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By N. A. C. Smith, D. D. Stark

"Sulphur is apparently a normal Constituent of crude petroleum, but in most crudes is present in percentages of less than one-half of one per cent. Some crudes, however, contain more, and occurrences have been reported of heavy asphaltic oils with as much as five per cent of sulphur.Occurrences of Sulpher-bearing CrudesIn North America, the fields rest of the Mississippi River are almost entirely free from sulphur oils, the time oil from Northern Ohio and Indiana, and the Potrolia crude in Ontario, being practically the only ones which contain sulohur in amounts over 0.5. per cent. In the Mid-Continent district the production of high sulphur crude in general is small and unim¬portant. The two main excentions are the Healdton field in Oklahoma and the El Dorado field in Arkansas, both of which produce oils with considerable sulphur content. In the Wyoming field, one sand, the Ember Sandstone, pro¬duces a crude of high sulphur content, and it is probable that this crude rill be of considerable importance as production increases. At present, however, very little crude is produced from this formation. In the Gulf Coast conditions are irregular, some crudes being low in sulphur and others comparatively high. The same is largely true of California. The crudes of Mexico contain notable amounts of sulphur, and as they have been of great commercial importance in this country, a typical sample of light Mexican crude was selected for the present study. It is probable that the results obtained poly also (but to a lesser degree) to other sulphur-bearing oils. An analysis of this crude will be found in Table 3, also analyses of other typical sulphur-bearing crudes from different sections of the United States."

Mar 1, 1924

By M. M. Kirk

Forced-air cooling of cold-mold arc furnaces for melting zirconium and similar metals has been investigated and found to be practical from the stand-point of heat transfer. It is believed that this technique offers a significant reduction in explosion hazard from that inherent in water cooling, the current industrial practice. A copper crucible, with longitudinal, integral-type fins and with an outer jacket to confine the airstream, appears to be the best general design for air-cooled operation. Cutting the fins into short segments and bending the segments to produce a herringbone effect increased the airstream's turbulence and was found, on test, to increase the heat transfer up to 35 percent.

Jan 1, 1959

By V. J. Lynch, A. L. Peyton

"INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARYThe Brewer mine, near Jefferson, Chesterfield County, S.C., was originally operated as a gold mines as late as 1890 this mine was reported to have been one of the large gold producers in the southeast,Occurrence of topaz on the Brewer property was not reported until 1935, when it was discovered by Pardee and Parks. 3/ of the Federal Geological Survey while they were investigating gold deposits in the Piedmont province.During the 1940's the Chemical Engineering Branch of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Electrotecbnical Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines at Norris, Tenn., investigated topaz from the Brewer mine to determine the possibilities of its use as mullite and for the production of calcium fluoride.From July 1950 through. April 1951 the Bureau of Mines conducted a diamond-drilling project at the Brewer mine to determine the grade and extent of the topaz deposits. Ten diamond-drill holes, totaling 2,344 feet, were completed, and 231 analyses of core samples were made during the course of the project.This report presents factual data relating only to the diamond-drilling project, The placer deposits on the Brewer property were previously investigated by the Federal Geological Survey 4/."

Aug 1, 1953

By J. A. Herdlick

The Star mine, near Neihart, Cascade County, Mont., has been in continuous operation since the construction of a 50-ton bulk flotation mill in 1939. The mine was examined by G. N. Bennett, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines, in November 1942. At that time the life of the operation appeared to be limited and a program of crosscutting and core drilling were recommended. The program had as its objective the investigation of a promising undeveloped area lying west of the Star vein and, if possible, the development of enough reserves in this area to insure continuous operation during the war emergency. Development of additional reserves would then justify necessary changes in the mill in order to eliminate the heavy penalties imposed for excess zinc in the bulk concentrates. The Bureau of Mines work began in February 1944 and was completed in September 1944. The project was started by Wilder R. Brinton and continued by Thomas W. Oster, mining engineers in the Bureau's Montana district office. Beneficiation tests on are and concentrates were made after completion of the underground work. This report presents the factual data obtained during all phases of the Bureau's investigation.

Jan 1, 1949

By James Paone

This report shows the feasibility of predicting drillability, analytically, by using regression analysis techniques. The approach is new in diamond-drilling research. Further, the study shows that this technique may be of value to drill manufacturers and others in mathematically delineating performance characteristics of new drills in specific rock types. Another application might be the prediction of penetration speeds in extraterrestrial material based on the physical properties of the materials as samples become available. Prediction equations for penetration rates are presented for 9 rocks drilled in the laboratory and for 20 rocks drilled under field conditions. The prediction equations are based on drill operating parameters and on characteristics of the rock penetrated. No single physical property appeared consistently in the best predictor equations, and all the physical properties were found to be highly correlated with each other.

Jan 1, 1966

By S. A. Allen

The Eufaula bauxite district of Barbour and Henry Counties in southeast Alabama covers an area approximately 14 miles long, 6 miles wide at the eastern extremity near the Chattahoochee River, and 10 miles wide at the western end near the east fork of the Choctawhatchee River (see figs. 1 and 2). The long axis of this polygon bears a little south of east.

Jan 1, 1949

For 11 years, under authorization of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U.S.C. 321-325), and amendments, the Bureau of Mines has carried on an extensive research and development program to establish methods for producing oil from coal and from oil shale. This act was passed by the 78th Congress primarily because of the stress of wartime demands for liquid fuels to supply our armed forces during World War II. The act was progressively extended by the 80th and 81st Congresses, as later peace-time demand for oil and oil products continued to increase.

Jan 1, 1956

By Milford L. Skow

Utilization of domestic ores in the winning of metallurgical alumina requires a convenj.ent method of treating siliceous bauxites and other aluminous materials. In the United states there are only small reserves of high-grade bauxite but considerably larger tonnages of low-grade material. In addition, there are large deposits of high-alumina clays. If these high-silica bauxites or high-alumina clays could be beneficiated, either by are dressing or by chemical dissolution to remove a large proportion of the silica, then the potential reserves of aluminum ores would be increased materially. Faced with a similar situation, the German industry, chiefly dependent on high-grade French bauxites prior to World War II, was compelled during the war to Use lower-grade ores. For desilicating the lower-grade bauxites before the Bayer treatment, a method was developed in which the bauxite was calcined and then given a dilute caustic leach preliminary to the pressure digestion. It was planned to regenerate the caustic by treatment of the desilication liquor with lime. As European bauxites are mineralogically different from those found in this country, preliminary work was undertaken to determine whether this process might be applied to domestic materials. The results of this work, along with a review of the German process, are presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1950

By William F. Hahn

The Bureau Of Mines recognized the desireability of illuminating working places in trona mines. This report describes two illumination system designs, their demonstration and evaluation on a Jeffrey 120HR continuous mining machine in an active working trona mine in Wyoming.

Jan 1, 1980

By W. T. Wertman

A research program to aid development of better petroleum-recovery technology is in progress at the Appalachian Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Morgantown, W. Va. The work is part of the overall effort of the Federal Bureau of Mines to effect true conservation of the Nation's natural resources. Knowledge of the magnitude of the interstitial water content of oil-bearing formations is important to petroleum-reservoir engineers because of the influence of water on fluid flow during oil production and because of the significance of water volume in oil-reserve evaluation. Such information on Appalachian oil-bearing formations is needed to aid in planning secondary oil-recovery projects. Generally, the interstitial water content of oil sands can be estimated by one or more of the following methods: Analysis of cores obtained with oil-base drilling fluid, electric logging, restored-state or capillary-pressure tests, centrifuge tests, evaporation tests, or mercury-injection tests.

Jan 1, 1959

By D. P. Schlick

The German experience in dealing with the health hazard of respirable dust in underground mines is reported from first-hand observation in this Bureau of Mines paper. The report covers-- 1. The control of dust by water infusion, water spraying, and ventilation. 2. The sampling devices (tyndalloscope , konimeter , and BAT-I) and methods used to determine the dust concentrations in mines. 3. The systems of classifying hazardous and safe dust levels in mines. 4. The research facilities devoted to theoretical and applied work on mine dust and pneumoconiotic disease. Tile major research projects on dust and disease now underway in West Germany are outlined in an appendix.

Jan 1, 1970

By W. S. Landers

This bulletin is a detailed study of low-temperature, entrained-bed carbonization of a Texas lignite. The lignite studied was from the Sandow strip mine and is representative of the Rockdale formation of the Wilcox formational group. Carbonization was conducted in a continuous entrained-bed reactor at several temperatures in the 8801 to 1,52°C F range, and at air-coal ratios it the 0 to 10.30 scf/lb range (moisture- and ash-free basis). Carbonization rates ranged from 97.1 to 410.0 lb/hr (as-received basis), At the higher air-to-coal ratios employed, all or most of the carbonization heat was provided by internal combustion with air in the reactor. At the lower air-to-coal ratios, parts of the heat for carbonization was supplied externally. It was demonstrated that the entrained-bed carbonization of lignite is a complex reaction and that several variables, of which carbonization temperature, air-to-lignite ratio, and the average size of lignite are important, act together to influence both the carbonization yields and the properties of the resultant products, Process variables established by pant tests were used to design the industrial scale carbonizer operated at Rockdale, Texas, by the Texas Power & Light Company as agents for the Aluminum Company of America. Properties of the carbonization product obtained from the industrial scale reactor were essentially the same as those obtained from the pilot plant reactor operated under the same conditions.

Jan 1, 1968

By B. J. Moore

This publication contains analyses arid related source data for 274 natural gas samples from 20 States. Of the total samples, 269 were collected during calendar year 1985; the reminder were collected earlier, but releases granting permission to publish were not received before 1986, All samples were obtained and analyzed as part of Bureau of Mines investigations of the occurrences of helium in natural gases of countries with free market economies. This survey has been conducted since 1917. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and chromatograph.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. Koster

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Jan 1, 1939

By E. P. Ferrero

Analyses of 38 crude oil samples from 25 fields in Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria are presented in this report. The 38 crude oils are listed alphabetically by country and field. Also shown are the geographic and geologic sources of the samples analyzed, the companies that supplied the samples, the general characteristics and analytical and computed data, and the production for the fields from which the samples were obtained.

Jan 1, 1966

By E. P. Ferrero

Analyses of 38 crude oil samples from 25 fields in Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria are presented in this report. The 38 crude oils are listed alphabetically by country and field. Also shown are the geographic and geologic sources of the samples analyzed, the companies that supplied the samples, the general characteristics and analytical and computed data, and the production for the fields from which the samples were obtained.

Jan 1, 1966

[This is the eighth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the interior. The fir t report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report, covering 1,679 simples, represents the products of US companies plus those from the Pacific coast, witch were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and arc published exactly as they were submitted. The three groups of data on samples of regular, premium, and third-grade gasolines are averred separately. the, number of samples and brands representing each grade are as follows: Regular price, 869 samples, 76 brands; premium price, 452 sample, 45 brands; third-grade 358 samples, 52 brands. In this report the same marketing districts are retained as were used in the preceding report, and as for as possible the actual sampling points in each area are indicated on table 1.]

Jan 1, 1940

This is the eighth in a series of reports en properties of commercial meter fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C. F. R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the interior. The first report gave data en meter gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report, covering 1,679 samples, represents the products of 118 companies plus these from the Pacific coast, which were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were submitted. The throe groups of data en samples of regular, premium, and third-grade gasolines arc averaged separately. The number of samples and brands representing each grade are as follows: Regular price, 869 samples, 76 brands; premium price, 452 samples, 45 brands; third-grade, 358 samples, 82 brands. In this report the same marketing districts are retained as were used in the preceding report, and as far as possible the actual sampling points in each area arc indicated on table 1.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigations beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the fifteenth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by halt townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 halt-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of those holes show on figure 13 in volume 1. The Descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each halt township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By Robert S. Schechter

A minitest, consisting of an injection/production well and at least two observation wells designed to detect the arrival of injected fluid leached minerals, and nonideal flow, is considered in this report. The test goals are to determine the susceptibility of the host formation to uranium leaching, kinetic parameters to scale the process, and to facilitate site restoration. This report considers permeability and mineral heterogeneities and other oxidant-competing minerals. To circumvent these nonidealities, which obscure the results, methods of interpretation have been proposed and tested by a computer simulator. In complex cases, clear-cut methods of interpretation were not found; but in every case the design of a test most susceptible to interpretation has been considered. The minitest is operationally simple and can be completed in a short time. With the correct design and interpretation it can return information to evaluate economics, ensure satisfactory leachate performance, scale to larger operations, and to identify restoration problems.

Jan 1, 1983