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By M. S. Badollet, N. W. Edgerton

"A study of the physical properties of long grades of asbestos fibers imported into the United States during the past eight years has disclosed information that will contribute materially to effective selection and use of fibers for electrical products. The study embraced fiber lengths, volume resistivity under three different conditions, total iron by chemical analysis, magnetic rating, conductivity of an aqueous ex-tract and its sodium chloride equivalent.The fibers examined included chrysotiles from Rhodesia, British Columbia, and Barberton area; marlime from Bechuanaland and Province of Quebec; amosite and crocidolites from Africa and Australia; and anthophyllites from Mozambique and from Georgia in the United States. Volume resistivity values provide a relative basis for estimating the electrical performance of end products; magnetic rating -an estimate of the quantity of iron compounds present in excess of those in the asbestos structure; conductivity of an aqueous extract; and an estimate of the ionizable impurities in fibers.Tests of these factors yield in-formation, not heretofore generally known, which may serve as a guide in the evaluation of asbestos fibers for electrical products."

Jan 1, 1960

By Wayne N. McKee, Scott A. Lewis

"Introduction to the Syncrude OperationSyncrude Canada Ltd., located 42 km north of the city of Fort McMurray, Alberta, (Fig. I) is an integrated operation that has produced synthetic crude oil from the Athabasca oil sand deposit since 1978.The operation, consisting of a surface mine, an extraction plant, a bitumen upgrader, and a utilities plant, is currently capable of producing over 60 million barrels of crude oil per year. Production is expected to increase to 70 million barrels of crude oil per year over the next five-year period with no major changes to equipment or process planned.The Syncrude surface mine, producing a total of 675 000 tonnes of ore and waste per day, rates as one of the largest mines in the world. A strip mining method is utilized, with two or three operating benches necessary to excavate a total depth varying between 60 m and 70 m. The 20 m to 30 m of overburden is removed by electric and hydraulic shovels and 200-ton haul trucks, and dumped in the mined-out pit for final storage. The overburden operation creates a flat bench near the top of the ore zone on which the four 60 m3 draglines operate. The draglines excavate interbanded ore and waste in the highwall, with ore placed on the operating bench in windrows, and waste returned to the mined-out pit. The windrowed ore is reclaimed by four bucketwheel reclaimers, and discharged onto a conveyor system for transfer to the extraction plant."

Jan 1, 1993

By Robert Lee

"International competition is presenting the Canadian steel industry with a major challenge. While Canadian companies have invested in new technology, research and development, activity by Canadian industry, in general, lags significantly behind that of its major competitors. While OECD countries increased their research and development spending during the 1980s, Canada's R&D funding levels have changed little since the early 1970s and have actually dropped since 1986, despite greater public discussion on the issue. This fact is reflected in the relatively slower pace of innovation in the Canadian steel industry, despite the efforts of both government and industry.In addition, there are a number of factors that undermine the competitiveness of the Canadian steel industry, in particular in relation to the United States. Among these are higher interest rates, labour costs and tax rates, as well as an overvalued Canadian dollar. Canadian steel companies are thus feeling the full impact of the current economic recession. This recession, combined with recent strikes, have, for example, caused serious losses for Algoma and Stelco.In spite of these objective difficulties, the Canadian steel industry has been able to survive and continues to strive for a leadership position in the world market. Since World War II, heavy investment in new technology has allowed the industry to upgrade its facilities and increase productivity, while at the same time improving quality and reducing pollution. This last point is particularly important in view of public insistence on improvements to the quality of the environment. Over the next decade, this technological innovation must be maintained and intensified if industry is to meet the challenge of international competition and attain a leadership position."

Jan 1, 1991

By Q. Li

"The precursor of In2O3 was prepared by hydrolysis precipitation/hydrothermal method using In(NO3)3 solution as the feed material and ammonium hydroxide as the neutralizing agent. The crystallinity, morphology and particle size of the products were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET and LPSA. The results showed that the hydrolysis product consists of an aggregate of cubic In(OH)3 particles with a short rod morphology. In the hydrothermal process, the structure, morphology and size of the particles changes through the mechanisms of Ostwald ripening and phase transition, respectively. When the hydrothermal temperature was less than 280 ?, the Ostwald ripening process took place, which changed the morphology of the particles from short rods to cuboids through dissolution-recrystallization. When the hydrothermal temperature was higher than 280 ?, the processes of Ostwald ripening and phase transition took place successively. Firstly, the morphology of the particles changed from short rods to cuboids through Ostwald ripening, and then, the phase transition from cubic In(OH)3 to orthorhombic InOOH occurred and the morphology of the particles changed from cuboids to polyhedron. INTRODUCTIONDue to its excellent electrical conductivity and optical transparency, indium tin oxide (ITO) film has been wildly used in flat-panel display, solar cell, antistatic coating and EMI shielding (Medvedovski et al., 2008). Indium oxide powder is one of the fundamental materials for preparing ITO film. Along with the development of ITO targets of both high density and large size, high quality indium oxide powders, such as single phase, nano-size, spherical morphology and mono-disperse, have been in high demand (Nakashima and Kumahara, 2002; Betz et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2007). The main preparation methods for indium tin oxide or indium oxide powders include chemical precipitation (Nam et al., 2001; Xu and Yu, 2007), melt atomizing-combustion (Chen et al., 2000) and spray pyrolysis (Ogi et al., 2009). Among them, chemical precipitation has been preferred, since it is simple, easy to control and suitable for industrial scale-up. In chemical precipitation method, indium oxide powders were prepared through the following steps: firstly, indium hydrate precursor was precipitated from an indium salt solution by neutralization using an alkali, such as ammonia; and then, indium oxide (In2O3) powders can be obtained from the precursor through calcination (Li et al., 2006), or solvothermal method (Lee and Choi, 2005), or hydrothermal processing/roasting (Xu et al., 2005; Chen and Li, 2007), respectively. However, the indium oxide powders obtained by direct roasting are polycrystalline, dispersable with a wide size distribution (Liao, 2006). The disadvantages of the solvothermal method are high cost, complicated after-treatment processes, as well as bad performances of the powders (Udawatte and Yanagisawa, 2000). Therefore, among three methods of obtaining indium oxide from the hydrolysis precursor, the hydrothermal process/roasting method is the most feasible to synthesize high quality In2O3 powder with uniform crystallinity and size (Kim et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2005; Chen and Li, 2007; Seetha et al., 2009). However, current research on hydrothermal process-roasting method has been limited to the synthesis of a certain ITO or In2O3 powders under specific conditions. A systematic study on the phase transition, as well as the change of the morphology and size of the particles in the hydrothermal process is still missing. In this paper, the effects of hydrothermal processing on the mineralogy, morphology and size of products were investigated. The results showed that the evolution of crystal structure, morphology and size in the hydrothermal process was affected through the mechanisms of Ostwald ripening and phase transition successively. These results are novel and have guidance for improving the hydrothermal process for In2O3"

Jan 1, 2012

By C. R. Ross

"THE ASSESSMENT of pneumoconiosis-producing dusts in mines and other industries is usually undertaken for one or more of three reasons: (1) To compare dust exposures at particular operations with standards of permissible dustiness in order that hazards may be evaluated and preventive procedures initiated where required.(2) To study particular operations with the objective of improving dust control devices or procedures by locating dust sources. (3) To obtain data which, along with the results of medical investigations, may assist in understanding the causes of dust-induced diseases or aid in the establishment of permissible standards of dustiness. Most dust measurements are made for the first of these reasons -to evaluate dust hazards so that they may be controlled. For this purpose, four quite different assessment techniques have been in widespread use for many years. One of these is based on the konimeter, an instrument familiar to most .Canadian mining men; a second on the impinger, which is also widely used in Canada, and almost exclusively so in the United States; a third on the thermal precipitator, used extensively in Britain and South Africa; and a fourth on the tyndallometer, a light-scattering instrument used in Germany."

Jan 1, 1960

By B. Stettner, J. Asante, S. Abraham

The levels of nitrogen in steel produced in various metallurgical vessels vary significantly. For example, the tap nitrogen levels in steel produced in the BOF are around 4Oppm, as compared to 70-100ppm in both DC and AC electric arc furnaces. Given the pressing need to reduce nitrogen levels in steel to satisfy customer demand, IPSCO Inc. has gained considerable experience in controlling nitrogen levels in steel over the course of the last three years. Hence, a cost effective process has been developed through an intensive nitrogen control program from steel melting in the EAF through to the continuous slab casting stage. This paper describes the practices employed at each stage of the steelmaking process that have enabled IPSCO Inc. to reduce and control nitrogen levels in steel.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. Neumann, O. Gomes, S. Gaydardzhiev

"Phosphorus in iron ores is considered as a deleterious component to iron making reflecting in cold shortness of the produced steel. The present study investigates the phosphorus migration pattern resulting from thermal treatment of an oolitic-type iron concentrate with and without additives. To this end focused mineralogical and microscopic observations were performed. The results have shown that roasting with alkaline additive drives phosphorus outside the hematite hosting mineral, however it remains evenly distributed inside the volume of the oolites. It penetrates inside the newly formed cementing phases of Al- Na-Si-Fe-type and also fills the interstices between the crystals. Other than phosphorus, aluminum, calcium and iron tend also to migrate towards the amorphous-type cementing phase. Finally, the possibilities for P removal by means of magnetic separation and acid leaching of the roasted concentrate were evaluated. The obtained final product presents a standard iron concentrate suitable for steelmaking with its phosphorous being dropped from 0.71% to 0.05% and iron grade of a nearly 66% being reached. INTRODUCTIONSignificant proven reserves of iron ores are still not exploitable due to lack of an economically viable and efficient technology for removal of phosphorus. Among them are the oolitic iron ores with high phosphorus which are estimated to nearly 377 billion tons (Hernandez et al., 2012). Phosphorus is a deleterious component giving a cold shortness to steel and often is penalized if exceeding 0.07%. Most of the high-P iron ores are considered refractory since phosphorus is finely disseminated and is evenly met as phosphate groups inclusions inside the limonite structure. Studies on inclusion of phosphorus in artificially synthesized goethite have shown that it is adsorbed as [HPO4]2- groups bridging the adjacent iron ions (Parfit et al., 1975). The high-phos iron ore originating from Lisakovsk deposit, Kazakhstan presents a similar mineralogical issue because the quantity of P, met as solid solution, is substantially higher than the one in P-containing minerals. A potential reason for that is the ore body formation process from the slow deposition of iron-rich precipitates together with clastic erosional sediments in rivers. There is significant quartz and clays inside and around the oolites. The deposit contains about 1.7 billion tons of measured and indicated reserves at 35–41% iron and 1.1 billion tons of inferred ore have been delineated possessing nearly the same chemical composition (Golubovskaya, 2003; Kokal et al., 2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Humphrey Dean

"Canadian mining companies now operate numerous Koepe-type friction hoists in a variety of different shafts, most of which have a depth in excess of 3,000 feet. Rope performance reliability is an absolutely essential ingredient of most installations and, for this to be provided, a more comprehensive understanding of rope reactions to applied stresses is required.It is the intent of this paper to illustrate for the operators the importance of the critical stresses encountered and to provide a maintenance program designed to circumvent potential difficulties."

Jan 1, 1970

By John H. Nicholls

In this paper, Imperial Oil Limited reports briefly on the drilling by contract rigs of twenty-nine slim holes in the Virden, Smiley, and Souris Valley areas. The investigations showed that slim-hole penetration rates, as a result of careful control of drilling variables, can approach those achieved with 7 7/8-inch bits. It is concluded that slim-hole drilling is acceptable for development or exploratory work. Imperial also reports on the completion techniques and equipment that have been developed on twenty-seven tubingless 2 1/2-inch casing completions. Indications are that the method is economically desirable where excessive gas or water production is not anticipated.

Jan 1, 1958

By J. W. Reynolds

Introduction The Sullivan mine, at Kimberley, B.C., is the principal source of ore for the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. Current production amounts to about 2,500,000 tons of lead-zinc ore a year. With approximately 1,600,000 feet of percussion drilling and 700,000 feet of diamond drilling being carried on each year, any improvements in drilling practice are important. Testing of new equipment and drill bits is a major function of the Testing Department at the mine. Tungsten carbide bits have been the subject of many tests since 1947 and have been used in operations since 1948. This paper details with the methods of testing and gives comparative data on performance and costs for tungsten carbide bits as compared to steel bits. Operational use of tungsten carbide bits started in April, 1948, and the extent of application has increased considerably since that time. The scale of employment is illustrated in Table I, which also shows other statistics on the use of carbide bits. Up to the present time eighteen types of carbide bits or tipped steel, as made by six different manufacturers, have been tested. In general, one supplier's bits have been used in operations, but some large-scale operational tests have been carried out with other types. The types tried are shown in Table II. To date they have been, the subject of 33 tests, covering the destruction of 804 bits over an observed footage of 42,586 feet.

Jan 1, 1951

By B. I. Boyko

As part of the Ministry of the Environment's Resource Recovery Program, the Province of Ontario has constructed a $13 million "Experimental Plant for Resource Recovery" in Metropolitan Toronto. The technology and unit operations involved in the processing of municipal solid wastes at a rate of 40 tons per hour at this facility are reviewed. Shredding, air separation and classification, screening, magnetic separation and composting are some of the operations featured at this plant. Recoverable commodities expected include paper, ferrous metals, an air-classified light fraction (shredded paper and film plastic), glass and compost. Existing and potential markets for these materials are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. W. Matousek

The heat content of the waste slag from a typical smelting operation methods for estimating the thermodynamic properties of smelting slags, to include: -- heats of formation -- heat capacities (specific heats) -- heat contents -- melting temperatures -- heats of fusion The techniques are illustrated with the analyses of a nickel reverberatory furnace slag from Copper Cliff, an iron-making blast furnace slag, and a "lateritic" slag from a ferronickel operation in Colombia.

Jan 1, 2007

By C. J. Newman, K. Molnar, A. G. Storey, G. Macfarlane

"The Kidd Creek copper smelter started operation in June 1981 using the Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Process. A steady increase in plant production rates has been demonstrated, and the annual tonnage of concentrate smelted is now double the original design rate. This paper summarizes recent modifications made to increase concentrate feed rates, increase on-line time, reduce copper losses and control the impurity level in anode copper. It includes improvements made to furnace design, improvements to reduce downtime f or boiler cleaning, and improvements made to the acid plant to allow handling of increased gas flowrates and higher gas strengths while maintaining low acid plant emission rates. IntroductionThe Kidd Creek Division of Fal conbridge Limited operates a base-metal mining and metallurgical complex, located in Timmins, Ontario, which includes an underground mine, a 13 500 tonne/day concentrator, a 130000 tonne/year zinc plant and a copper smelter and refinery, The copper smelter and refinery were commissioned in 1981, with an installed capacity of 59 000 tonnes/ year of cathode. The smelter, utilizing the continuous smelting technology of the Mitsubishi Process, has subsequently been expanded in production capacity, and in 1991 produced 113 500 tonnes of blister copper The capacity of the refinery, which uses Onahama No. 3 tankhouse technology, has been increased to 96 000 tonnes/year of cathode. The capacity increase at the smelter has been realized through the input of additional oxygen to both the smelting and converting furnaces, without increasing the process off-gas flowrate through the associated waste heat boilers.In this paper, a brief review of smelter operation and modifications in the period 1982 to 1987 is presented, together with a more detailed discussion of operation during 1988 to 1991, and a discussion of future planned improvements."

Jan 1, 1992

At the end of a century of mining education in South Africa, it is appropriate to reflect on the past, take stock of the present and ponder the future of mining education. While it is likely that changes in the mining industry will generate an increased demand for mining graduates, the number of suitably qualified applicants to study mining is worryingly small. While good progress has been made in unifying the educational system that previously provided schooling on a racially separate basis, it appears that a decade or more will be required to raise competency levels in mathematics, science and English, and this paper describes the process as it affects mining engineering programs. It also describes the initiatives currently being undertaken by the University of the Witwatersrand and the mining industry to ensure that the South African industry receives an adequate flow of well-qualified mining graduates, despite more than 70% of the intake coming from severely disadvantaged educational backgrounds.

Jan 1, 1999

By Jean-Louis Robert

Field work inaugurated in 1962 in the townships of Lemieux and Lesseps, in the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, has permitted the author to delineate the lithologic units of the area, to elucidate a few stratigraphic problems and to outline several zones of alteration. Certain features of these zones and the numerous mineralized showings in the area merit the attention of prospectors and exploration companies.

Jan 1, 1966

By S. Bhattacharjee

"Rock failure process is generally recorded or measured using conventional sensors like strain gauges, seismic, micro-seismic, acoustic, electromagnetic and other techniques. The above sensors are either to be pasted on the surface of the rock sample or placed very near to it to capture the response of the sample with the increment of load. This requires precise tools to cut or polish the locations where sensors are to be placed. Moreover, deformation or acoustic or micro-seismic activities are recorded only at the locations where sensors are pasted.Recent development in Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has shown promise to measure deformation / strain at every location of the surface of a sample. In DIC, two images (reference and deformed) are taken within a small time interval of the same object are compared to estimate the change in reflectance as a function of displacement, velocity or rate of strain at each pixel while the object is undergoing through a loading process. In this study, extended digital image correlation (X-DIC) technique has been implemented using 4-noded quadrilateral elements with a discontinuity surface in the deformed image. The continuous and enriched displacements are estimated at each node.The X-DIC method is verified using numerically generated images. The study has been further extended to evaluate the performance of X-DIC method on deformation analysis of experimental samples under uni-axial loading condition. The results of this study show that X-DIC method is an effective tool for determination of displacements of the entire surface of a rock sample having a discrete crack or discontinuity in a non-contact manner. This method demonstrates the applicability to investigate rock failure mechanism for the entire sample in a laboratory set up as well as monitoring of pillar failure mechanism in underground mines."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. M. Mayhew, G. D. Barr, T. M. McCoy, C. T. Knilans

"Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) has developed and extensively tested on a continuous basis the CESL Technology hydrometallurgical process for treating copper and nickel sulphide concentrates, including bulk copper-nickel concentrates. Copper, nickel and cobalt are leached efficiently into solution, utilizing CESL process conditions. Total precious metals including gold, silver, platinum and palladium are recovered from the residue stream via sulphur flotation. This paper describes the CESL Technology testwork on a bulk copper-nickel concentrate derived from Twin Metals Minnesota?s (TMM) deposits within the Duluth complex and evaluates the economic benefits (increased cash flow, increased revenue certainty) and investment criteria (capital cost, payback and cash flow) of incorporating CESL Technology into the staged development of TMM?s deposits.INTRODUCTION Mineral Processing and the Role of Hydromet in the Duluth Complex The Duluth Complex in northern Minnesota, United States (US), represents one of the largest undeveloped accumulations of copper, nickel, gold, and platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world, ranking second in copper and PMs and third in accumulation of nickel. The figure below identifies some of the larger known deposits within the Complex (see Figure 1). Copper, nickel, PM and PGM mineralization within the Duluth Complex is hosted by mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are part of the overall intrusive complex.One of the mineral processing challenges of Cu-Ni-PM-PGM deposits in this Complex is the complicated, polymetallic nature of the mineralization1: copper occurs primarily as chalcopyrite and cubanite with minor occurrence of talnakhite; nickel occurs as pentlandite and refractory nickel oxide/silicates; iron sulphides are present as both pyrrhotite and troilite; and PMs/PGMs occur in both the sulphide matrix as well as discrete minerals. An additional challenge for the Duluth Complex is the ratio between copper and nickel; in most of the identified deposits, copper grade is three to four times greater than the nickel grade, which precludes the production of a simple bulk concentrate due to the lack of a traditional smelting market for a bulk concentrate of this character."

Jan 1, 2017

By T. W. Wlodek

"AbstractThe results of research into the fatigue properties of SAE 1080 carbon steel and nickel-chromium-molylbdenum steel for mining drill rods are analysed and described in detail.The effect of water corrosion on the fatigue strength of drill rods of these two steels in the as-rolled condition has ,been investigated and the beneficial influence of shot-peening on their dry and water-corrosion fatigue strengths determined by employing the method developed previously (1).Eight S-N curves for as-rolled and shot-peened mining drill rods under both dry and water corrosion conditions have been derived and their shape and relative position are discussed. The main features relating to field performance of the drill rods are analysed.Purpose of Research and Outline of ProgrammeDRILLING holes in rock and ore by means of drill rods attached to a pneumatic drill is a basic procedure required in mining operations. Detonation of explosives placed in these holes is at present the only practical method of breaking down the rock and ore.A drilling rod is supported by its bit end in the drilled rock. Its shank end, fixed in the drilling machine, transmits impact energy to the cutting edges of the bit. On the field performance of the drill rod depend a number of basic mining operations such as sinking, drifting, and stoping. The drill rod is there-fore regarded as one of the most important tools used in the mining industry."

Jan 1, 1952

By L. Mohammadi

Outline ?Background on the accident at the Sullivan Mine No.1 Waste Dump ?Holistic approach to understand the reason for accidents (Atmospheric) ?Specific hazards at reclamation sites ?Regular atmospheric risk assessment at reclamation sites ?Fuzzy risk assessment ?Managing risk at legacy sites

May 1, 2010

By François Robert, Rex Brommecker, Don S. Bubar

"The Orenada Zone 4 deposit is a small vein-type gold deposit occurring directly within the Cadillac Break southeast of Val d' Or in southeastern Abitibi Sub province. Mineralization is hosted by the Piche Group which, on the Orenada property, consists of talcchlorite- carbonate, chlorite-carbonate, and sericite-chlorite schists, derived from ultramafic volcanic, mafic igneous, and intermediate to felsic volcaniclastic rocks, respectively. All these rocks have been carbonatized.Rocks of the Pichi Group display a strong east-west, subvertical S1foliation, which is superimposed by asymmetric, intrafolial F2folds with shallow to moderate plunge to the east and to the west. F2folds are accompanied by an S2, subvertical axial planar cleavage, and are interpreted to result from dextral transcurrent shearing along sr.The Zone 4 deposit occurs within a large F2 fold, 60 m wide and plunging at 45 to the east, down to a depth of at least 300m. The auriferous zones consist essentially of zones of closely spaced, parallel quartz-tourmaline-albite-carbonate-arsenopyrite veins concordant to Sr these veins have been folded by the large F2fold and may pre-date the folding. A few discordant quartz-tourmaline-arsenopyrite veins, post- dating the F2 folding, also contain gold. Wallrocks adjacent to concordant veins have been carbonatized, albitized and contain significant amounts of tourmaline and arsenopyrite, with which gold is intimately associated.The Orenada Zone 4 deposit is a unique example of a deformed vein- type gold deposit, and exemplifies one of several types of association of lode gold deposits with folds."

Jan 1, 1990