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By C. Garcia, J. J. Opazo, A. Potulsha, T. Comi

"Sierra Gorda SCM is a joint venture partnership of KGHM International (owned by KGHM SA, Poland), Sumitomo Metal Mining and Sumitomo Corp. (Japan) operating in northern Chile. The Sierra Gorda openpit mine and coppermolybdenum processing plant will become one of the largest mines in the world. The need for optimum production efficiency and sustainability has driven the creation of the most modern, wellinstrumented mine in Chile. This article contains a general review of the project including geology and history.This was a fast-track project going from greenfield site acquisition to mill startup in 10 years. Highly experienced and motivated engineers and technical staff have overcome many significant challenges resulting in a rapid ramp-up of production capacity. A potential expansion to double the production rate in the fourth year of operation has also been intensely studied.The Sierra Gorda property is located in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, in the District of Sierra Gorda, Region II of Antofagasta, Chile (Fig. 1). There is almost no precipitation in this area. The mine site is generally flat with some rolling hills. The project is located about 5 km (3 miles) from the village of Sierra Gorda at an elevation of approximately 1,700 m (5,600 ft) above mean sea level. The village is near a highway and railway line. The city of Calama, home of the famous Chuquicamata Mine, is located about 60 km (37 miles) northeast of Sierra Gorda. In addition, the SG mine is in the midst of numerous other mines including Spence, Esperanza, Mantos Blancos, El Tesoro, Lomas Bayas, Gabriela Mistral, El Abra, Radomiro Tomic and Escondida, to name a few.The primary organizational value at Sierra Gorda is "Zero Harm." This includes employees, contractors, the environment, the community, plant facilities and mine equipment. A cornerstone of this program is called 5X5S (five by five S), which combines the lean principles of 5S with the safety model of taking five steps back and thinking about the task at hand for five seconds, five minutes, the time it takes to assess and manage the risk. "People caring about people" promotes proactive engagement in the safety of coworkers and others at work and at home."

Jan 1, 2014

By Abegail Endraca, Allan Sebastian, Andrew Raine, Allan Patdu

The project involves the construction of a new aqueduct tunnel by an Earth Pressure Balance TBM tunnel for the Novaliches-Balara Aqueduct No 4 (NBAQ4) project in Metro Manila. It comprises a 7.3 km long and 3.1 m internal diameter tunnel that can deliver up to 1,000 MLD of raw water and the tunnel passes under urban residential and urban populated areas adjacent to and along Commonwealth Avenue. A new reservoir intake structure was constructed in the La Mesa reservoir by a cofferdam and the TBM breakthrough connected the reservoir to the outlet surge shaft structure and the downstream pipe network system connecting to the Balara Water Treatment Plant. The TBM incorporated a double articulated head configuration to allow tight 80 m radius curves to navigate some of the difficult alignment considerations. The alignment passed very close to some existing foundations for MRT7 and needed to clear several tight curves to remain within government land ownership. The project excavated through the local Guadalupe weak rock formations and there was minimal ground movements observed as a result of the work.

Jun 13, 2023

By M. A. Stoakes, H. D. S. Miller

Surface subsidence is becoming an increasingly important factor in the economics of mining Louisiana salt domes due to, amongst others, excessive shaft deformations and land loss to encroaching sea water. The vast majority of subsidence studies have been undertaken on bedded, tabular deposits. It is important to understand the causes of subsidence due to mining domal salt and how it can be minimized. The paper will review the major differences between subsidence caused by domal and tabular evaporite mines, the problems encountered in predicting subsidence, the factors that influence subsidence and, finally, possible alternative mining methods.

Jan 1, 1986

By W. C. Brice

A cooperative study was undertaken by representatives of the environmental community, the mining industry, and state government to identify and resolve environmental issues associated with base and precious metal mining in a neutral atmosphere before a commercial mining development is announced. The study included testing Minnesota's as-yet-untried non-ferrous mining regulatory program using three hypothetical mining developments sited in environ-mentally sensitive areas where future mining could occur. Results include identification of critical paths for regulatory decision making, identification of particularly sensitive environ-mental issues that will need continued deliberation before resolution, and characterization of data necessary for environmental review and permitting decisions.

Jan 1, 1990

By R. D. Auten

This paper is primarily a report on the process of using oolitic aragonite, as received from Marconi& Ocean Industries, Ltd. without further processing, for a major portion of the raw feed to a rotary kiln producing cement clinker. Oolitic aragonite is a high purity calcium carbonate material, dust free, with the appearance of a course, white sand. It is farmed when under the right conditions of temperature ocean currents, and ocean floor topography. The calcium carbonate will precipitate into small spherical particles on the ocean floor. These oceanic conditions are correct to cause precipitation of the calcium carbonate near Ocean Cay in the Bahama Island chain. The present growing deposit near Ocean Cay is in the billions of tons and is mined by a relatively shallow-operation hydraulic dredge. The aragonite thus formed is en orthorhombic crystaline form of calcium carbonate with a specific gravity of approximately 2.9. At a temperature of 505°C. (940F), the aragonite converts to the hexagonal crystal of calcite with a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.7. This change in specific gravity weakens the structure of the particles but the individual pieces are still fairly hard. When the material is then calcined at 900°C (1650°F), the particles retain their shape but become soft and will break up under finger pressure.

Jan 1, 1978

By J. Diaz

"Antioquia region, in Colombia, is considered one of the areas with the highest mercury contamination in the world due to its use in gold recovery through artisanal mining, emissions to the environment between 100 and 150 tonnes of mercury are estimated by year. Therefore it became necessary to develop a project in which it was proposed aim to empower traditional artisanal mining community, or in different areas, such as gold mining in the region of Antioquia, in the implementation of safe mining practices and environmentally sustainable, from the introduction of clean technologies, in order to prevent or mitigate the impacts generated by traditional mining on the environment and the communities involved. In order to achieve this training to traditional mining community developed and technical visits to artisanal mining were performed in order to optimize operating processes and promote safe mining practices. In the project more than 1400 artisanal miners were trained.INTRODUCTION In the developing world, a combined 30 million individuals extract more than 30 different minerals using rudimentary techniques. Gold is the preferred mineral extracted by artisanal operators due to its high unit value and its market price, which has increased almost sevenfold over the last decade (Veiga et al, 2014). The artisanal gold mining sector in Colombia has 200,000 miners officially producing 30 tonnes Au/a. In the Northeast of the Department of Antioquia, there are 17 mining towns and between 15,000 and 30,000 artisanal gold miners (M. Veiga, 2010) (Upme, 2014). This production, however, has caused environmental problems, including high levels of river siltation and mercury pollution (Veiga et al, 2014) (UPME, 2007) (Cordy et al., 2013). The mercury contamination in Colombia by artisanal gold mining has been recognized by a number of researchers and local authorities for over a decade estimated that the annual mercury emissions from artisanal gold miners in Colombia in 2007 were between 50 and 100 tonnes, however given recent gold value increases and gold rush activity, current mercury emissions are likely much higher. Colombia is likely the world's 3rd largest source of mercury emissions from AGM after China (240 to 650 tonnes of Hg/a) and Indonesia (130 to 160 tonnes of Hg/a) (Telmer and Veiga, 2008) and is the world's highest per capita mercury polluter (M. Veiga, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Erika Moonin, Jim Nickerson, Claudio Cimiotti, Roberto Bono

"In response to the severe drought on the Colorado River basin and in order to preserve existing water capacity to the Las Vegas Valley, the Southern Nevada Water Authority contracted a new deep-water intake (Intake No. 3) located in Lake Mead. The current project (Contract No. 070F-01-C1) includes 5 km (3 miles) of tunnel with very difficult geological conditions and a 200- m (650-ft) deep shaft and marine works. This paper will present the current status of the design-build contract being constructed by Vegas Tunnel Constructors and the challenges and problems faced and the innovative solutions developed to handle the difficult conditions encountered during tunneling with up to 15 bars of pressure.ProjectbackgroundThe Las Vegas Valley receives the majority of its water from Lake Mead, which is located approximately 30 km (20 miles) east of the Las Vegas, NV metropolitan area. Due to the severe drought that has hit the southwest region of the United States, the water level in Lake Mead has receded from its high water level of 372 m (1,221 ft) above mean sea level (amsl) to a low of 330 m (1,076 ft) amsl in June 2015. Should the lake level continue to fall, at elevation 320 m (1,050 ft) amsl, the current water intakes will not be able to draw enough water to meet the needs of the local area. The risk of losing water capacity has prompted the construction of a new deeper intake. Not only is the new Intake No. 3 situated at a lower elevation in the lake at 262 m (860 ft) amsl, the new Intake No. 3 is also located to draw better quality (Fig. 1).Project challengesThe project has had several difficult challenges to overcome:• The work consisted of a 1.2 kt (1,300 st) structure constructed on a barge and lowered 100 m (330 ft) into Lake Mead anchored with 9,200 m3 (12,200 cu yd) of tremie concrete.• The drill-and-blast starter tunnel was impacted by three inflow events, resulting in a one-year project delay.• One of the main challenges was selecting the tunnel boring machine (TBM) and excavating the tunnel with expected hydraulic head pressure of as much as 17 bar (16 bar was the highest pressure recorded during the drive), crossing faulted areas, low rock cover and the risk of tunnel instability due to direct connection with the lake.• Extensive pre-excavation grouting with a constant head pressure ranging from 12 bar to 15 bar.• Structural repair of the cutterhead in difficult hydrogeological conditions [water inflow of approx. 800 m3/hr (4,000 gpm)].• Complete repair of the cascade sealing system for the main bearing and two replacements of the pinion bearings.• The TBM approach to the intake structure."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. J. Gusek, J. T. Gormley, V. Scovazzo

Glenrock, WY is underlain by two abondoned coal mines. Subsidence events have been recorded over the years, with the frequency increasing in recent years. As part of Wyoming's Abondoned Wins Lands Program, investigations including mining history/methods/mappings, subsurface drilling and material site searches were performed. Portions of the mines less than eighty feet from the surface, were identified as probable for subsidence. Subsidence control by hydraulic backfill was selected. Design included search and injection boreholes, water supply from the mines and the slurry mixing, transport and injection system. Injection system performance and backfill success is king monitored during construction.

Jan 1, 1986

Caterpillar unveiled a new dozer, the new Cat D10T2 dozer, that builds on the success the company has had with its D10T model. The newest version of the dozer includes refinements to its power train, automated controls and structures. The result, the company said, is high productivity with superior fuel efficiency, reliable operation with long-lived structures, as well as enhanced access for service technicians and operators. The D10T2 uses the latest load-sensing hydraulics technology combined with Cat advanced engine controls to maximize the amount of material moved for every drop of fuel burned. Improved filtration protects the fuel system, hydraulic system and power train oil system to help ensure high reliability and minimal machine downtime. Refined large structures, such as redesigned track roller frames, deliver longer service before rebuilds. Improved access and egress features enhance safety and productivity of technicians and operators, and optional powered access systems and platforms enable configuring the D10T2 for the site. Caterpillar offers the D10T2 with two variations of the Cat C27 engine with ACERT Technology. One version is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 4 Final certified, and the other is capable of achieving emission levels equivalent to EPA Tier 2 standards. Both engine configurations produce net power of 447 kW (600 hp) in forward gears and 538 kW (722 hp) in reverse gears. The engine controller automatically adjusts power output based on the direction of travel. With the new system, the D10T2 has about 20 percent more power in reverse compared to its predecessor model. The result is faster cycle times and greater productivity in certain applications. The D10T2 is suited for a variety of applications including mining, heavy construction and bulk materials handling.

Mar 1, 2014

By Albert Ruiz

The 2,250-MW, coal-fired Navajo Generating Station located in Page, AZ draws water from Lake Powell using submersible pumps installed in five inclined shafts. Drought threatens to lower the reservoir to below the existing intakes. A system of new steel-lined intake shafts located on the same site was required for uninterrupted plant operation. The small size of the site, and the need to keep the existing system in operation, required detailed designs and placed significant limitations on construction equipment and activities. The Navajo Sandstone that forms the near vertical shoreline of the reservoir is 98 percent very fine grained quartz, highly abrasive and contains highly fractured intervals that presented numerous challenges to drilling the new 152-m (500-ft) deep, 109-cm (43-in.) diameter intake shafts inclined 23° to 26° from vertical. Spatial constraints, submersible pump design and operational criteria required that each shaft have a unique inclination and orientation and hit a small breakout target located 76 m (250 ft) under water. Sophisticated drilling equipment and techniques as well as state of the practice downhole survey technology and methods were used to make adjustments and maintain drilling accuracy with less than 1 percent deviation. Environmental requirements mandated water as the drilling fluid and grout was not allowed in to the lake under any circumstances. The shafts were videotaped and the breakout locations were examined using an underwater remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to verify shaft locations and rock conditions, and to guide placement of pneumatic packers to ensure grout did not transmit to the lake during the steel liner installation. In anticipation of the invasion of quagga mussels, the shaft design included an allowance for a chemical dosing system and a copper-rich alloy at the exposed portions of the steel liner.

Jan 1, 2011

By Frank H. Madison

The percentage depletion deduction on Federal Income Tax Returns under the provisions of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code and of Sections 611 to Section 615, inclusive, of the revenue act of 1954, have created innumerable administrative difficulties, and a new interpretation of "gross income from the property" in that the Courts have expanded the ideas of what constitutes "gross income from the property" to a degree unheard of and unthought of prior to the enactment of these two codes. Originally, under the Revenue Acts of 1917, 1918, and 1920 depletion was allowable, based upon mine valuations as of March 1, 1913; if the mine was owned prior to March 1, 1913; upon cost, as of the date of acquisition if purchased subsequent to March 1, 1913; and upon a "discovery" basis if the mine was discovered after March 1, 1913, The "jab" for mine valuations as of March 1, 1913 and for discovery valuations and depletion was not as bad as it has been made out to be. Thousands of valuations and estimates of reserves were made and agreed upon between taxpayers and Internal Revenue Service engineers and as the years went on the answers have been found to be "reasonable." However, human nature being what it is each case was a battle of wits - of a sort - and many resulted in severe differences of opinion and litigation. As tax rates increased the situation was not bettered. I could talk for several hours on this phase of depletion but it is all past now andwould not give any real service or better understanding of the matter.

Jan 1, 1958

By Robert C. Pease

Siskon Gold has started gold production at the San Juan deposit in northern California. The mine is located about 27 km (17 miles) north of Nevada City, CA (Fig. 1). It is scheduled to be-come the largest underground gold mine in California. It is situated in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the Mother Lode gold belt. The property consists of 8 km2 (2,000 acres) of patented land. It is situated in a topographically high area known as San Juan Ridge, which is 213 m (700 ft) above and between the Middle Yuba and South Yuba rivers. The elevation is between 790 and 914 m (2,600 and 3,000ft) above sea level. Annual precipitation averages 1,346mm (53 in.). Most of that falls between November and April.

Jan 1, 1996

By Richard A. Thomas, III JAMES H. ROWLAND, Liming Yuan

This paper presents the results of large-scale fire experiments on evaluating the performances of carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke sensors at low ventilation velocities. Experiments using three different combustibles — conveyor belt, coal and diesel fuel — were conducted in the experimental mine at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Bruceton Research Facility. A total of eight sensor stations were located downstream of the fire with each station containing sensors for CO, smoke, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), oxygen (O2 ), humidity, barometric pressure and temperature, as well as two airflow sensors. The airflow velocity ranged from 0.22 to 0.26 m/s (44 to 51 fpm) in the tests. The response times were recorded for the CO and smoke sensors at each sensor station when smoke and gaseous products of combustion from each burning combustible reached the station. The response times of the CO sensors were used to determine the appropriate sensor spacing in the belt entry with a low air velocity. The performance of the smoke sensor was found to be affected by the high humidity in the experiments. The results on proper selection of sensors and the determination of sensor spacing at a low ventilation velocity can be helpful for ensuring sufficient early fire warning for underground workers, thereby improving the health and safety of miners.

By J. W. Walkiewicz

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted studies using microwave energy to stress-crack iron ores. In a microwave chamber which simulates a continuous throughput operation, the Bond grindability of a taconite sample was improved by 13 pct at a bulk temperature of 197? C. To further improve the economics of microwave fracturing, higher powers up to 16 kW were used to rapidly heat samples to relatively low temperatures in a continuous belt-fed applicator. A significant enhancement of grindability was obtained with a minus 1.9-cm taconite rod mill feed. At a sample temperature of 130? C, the grindability was improved a maximum of 26.1 pct over the non-microwaved sample.

Jan 1, 1993

Contents

Jan 1, 1985

By Robert Burgess, Dale Gill, Jaco Steyn, Bill Kyslinger

"With mining, especially coal extraction, comes the necessity of supporting the roof. Since the 1950s, the primary method for roof support has been the use of roof bolts. Roof bolting is considered one of the most hazardous jobs in underground coal mining. In 2004, there were 3,405 injuries reported to the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Of those injuries, 17 percent were associated with bolting machines (593 injuries). The majority of the injuries resulted from rock falling from supported roof. However, injuries involving a part of the body being struck by, or caught between, during bolting and drilling occurred with relatively high frequency (Burgess and Steiner, 2007).Roof drilling and bolt installation is labor-intensive and repetitive. These labor-intensive and repetitive requirements can lead to cumulative trauma. Operators are expected to perform a considerable amount of lifting, carrying, bending, reaching and stretching. Back and shoulders become sore from bending and twisting to install bolts or lift and position drill steels, wrenches and bolts. Confined operator spaces also contribute to difficult and awkward working positions for the operators (Cornelius and Turin, 1998).In South Africa, the majority of the roof bolting machines used are “man-in-position” style machines (Fig. 1). This puts the operator in close proximity to where the drilling and bolting process is performed. When proper operation procedures are followed, it has been proven to be a very effective, productive and safe system. The MSHA-certified automatic temporary roof support (ATRS), canopies and dust collection system of Fletcher bolters all provide the operator with unparalleled protection. However, there are some occupational hazards inherent to the zone located next to the drilling and bolting zone. This has led some customers to request relocating the operator away from this zone. The idea being that the operators will no longer be located in the face area, greatly reducing their exposure to dust, noise, machine and geological hazards."

Mar 1, 2017

By John E. Appleby

Grupo Acera, HYLSA originated in 1942 when Hojalata y Lamina began operations to supply steel strip for the Cuauhtémoc Brewery, the parent company. Production began in April, 1943 with growth accelerated because of World War II. By 1948 the company was producing its own steel from electric furnaces charged with scrap iron. Further expansion was hampered by the fluctuations in availability, price and quality of scrap iron. As a result, a search was made for a suitable process to enable HYLSA to satisfy its need for a reliable source of feed for its steel-making facilities. Their relatively low iron requirements at the time did not justify the very high capital investments required using the conventional blast furnace method. Processes which by-passed the blast furnaces were very much in their infancy and were not commercially tested. HYLSA then undertook an investigation of the direct reduction processes, knowing full well that much larger companies in other countries had investigated several processes but their work had not established a trend toward direct reduction or any particular process. However, after much effort and persistence HYLSA arrived at a process which suited their conditions. By using Mexican iron ore and natural gas they developed the now well-known H. y L. Process to produce sponge iron. Concurrent with the start of investigations which led to the H. y L. Process, HYLSA began an exploration program for a suitable source of iron ore. Thus in 1951, Cia. Minera Las Encinas, S.A. was formed, culminating in the development of the ore bodies near Pihuamo in the State of Jalisco. Mining commenced and ore was

Jan 1, 1971

By A. D. Hammond

"The drop in iron ore prices has claimed an unwitting casualty in vanadium. Vanadium is dominantly produced as a coproduct of steel production. The recent shutdown at EVRAZ’s Mapochs steel-vanadium operations in South Africa has cut off 10 percent of the world’s vanadium output. In February 2015, Australia’s Atlantic Ltd. suspended operations at its Windimurra iron-vanadium complex after a fire caused severe damage at the plant. Since then, challenging market conditions has resulted in the permanent closure of this operation.This decoupling of vanadium production from integrated iron ore producers presents an opportunity for vanadium exploration companies to target single-product deposits. This trend is manifested in the increasing number of pure-play vanadium ventures around the world.The mine production of vanadium is dominated by three countries — China, South Africa and Russia, which collectively produce 96 percent of the world’s vanadium. While the use of vanadium as an alloy in the steel industry remains the largest application for this metal, growth in demand is expected to come from the renewable energy industry in the form of batteries for energy storage.This article summarizes the current state of vanadium exploration, briefly describes the vanadium market and lists sources of future demand for the metal.Trend in vanadium explorationThe most active participants in the current vanadium exploration are pure-play vanadium ventures in Brazil, South Africa and Australia. These ventures are targeting deposits with higher vanadium grades than those typically mined in titaniferous magnetite operated by integrated steel-vanadium producers.The 10 percent shortfall in vanadium production resulting from the shutdown at EVRAZ’s Mapochs is expected to be partially compensated by Largo Resources’ Maracás Menchen vanadium operation located in the state of Bahia in Brazil. It commenced operation in August 2014 and is expected to produce between 7.6 and 8.6 kt (8,421 and 9,523 st) of V2O5 in 2016 at a target production cost of $3.71/lb (Largo Resources, 2016). This is the first primary vanadium operation to be placed in production in the Western Hemisphere in more than 35 years."

Jul 1, 2016

"Cast blasting is the primary means of overburden displacement in a surface coal mine. It serves two purposes; fragmenting the rock and throwing it directly to its spoil pile using explosive energy. Increased throw minimizes costs by reducing the amount of material that needs to be rehandled. Prior studies have shown that by only changing blasthole timing with the same blast design, fragmentation and throw alter. It is necessary in cast blasting to optimize both fragmentation and throw, since larger fragments will require more wasted energy to throw the same distance. In an operating mine in Georgia, an optimum interhole delay for fragmentation has been found by studying timings from 0 millisecond (ms) to 45 ms. Instantaneous timing between holes increased the throw by more than 31 m (100 ft), but fragmentation was poor. Shock and detonation wave collision is a potential reason for this increased throw.Explosives are utilized extensively by the mining industry in order to break rock, as either ore or overburden, for hauling, loading and crushing. An effective production blast strives to achieve optimum rock fragmentation in order to increase the efficiency and reduce the costs of those downstream operations, while simultaneously meeting environmental regulations. The goal of blasting with respect to fragmentation is, according to Hettinger (2015), “to decrease the average particle size of the fragmented rock without overly increasing fines or, in other words, improve fragmentation.”Additionally, the distance the rock is transported by the explosive energy from the blast, also known as throw, can increase efficiency by reducing the amount of material that is rehandled by mine equipment. The primary situation in which this is desirable is the cast blasting of overburden across the narrow pit of a surface coal mine. A key variable in a blast design pattern that can be manipulated to optimize both fragmentation and throw is delay timing between detonations. The invention and increased utilization of electronic detonators have allowed for precise delay timings to be used between rows, holes and even multiple primers within the same hole. These recent developments in the blasting community have also provided an opportunity to investigate whether or not the mechanism of shock or detonation wave collisions caused by short timing delays are responsible for any increased fragmentation or throw. This experiment attempts to demonstrate if an increase in throw can be achieved while maintaining optimum fragmentation."

Jan 6, 2017

By D. M. Abbott

The requirements of the International Mineral Property Valuation Standards Template (IMVAL Template) (includes Petroleum), 4th edition of April 14, 2021, are based on six principles: 2.1.1 competence, 2.1.2 materiality, 2.1.3 transparency, 2.1.4 objectivity, 2.1.5 independence, and 2.1.6 reasonableness. The IMVAL Template describes “reasonableness” as, “The Valuer must ensure the Reasonableness of the Valuation. Any Valuation, assumptions applied, and any method relied upon should be reasonable within the context of the purpose of the Valuation and the Basis of Value. A method applied to the subject Mineral Property should be within the expected capability and consideration of an assumed likely buyer or lessee of the property.” The IMVAL Template’s Guidance 3.6 on Reasonableness states, “The test of Reasonableness is to consider what appropriately qualified and experienced Valuers, acting reasonably, would conclude in the circumstances. The Valuer must form an opinion that is reasonable in the circumstances, that is, what a Valuer believes is rational and plausible in the circumstances and would be viewed as such if considered by other appropriately qualified and experienced Valuers with the same information and at the same time.” Finally, the IMVAL Template’s Definition 4.26 states Reasonableness “[m]eans that other qualified and experienced Valuers with access to the same information for the same Valuation Date and Basis of Value would consider the Valuer's estimate of Value to be within a reasonable range.”

Mar 2, 2022