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Exploration work at the southern flank of the Mt. Coffin diapir has encountered three different types of copper ores: copper carbonate, largely malachite; secondary sulphides, mainly chalcocite replacing pyrite; and a primary arsenopyrite-tennantite-tetrahedrite-chalcopyrite association. The secondary copper ore is occasionally stratiform but mainly erratic at the contact between tillites and siltstones of the Tapley Hill formation.There have been two stages of primary mineralization.1. Arsenopyrite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite occur in siderite veins.2. Revival of the diapirism has caused fracturing and local brecciation of the rimrock and subsequently ascending solutions precipitated chalcopyrite. The chalcopyrite also partly replaced arsenopyrite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite.

Jan 1, 1972

Most analysts determining tungsten trioxide in low grade samples are aware that colorimetric procedures do not possess the inherent disadvantages of gravimetric methods operating on milligram quantities of tungsten trioxide. Apart from the inaccuracies associated with weighing four or five milligrams of ignited oxide in a platinum crucible of about 30 gm. weight with a large surface area to absorb moisture, using a 5 gm. charge on samples less than about 0·15 per cent tungsten trioxide, it is extremely difficult toget complete or pure precipitation of tungsten with cinchonine, cinchonine plus alpha benzoin oxime, rhodamine B or any other of the commonly used precipitants. Table 2', No. 8, illustrates the low results obtained by gravimetric as opposed to colorimetric procedures. In addition the colorimetric determination requires only a small portion of the time consumed by gravimetric practices and the increased accuracy obtainable in low ranges together with the saving in time made it highly desirable to develop a colorimetric method suitable for King Island ores.The most commonly used colorimetric method is that introduced by Feigl and Krumholz (1932), since modified by various investigators (Grimaldi and North, 1943; Sandell, 1946; Westwood and Mayer, 1947; Gentry and Sherrington, 1948; Freund, Wright and Brookshier, 1951; Grouthamel and Johnson, 1954; and others). Stannous chloride is used to reduce tungsten followed by colour development with a thiocyanate, usually sodium, potassium or ammonium.Other reducing agents have been proposed (Emery and Curtis, 1948), but only in recent years have the conditions governing maximum colour development been fully estab...

Jan 1, 1958

IN concentrating mills, where several millerals are recovered for realisation in more than one product, various systems are used to express the relative economic value of the work done, and, in the hope that it may prove of use to other operators, the writer will describe a system which, in his opinion, is more complete than any other that he has seen published.The controlling factor in all mill work must be based on the economic result represented by the greatest margin possible between the realizable value of the products and the cost of obtaining same.From a mill-man's point of view these are affected by the following factors:1. Metal contents of ore.2. Grade of products.3. Recoveries.4. Working costs.The grade of ore milled is usually outside the mill-man's control, but this may exercise a considerable influence on the grade of his products, metal recoveries, and revenue per ton of ore. Higher grades or recoveries may be obtained by using a more expensive process, or by additional grinding or reagents, and the economic comparison can only be arrived at by obtaining an analysis showing the monetary value of each variation within the possible limits.In the system to be described, the value of unit variations of metal contents of the ore, grade of products and recoveries are calculated in terms of a monetary unit per ton of ore with the returning charges ruling, and any suitable metal prices. To do this it is necessary to assume what, for convenience, is termed a "standard" set of results from the mill, preferably representing about average conditions, and having calculated the effect of unit...

Jan 1, 1931

THE power requirements of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company at Queenstown, Tasmania, have, since the inception of smelting operations in June) 1896, been derived continuously from the extensive forests in the watershed of the Queen River, adjacent to the works, the fuewoodbeing of good quality, mainly composed of myrtle or beech (Fagus Ounninghami), eucalypts, and manuka (Leptospermum ericoides). The country is very rugged and mountainous, indented by numerous ravines and gullies, and intersected by, many creeks, which are subject to periodical floods, under the influence of a heavy and persistent rainfall, which averages about 110 in per annum. The areas so far exploited aggregate a total of about42 square miles, and this denuded country gives promise of ultimately becoming very valuable pastoral ground for cattle-raising. The tonnage of wood yielded per acre varies from 40 to 100 tons on stack measurement of 80 cubic feet per ton, 60 tons per acre being considered a good average yield. The gross amount...

Jan 1, 1910

The Ministry of Commerce has been carrying out an evaluation of the resources of the Northwest Nelson region. In part this was to revisit the issues covered in the earlier proposal to close part of Northwest Nelson to mining under section 24 of the Mining Act (1971) initiated in 1990. In addition, the option of using GIS to integrate a variety of spatial data sets to aid policy formulation could be tested. The Northwest Nelson assessment would be a useful trial. The subsequent national park proposal provided a major impetus to the project and resulted in the scope of the study being broadened to include all energy and minerals resources.

Jan 1, 1993

A commercial Philips X-ray Fluorescence (X.R.F.) analyser was converted to an experimental instrument suitable for determination of the accuracy to be expected of X.R.F. on line analyses of concentrator slurries. Problems with stability of slurry sample presentation were eliminated by a number of minor modifications.By the use of multiple linear regression techniques instrument calibration equations including error terms were determined for copper flotation feed slurries. Results indicated that the accuracy of copper and iron analyses of flowing slurry samples could approach that of static pressed powder samples.Possible means of reducing the error terms to a level of at least that of pressed powdel' samples involve alternative methods of compensating for the per cent solids in the slurry, Design is under way for installation of a plant unit.

Jan 1, 1968

The Stawell Goldfield, the westernmost of the main Victorian fields, has produced over a million and a quarter ounces of gold from one and three-quarter million tons of ore. The lodes are quartz reefs and sulphide bodies occurring in sediments of lower Ordovician or upper Cambrian age. The lodes are confined to a relatively narrow suite of weak rocks lying between stronger ones above and below and there is a definite relationship between fold structure, pitch and strength of folding and ore.LOCATION HISTORY AND PAST PRODUCTIONThe town of Stawell, situated 150 miles north-westerly from Melbourne on the main railway and road to Adelaide, is the most westerly of the main gold areas of Victoria. Alluvial gold was found at Pleasant Creek (now Stawell West) in 1853 and the usual "rush" followed. Numerous alluvial leads, some surface, others buried under up to 100 ft. of Tertiary sediments were worked. The alluvial gold was soon exhausted, but in 1857 gold-bearing reefs were found on the slopes of a prominent ridge on the northern edgeof the present town. Early reef mining was by small working parties mining to shallow depths only and treating their ore at public crushing plants. Some of the early returns were very high grade. The next stage was the amalgamation of claims and the formation of companies, with their own treatment plants. This stage continued till the last mine closed in 1921. These companies had, by present standards, small holdings and far too many shafts were sunk, resulting in less efficient prospecting and operation.Since 1921 there have been one or two small scale attempts to revive mining but without success. Of recent years Gold...

Jan 1, 1960

In addressing the need for non-degree tertiary training, let us examine some recent reviews of engineering and geoscience education. The Finniston Report (1) criticised the formation of engineers in the UK and stated that this was largely due to the narrow British conception of engineering as a branch of applied science which militates against an effective marriage between theory and application. It also criticised the system for not giving students sufficient grounding in the synthesis of technical, human and financial considerations within their undergraduate courses. As we all know, this report has led to the restructuring of engineering education in the UK. More recently, a Review of the Discipline of Engineering was carried out in Australia by a committee chaired by Professor Sir Bruce Williams (2). The report stated that: Australia has a fairly good system of engineering education that should be made better. more should be done to develop the communication skills of both staff and students. more attention should be paid to changes in engineering practice and the human element in technology. there is a serious shortage of state of the art equipment in most engineering schools. female enrolments in engineering courses should be increased from the current level of about 7% to 20% by 1997. employers should develop a better understanding of the need for continuing education. staff in engineering schools should develop closer relations with employers of engineers. higher education institutions with engineering schools should give financial and other inducements to staff to increase the proportion of study leave or professional development leave spent working as engineers in the business sector. there is considerable room for improvements in the teaching process and in the development of evaluation schemes for assessing the teaching contributions of staff. In its recent report to the Council of the Institution of Engineers, Australia, the Task Force on Engineering Education(3) makes the following points: managerial, entrepreneurial, professional and interpersonal skills should be introduced and integrated into the undergraduate courses but studied in depth as part of continuing education. the continuing education policy of the Institution should be promoted and strengthened with all engineers required to pursue continuing education. the Institution should develop a comprehensive guide to continuing education available from universities, colleges and other public and private sector organisations.

Jan 1, 1989

The richer, shallower sapphire deposits of the New England region of New South Wales which have been traditionally mined by the small miner are almost worked out. Larger mining and exploration companies are replacing the small miner and exploring for the primary source of sapphire or lower grade alluvial deposits.   Although in recent years considerable exploration effort has been directed at locating the primary source, commercial exploitation of sapphire is still restricted to the working of alluvial deposits.   If the Australian industry is to compete against Asian and African producers it must use cost effective exploration, mining) processing and marketing methods.

Jan 1, 1990

A predicted increase in aluminium production and the possibility of a diminishing supply of petroleum coke for anode electrodes in alumina reduction cells makes it desirable to find alternative electrode materials. Browncoal char, with a lower ash content and with an elemental purity similar to petroleum coke, was produced by leaching in hydrochloric acid, washing with water, and charring at 1,150°C. The cost of processing is estimated tobe competitive with petroleum coke.Without further processing the bulk density and real density were undesirably low, but by briquetting the coal before charring and crushing, the bulk density was improved to 92 per cent of the petroleum coke value andthe particle density was improved to 92 per cent of the density of petroleum coke by water displacement or 75 per cent by mercury displacement.Pre-baked electrodes were prepared from the char alone, mixtures of petroleum coke and char, and from petroleum coke alone, all bonded with coal tar pitch.The electrodes were tested for the usual physical properties and were evaluated for performance in a laboratory size alumina reduction cell.Electrodes based on brown coal char alone were found to be inferior in physical properties and performance, but mixtures of the char and petroleum coke, despite poorer density, electrical resistivity, and carbon consumptionon a theoretical basis, in performance tests gave up to 17 per cent better carbon consumption per weight of aluminium produced and 21 per cent better electrical current efficiency than the electrodes based on petroleum,coke alone.It is suggested that larger scale tests are warranted.

Jan 1, 1971

Disseminated gold mineralization in the Vunda River area 12 km SE of Lautoka in Viti Levu occurs sporadically in shoshonite volcanics within an alteration area of some 6 km2. No definite intrusions have yet been located though possible intrusions occur toward the centre and on the eastern margin of the area. The nature and distribution of alteration suggests the presence of a co-magmatic mineralizing stock just below the surface.The gold occurs within close spaced fractures and occasionally around the c1asts of breccia and agglomerate.Various types of alteration compatible with porphyry mineralization occur, but to date show no zoning or defined correlation with incidence of gold which occurs in various alteration facies.It is suggested that the gold and trace copper mineralization at Vunda arises from the sub-volcanic intrusive phase (monzonite) of the Sambeto shoshonite (5 m.y.) and is part of an E-W zone of porphyry-type mineralizationtrending easterly to the Kingston porphyry copper deposit at Navilawa.There is a close similarity between the Vunda mineralization and some of the porphyry deposits of alkali affinity in British Columbia, Canada.

Jan 1, 1978

There are no large rivers in Western Australia capable of supplying water for processing magnetite ores. If sea water is used there are severe corrosion issues and the requirement to wash the concentrates with potable water. If groundwater is used there is a need to treat the water and sustainability is an issue for large projects because of potential drawdown of the aquifer.If sea water is desalinated the cost of the water is high because of the power requirement. At the same time the necessity to conserve water has lead to flow sheets where all of the tailings have to be filtered to minimise the water requirement.Managing the various water qualities and optimising water recovery and quality has resulted in optimising the water balance and issues meeting environmental obligations. Reverse flotation is a critical final step in reducing the silica level in the final concentrate and requires good quality water.

Jan 1, 2009

In 1801, Hatchett discovered the oxide of a new element while he was examining a heavy black mineral from Haddam, America, which had been presented to the British Museum. He named the mineral Columbite and the metal Columbium. A year later a Swedish investigator, Eckeberg, while working with a new mineral resembling columbite-yttrotantalite discovered a new element, to which he gave the name of tantalum.In 1844, Rose announced the existence of two new elements in a sample of columbite from Bodenmais. One was similar to Eckeberg's tantalum and the other was called Niobium. Wollaston, in 1909, attempted to show experimentally that columbium and the tantalum were identical, but it was soon proved that they were two separate elements. Subsequently a number of investigatiors found other "new elements" in tantalum and columbium bearing ores, but these were shown to be mixtures of the twin metals.Since Hatchett's Columbium and Rose's Niobium are identical, it is more fitting to use the name assigned to this element by the earlier investigator. However, the term niobium is still retained in Germany and England.The separation of tantalum and columbium has been one of the major problems for analytical chemists since the discovery of the two elements and it is only in recent years that tantalum of a high degree of purity has been produced. High purity columbium metal is probably still to be obtained.Until 1903 tantalum was merely a laboratory curiosity, but about this time its use in incandescent electric light bulb filaments was discovered. Eight years later it was replaced by tungsten, which was better and cheaper. For a time the electrolytic valve action of tantalum was used in the charging of storage batteries, but the chief uses of the metals' to-day are for corrosion resistant apparatus, in vacuum tubes and as carbides in the manufacture of hard cutting and shaping tools.Most of the recent work on the metals has been done by C. W. Balke, in America. Tantalum has been studied more than columbium. OCCURRENCE OF TANTALUM AND COLUMBIUMI. NATURE OF ORESTantalum and columbium occur, nearly always together, as the oxides in combination with other metallic oxides. The only known exception to this is the reported occurrence of metallic tantalum with gold in the Ural Mountains. Unlike most other metals, no compounds with sulphur are known to occur in nature. Tantalum and columbium minerals occur usually...

Jan 1, 1943

Silica reacts with cryolite at 1010°C in two stages. The first stage is the formation of a sodium aluminosilicate of composition consistent with the mineral jadeite (Na20.AI20s.4Si02). The formation proceeds by atleast two different reactions. Formation of alumina or an aluminosilicate proceeds to its limiting value in the first 30 min while the formation of jadeite proceeds at a steady rate until quantitative conversion is achieved after 150 min. The net overall reaction can be expressed by the equation 6 Si02+2 Na3AlF6? (Na20.AI20s.4Si02) +2 SiF4 +4NaF.The second stage involves a slow reaction that proceeds with the evolution of a little SiF4, The net result is the formation of sodium aluminosilicates that are soluble in 30 per cent AlCIs-HCI solutions. While this could be explained by disproportionation of jadeite to form albite (Na20.Al203.6Si02) and nepheline (Na20. AI203.2Si02), it is more likely that it is due to further but limited reaction between the oxides and fiuoroaluminates.

Jan 1, 1972

The method of investigation was to study the distribution of ore in great detail, to make a thorough structural study of the lode and the mine area, and then to compare the results of the two studies. Such a comparison usually reveals a very close relationship between geological structure and ore distribution, and can often lead to important conclusions which would not be reached in the ordinary working of a mine.The Triton mine lies 30 miles E.N.E. of Cue, or 380 miles N.W. of Kalgoorlie, in typical pre-Cambrian rocks, consisting of gTeenstone lavas and tuft's, interbedded with slates and some sediments, and intruded by granite and porphyry. Fig. 1 (at end of paper) is a longitudinal section of the mine and shows that the workings consist of the main North Emu and the smaller South Emu, separated by a distance of about 1 of a mile. Both orebodies occur on the same lode, which strikes north and south and dips practically vertically. On the same line, and of 1/2 a mile and a mile respectively to the north of the North Emu, are the small Rand and North Rand workings, where a big width of lode material has proved to be very low grade. In the North Emu the lode width averages 12 to 15 feet; it is seldom less than 5 feet and in places reaches 30 feet. In the South Emu the lode is wide, but only portion of it is payable.The lode is a mineralised bed occurring between massive lava flows on the east and a mixed series of tuft's and thin lava flows on the west. The lode material is hard, fine grained, and dark coloured, and generally has a faint banding which is believed to indicate a tuft'aceous origin of the original lode rock. Microscopic examination shows that the original lode rock has undergone considerable albitisation;' there has also been considerable formation of biotite which gives the lode material a characteristic sheen. The mineralisation consists of abundant fine pyrite, which is auriferous, and a lesser development of pyrrhotite which is, however, barren of gold.THE OREBODIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICSThe distribution of ore is best studied from gold contours, as these reveal features that cannot be detected in an ordinary assay section. Gold contours (see Fig. 3) are developed' by plotting the width and grade of all development and stoping assays throughout the mine on a longitudinal projection, representing each sample by a coloured dot according to a suitably chosen range of assay values, and then outlining areas of similarly coloured dots (see H. J. C. Conolly, Econ. Geol., April, 1936). Both width and grade must be taken into account and the simplest method of gold contouring is to use dwt.lft. values, but difficulties arise here with big widths of low grade and small widths of high grade ore. To choose an extreme case, 30 ft. of 2 dwts. and 2 ft. of 30 dwts. both equal 60 dwts.lft., and would therefore be given the same value in dwt.lft. contouring...

Jan 1, 1943

By Creelman C. A

With the technique and data obtained in using the blast hole diamond drill for "Removal of Horizontal Level Pillar by means of Blast Hole diamond drilling at New Occidental Gold Mines N.L.," as described in Proceedings No. 133 of 1944, and a series of experiments using the blast hole diamond drill for stoping at New Occidental and New Cobar Mines over the past two years, a benching method of stoping has been developed using 2 inch coring diamond drill bits, resulting in efficient and economical ore extraction in these large ore bodies.During the experimental stages the standard H-inch blast hole was used, but the deflection of the holes, when using this solid bit, either decreased or increased the burden of the hole when it became necessary to drill holes deeper than 45 feet.It was found that after blasting vertical holes deeper than 45 feet, the ore did not break satisfactorily over the full length of the hole; on one occasion as much as 30 feet of bench was left at the bottom of the face, which had to be subsequently re-bored andblasted.As this defect was also noticeable to some extent even when the holes did not deflect, it was then obvious that the explosive had become less sensitive in the lower section of the hole. This was probably brought about by pressure being built up ahead of the detonation wave in H-inch hole, resulting in desensitization of the explosive.Another series of experiments were carried out, using 2-inch solid bits, which enabled a much greater burden on the holes, and the use of primacord for the full length of the hole.This gave satisfactory results regarding breaking and fragmentation, but was uneconomic owing to the excessive consumption of diamonds, and the slow rate of drilling.Further experiments were then carried out using 2-inch coring bits, (Fig. 1) which allowed holes of 90-feet to be bored with little deflection, and proved to be entirely satisfactory as to cost and speed of drilling.

Jan 1, 1945

The distribution or the userul minerals or Tasmania is so closely connected with the geological structure of the island that it will be convenient to briefly recapitulate the principal ract or its geological history, before describing the ore and other deposits. In many cases these present features which are very puzzling in the absence of knowledge of the structure of the districts in which they are found and in all cases it is of benefit to mining engineers to be acquainted with the main facts of the geological·history of the regions in which they have to carry on operations. Moreover, in speculating as to the origin of lodes and other deposits, we have constantly to rerer to the crumplings or the earth's crust by mountain-making movements, and to the igneous rocks which have been thrust throngh the other strata, to explain the origin or the lode fissures, and this discussion cannot be carried on without knowledge of local geology.The oldest rock yet met with in Tasmania are of Archooan age, and consist of highly crystalline quartzites and micaceous schist. They are most extensively developed towards the western side ot the island, forming a belt parallel to the West Coast from South-West Cape to Cradle fountain; but they also crop out here and there to the west and northward of this belt, where the covering strata or later age have been denuded away. Though not seen in situ in the eastern part of the colony, the abundance or pebbles derived from this formation in the conglomerates of the coal measures shows that it must in those day have formed land surfaces there also, and makes it likely that the archooan strata exist at no great depth: below many of the beds of later age now occupying the surface. Lying unconfortably upon these highly metamorphic strata we find next an extensive series of subcrystalline metamorphic conglomerates, grits, sandstones, slates, and limestones,of Cambro-Silurian age. These are well seen in the Gordou River Basin, along the West Coast Range, aloug the North Coast, and in the goldfields of the north-eastern portion of the colony. They are much broken by later intrusive rocks, and covered by younger rormations, but the series is spread more or less over the whole island.

The Golden Ridges Mine, one of the properties of New Guinea Goldfields Limited, is situated on the right bank of Nami Creek, not far from the township of Wau, in the Territory of New Guinea.The property is somewhat unique, in that the goldbearing ore-body occurs in the form of a flat seam-like deposit lying on a volcanic breccia, and covered with a mantle of overburden of decomposed porphyry. The overburden varies in thickness up to a maximum of about 65 ft.The ratio of overburden to ore is about 3 to 1. The practice developed is to strip the overburden by hydraulicking, and to mine the exposed ore under open-cut conditions, blasting to a vertical face, and using electrically operated scraper hoists for conveying the broken ore to the mill bins.The stripping of the overburden involves the boring of well-drill holes, blasting the holes and then hydraulicking the shattered material.

Jan 1, 1934

By A Kamkar-Rouhani

The paper describes a mineral potential mapping of gold and other base metals in Mahneshan area, Iran, using geographical information system (GIS), in which, the method of weights of evidence is used to combine spatial data obtained from different sources to make prediction for mineral potential. This is a quantitative tool for mineral resource mapping that can be used to delineate and predict favorable areas for further exploration by using the characteristics of known and similar mineral deposits. In accord with the descriptive model for gold and other base metal deposits, the spatial distribution of 20 known mineral occurrences was used. In addition, digital evidential maps were used in this study. The maps include maps of lithological units, faults and first derivative of total aeromagnetic data, remotely-sensing data of alteration and also geochemical evidential maps produced on the basis of the results of chemical analyses of samples taken from the stream sediments in the area, and analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, As, Ag, Au, Ba and Hg elements. The binary maps were produced and then combined with the model of weights of evidence using 20 known mineral occurrences to obtain a final map of the favourable areas for further exploration of gold and other base metals in the study area. The final map is a predictive GIS model of the mineral deposits in the area. An interesting matter about the final predictive GIS model is that the faults are mainly located in favorable areas which possesses the most probability of mineralisation. Therefore, the faults in these areas have priority for further exploration of gold and others base metals.

Jan 1, 2005

By R Handfield, G Kary, Frieda Project

Recent exploration by the Cyprus Amax-Highlands Pacific-OMRD Joint Venture at the Frieda River project, PNG has demonstrated the extent of igneous phases, alteration and mineralisation, and the relationships between the various mineralisation styles in this major Cu-Au porphyry-epithermal system. The project area is in the obducted volcano-sedimentary section of the New Guinea mobile belt 78 km NE of Ok Tedi. It is between two major NNE dipping faults interpreted to have undergone thrusting then sinistral shear in the Late Miocene to Recent. The Frieda River Igneous Complex is a 15 km +7 km ovoid area with a central pod of basaltic andesite volcanics with cogenetic diorite to quartz diorite subvolcanic intrusions, and flanking clastic sediments. A series of late-stage, hornblende quartz diorite plugs ring the main igneous mass. The igneous rocks have a normal K calc-alkaline character with a very limited compositional variation. The intrusives are exposed on the eastern flank of the complex and have five mappable units and numerous defined phases. The southeastern quarter of the complex is host to a cluster of at least seven stockwork porphyry copper and skarn-hosted deposits within an area of 4.5 +3.5 km. The Horse-Ivaal and Koki deposits have identified resources totalling 804 mt @ 0.46 per cent Cu and 0.3 ppm Au, and the other deposits are in various stages of exploration. All these deposits are related to the Horse Microdiorite phase of the Complex and are outlined by a zone of potassic-propylitic-SCC alteration. Local overprinting argillic and advanced argillic alteration is related to a separate, post-porphyry mineralisation intrusive phase. The recent emphasis has been on the identification of higher-grade zones using ideas of structural control and specific intrusive-alteration-mineralisation relationships within the known resource areas. An elongate area 13 km x 4 km in the centre of the Complex has advanced argillic alteration in the volcanic rocks. This alteration zone hosts the Nena deposit (52.8 mt @ two per cent Cu and 0.7 ppm Au) and approximately 20 prospects of high sulphidation type. These deposits are distributed along two prominent NW-trending siliceous ridges interpreted as regional scale structures. Nena is a pod of vein and replacement sulphides hosted in a tectonically controlled multiphase breccia that overprints the advanced argillic alteration. The Nena deposit is 4 km from the nearest of the major porphyry occurrences. It is underlain by basemetal veins and minor porphyry mineralisation that are related to the Flimtem Trachyandesite intrusive phase. The recent search for additional Nena-type ore has focussed on the siliceous ridges using detailed structural and geochemical ore control criteria. Widespread, but poorly mineralised, basemetal-bearing carbonate and sulphate veins form a ring around the mineralised area. These veins have sericitic selvages, cut the porphyry mineralisation, but are cut by and locally underlie the silica-alunite phase of the advanced argillic alteration. The current model is that there are discrete intrusive phases responsible for each of major hydrothermal events at Frieda. These include from oldest to youngest:the Koki phase has no related alteration or mineralisation; the dominant Frieda phase has the hornfels, early skarn and minor magnetite-chalcopyrite mineralisation; the Horse phase has the bulk of porphyry copper and skarn-hosted mineralisation and minor basemetal veins; the peripheral Knob phase is barren; and the Flimtem phase has the high sulphidation epithermal deposits and minor porphyry and vein mineralisation. The intrusive phases span the interval 17 to 11.5 Ma and are co-magmatic. They represent discrete batches off the parent magma, rather than simple fractionation products.

Jan 1, 1999