends to pull the bolts out and poses a safety hazard. An effective measure is always sought to support this type of weak roof that is sensitive to moisture degradation. One solution is to seal the roof shortly after entry development to prevent moisture penetration so that roof integrity can be maintained for the long term. In this application, a polymer-based sealing material was tested in the Rockspring mine for weathering protection and reinforcement. The material is a one-component polymer powder for spray application onto the roof and rib. The sealant material is mixed with water in the spraying nozzle to apply to the roof and rib as a paste. The product sets within 5-10 minutes and forms a membrane as thin as about 1/8-in. The membrane will quickly develop tensile and bonding strength within minutes and completely cure within a few days. Through sealing, bonding and lateral reinforcement, the integrity of the weak roof can be maintained. The material has been tried in a long-term evaluation over several months in a set of main entries in the Rockspring mine owned and operated by Rockspring Development, Inc., affiliate of Foundation Coal. Preliminary evaluation has shown that the material is an effective and economical solution to ensuring the long-term stability of weathering-prone roof.

Jan 1, 2009

By Peter Zhang

The immediate roof at the test site consisted of laminated clay shale that is likely to be susceptible to weathering. With seasonal dry-wet cycles in the mine ventilation air, the roof in the intake air would deteriorate and lose integrity over time. In many instances, the weathering-prone roof would gradually scale off piece by piece between bolts and over the entry corners. In some long-term entries, roof weathering could develop up to 2-3 ft deep with columns of bolted roof hanging under the upper intact roof. If wire mesh is used, the roof bags down and reduces the entry height, and the weight of the bagged roof tends to pull the bolts out and poses a safety hazard. An effective measure is always sought to support this type of weak roof that is sensitive to moisture degradation. One solution is to seal the roof shortly after entry development to prevent moisture penetration so that roof integrity can be maintained for the long term. In this application, a polymer-based sealing material was tested in the Rockspring mine for weathering protection and reinforcement. The material is a one-component polymer powder for spray application onto the roof and rib. The sealant material is mixed with water in the spraying nozzle to apply to the roof and rib as a paste. The product sets within 5-10 minutes and forms a membrane as thin as about 1/8-in. The membrane will quickly develop tensile and bonding strength within minutes and completely cure within a few days. Through sealing, bonding and lateral reinforcement, the integrity of the weak roof can be maintained. The material has been tried in a long-term evaluation over several months in a set of main entries in the Rockspring mine owned and operated by Rockspring Development, Inc., affiliate of Foundation Coal. Preliminary evaluation has shown that the material is an effective and economical solution to ensuring the long-term stability of weathering-prone roof.

Jan 1, 2009

By M. Perišic

Requirements concerning determination of geometric characteristics and estimate of reserves and grade may in various mineral deposits significantly differ and by no means can be completely envisaged. Therefore, program writing which would in advance meet all requirements is from a practical point of view impossible. Programming for each particular project is also unacceptable solution, due to many facts, among which is ever growing scope of work and the terms to be met. Therefore, conventional method of programming proved to be ineffective. The team of the Mining Institute experts came to the conclusion that the solution of facing problems lies in the idea of introducing specialized programs, instead of complex ones. Each of them represents a functional entirety. Procedure of complete mineral deposits computer processing is described by a problem-oriented programming language which was designed for that particular application. One or more than one specialized programs are called by one instruction so that the program in that language can have a few hundred time less instructions than an equivalent FORTRAN program. Besides description of the program system and programming language the paper also covers some aspects of its application in solving complex problems.

Jan 1, 1977

By D Wiseman, D Weedon, T Akroyd

Models of the size specific processes of particle collision, attachment and detachment have been combined in a form suitable for analysis of a full-scale flotation plant. The model is based on a first principal approach to particle collection by bubbles. Parameters considered include particle size, bubble size, particle contact angle, energy dissipation, entrainment and froth recovery. Using data structures configured within an Excel spreadsheet using æLimn: The Flowsheet ProcessorÆ, the model has been incorporated into a description of the individual cells within a simple roughing and cleaning flotation circuit. Simulated feeds of varying particle size distribution, feed tonnage and varying mineral hydrophobicity representing different mineral phases are presented to the model to produce predicted final concentrate grades and recoveries. Practical techniques for measuring many of the parameters included in the model are now becoming readily available. However, relating the terms included for contact angle, energy dissipation, entrainment (ie water recovery) and froth recovery to measurable parameters in operating plants remain as continuing challenges for research.

Jan 1, 2004

By Andrzej Hebda

The paper point out the method to meet the formal requirements for carrying out occupational risk assessment in companies imposed by various regulations and practical needs of modern safety management in company. The method presented allows also utilizing the assessment of economic effects of work accidents to assess the economic value of the risk resulting from the possibility of harm to health occurring to mine staff. A risk assessment example included in the paper and the calculations made permit positive assessment of the usability of the event-tree method for assessing the risk under conditions of limited availability of statistical information on the frequency of harm occurring. The method presented has also this advantage that it is not based on accident ratios that for many reasons do not always conform to reality and always show past safety level, not anticipating accidents but only recording them.

Jul 31, 2003

By B. R. Adams

This paper discusses the use of a reacting CFD model to determine chalcopyrite kinetics in a drop tube furnace and to predict the reaction of a chalcopyrite concentrate in the reaction shaft of an industrial smelter. Reacting CFD codes can be applied to determine the consequences of the interaction of gas with particles and therefore improve the ability to derive kinetic parameters that take into account the temperature and oxidation histories that different particles will see. This paper describes the application of such a model to derive improved kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis and oxidation of chalcopyrite. The reaction shaft model includes the effects of turbulent fluid mechanics, entrained flow mixing, turbulent particle dispersion, heterogeneous particle reactions, radiative and convective heat transfer, and' surface and bath deposition rates. Particle reaction and composition characteristics are predicted as a function of particle trajectory and deposition and are used to aid in evaluating shaft performance.

Jan 1, 1999

By G. A. Eltringham, A. F. Sarofim, A. A. Shook, M. P. Heap, B. R. Adams, K. A. Davis

This paper discusses the use of a reacting CFD model to determine chalcopyrite kinetics in a drop tube furnace and to predict the reaction of a chalcopyrite concentrate in the reaction shaft of an industrial smelter. Reacting CFD codes can be applied to determine the consequences of the interaction of gas with particles and therefore improve the ability to derive kinetic parameters that take into account the different temperature and oxidation histories that different particles will see. This paper describes the application of such a model to derive improved kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis and oxidation of chalcopyrite. The improved kinetic parameters derived from the drop tube studies are used to simulate chalcopyrite concentrate reactions in the reaction shaft of an industrial smelter. The reaction shaft model includes the effects of turbulent fluid mechanics, entrained flow mixing, turbulent particle dispersion, heterogeneous particle reactions, radiative and convective heat transfer, and surface and bath deposition rates. Particle reaction and composition characteristics are predicted as a function of particle trajectory and deposition and are used to aid in evaluating shaft performance.

Jan 1, 1999

By A Horeth, E Duggan, B Versiani, A Gooch

Iron ore screening plant productivity is strongly affected by the performance of the shuttle operation, with the control system robustness and associated strategies having a direct impact on utilisation and throughput rates. A number of aspects intrinsic to the methods and technologies traditionally applied on the motion control of shuttles are often observed to decrease the efficiency of the ore distribution process across multiple screening modules, which ultimately impacts the plant’s production. Those include the number of operational scenarios that are unmanaged by conventional discrete control logics which may intermittently lead to undesired events, such as ‘high level alarms’ and ‘low level interlocks’ in the screening bins. This outcome usually demands excessive manual intervention by Control Room Operators. A Reinforcement Learning (RL) Artificial Intelligence (AI) solution was deployed to control the motion operation of the scalping and products screening shuttles in an iron ore handling plant. The RL algorithm was trained in advance to handle multiple operational scenarios and generate optimised outputs. In nominal operation, the shuttles are moved in a modulating and highly predictive fashion over the whole range of safely reachable bins. When the need occurs, the AI control agent deviates from that modulation behaviour, limiting its travel range or moving to other groups or clusters of available bins by employing ‘bin jumping’ or ‘ore break’ strategies. The RL platform capabilities include the ability to learn in real time to account for and auto-adapt to new operational patterns and process changes whilst applying improved strategies for shuttle dwelling times, target setting and speed control. The deployed Reinforcement Learning AI solution has better managed the existing challenges associated with the shuttle operation and control, and resulted in a more efficient ore delivery process, superior operations stability and increased production rates.

Nov 8, 2021

By Tim J. Carew, Dennis C. Martin

"One approach to stabilization of rock slopes is to place a buttress at the toe of the slope to provide additional resisting forces and increase the length and strength properties along the failure surface. This paper describes the rock mechanics and mine planning aspects of incorporating a buttress of intact rock in the lower part of the slope as part of the slope design for the south wall of the final pit at Cassiar Mine. Stability analysis techniques and results are described. Analyses results have indicated that, in order to maintain steep over-all slopes in the final pit, a buttress of intact rock shoud be incorporated into the lower section of the slope until late in mine life. The effect of the buttress is to flatten the slope and reduce the slope height thereby improving slope stability. The mining plans would be such that the buttress would be mined out during the last four months of mining when the consequences of instability would be least severe.IntroductionThe concept of using a buttress to stabilize slopes has been used in mining and civil engineering construction in may locations (Richards and Stimpson, 1977). Most buttresses involve placement of coarse rock fill timber cribs or other material as a load at the toe of an already unstable slope to provide forces which resist failure by counteracting driving forces and increasing the length and strength of the failure path.This paper describes the geotechnical and mine planning aspects of incorporating a buttress of intact rock in the design of the south wall of Cassiar Mine. The effect of an intact rock buttress is to flatten the slope and reduce the slope height, thereby improving slope stability. No actual construction is required other than normal excavation of the slope. The ""mine plans would be such that the buttress would be mined out at the end of mine life when the impact of instability would be less severe and additional ore might possibly be recovered from the slopes. Mining of the buttress could induce instability at the very end of mine life at a time when maximum ore extraction has been achieved."

Jan 1, 1986

By P. R. Sheorey

Understanding of in situ rock mass behaviour has taken a step forward with the advent of the refined rock mass classifications of Wickham, Bieniawski and Barton et al. In this paper six case studies are given in brief showing how Barton's classification could be used in mining situations. The cases cover stability of roadway junctions under shallow covers, support pressure estimation in roadways in intact and failed rock conditions, determination of the safe unsupported span of a wide stope and estimating the stability of roadways in two contiguous seams standing 011 small pillars against puncture of the parting rock.

Jan 1, 1983

By S LeClair

Intelligent manufacturing involves intelligent, product-directed systems that facilitate the on-line, real-time generation of an improving product process cycle. A first step in the journey relates to self-directed systems which have the ability to reason and create their own processing paths in response to varying product and process conditions encountered during the process. This paper discusses an application of self-directed process control in the manufacture of graphite-epoxy laminated composites. An Air Force team involving researchers and production personnel have caused the development of a system now in use at the Air Force Logistic Center at McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento CA. The paper discusses results and lessons learned in the process of trying to speed the implementation of research efforts which show significant potential of improving the product quality in less time and at less cost

Jan 1, 1992

By Chugh Y. P

A simplified, three-dimensional, time-dependent, mechanistic model of the overburden-coal seam-floor interaction has been developed and validated at two Illinois coal mines. The model based on the thin plate theory can involve any complex layout of mine workings, time-dependent sequence of extraction and, rheological properties of immediate floor strata. The model output data consist of spatially distributed surface subsidence and its slope and curvature, as well as load acting on pillars in one or more panels. A comparison of calculated and monitored surface subsidence or in- mine convergence measurements has proven the model's effectiveness for surface subsidence and load transfer Prediction.

Jan 1, 1992

By Witold M. Pytel

A simplified, three-dimensional, time-dependent, mechanistic model of the overburden-coal seam-floor interaction has been developed and validated at two Illinois coal mines. The model based on the thin plate theory can involve any complex layout of mine workings, time-dependent sequence of extraction and, rheological properties of immediate floor strata. The model output data consist of spatially distributed surface subsidence and its slope and curvature, as well as load acting on pillars in one or more panels. A comparison of calculated and monitored surface subsidence or in-mine convergence measurements has proven the model's effectiveness for surface subsidence and load transfer prediction.

Jan 1, 1992

By Maleki. Hamid

The U.S. Bureau of Mines implemented an inte¬grated static and geophysical monitoring program in a southern Wyoming mine to study changes in seismic wave propagation properties in roof strata. The purpose was to develop techniques to assess roof stability problems. The work consisted of record¬ing deformation and stress histories and calcu¬lating seismic velocity profiles. In addition. geology and roof conditions were mapped; the in¬struments were initially installed at the develop¬ment face; monitoring continued until the mecha¬nized retreat face retreated within 60 m of the instruments. Mining geometry consisted of a three-¬entry gate system using 5.2-m-wide pillars at depths of 426 m. Results were analyzed using stan¬dard history plots, velocity tomographs, and numer¬ical modeling techniques. Changes in velocity. frequency, amplitude, dynamic elastic modulus, and dynamic Poisson's ratio were related to roof defor¬mation, fracturing, and support requirements. A reduction in seismic velocity of 17 pct occurred after 60 mm of roof deformation following installa¬tion of supplementary support. Static measurements revealed significant dilation in the mine floor, spreading to the pillar and the mine roof. Failure was initiated in the floor as a result of uniform pillar penetration.

Jan 1, 1993