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[L. W. KEMPF, Chairman E. E. SCHUMACHER, Past-Chairman E. A. ANDERSON, Senior Vice-Chairman A. A. SMITH, JR., Vice-Chairman 11. A. MALONEY, Treasurer ERNEST KIRKENDALL, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Executive Committee 1947 C. Y. CLAYTON A. B. GRENINGER CURTIS PIGOTT 1948 WALTER BONSACK W. A. DEAN LOUIS JORDAN 1949 J. D. HANAWALT W. A. JOHNSON E. W. PALMER]

Jan 1, 1946

By E. G. Noble

The effects of hydrogen chloride (HCI) concentration and temperature on the solubility and hydration state of the alkali chlorides LiCI, NaCI, and KCI and the alkaline-earth chlorides, MgCI2, and CaCl2 were investigated by the Bureau of Mines. Saturated aqueous solutions of the chlorides were sparged with HCI gas at temperatures of 20°, 40°, and 60° C. Increased HCI concentration caused decreased salt solubility be-cause of the common ion effect. Aqueous solubilities for the chlorides of Ca, Li, Mg, K, and Na ranged from 42.6, 45.2, 35.2, 25.5, and 26.1 pct, respectively, at 20° C to 56.9, 49.4, 37.6, 31.0, and 27.0 pct, re-spectively, at 60° C. In solutions sparged to HCI saturation, solubili-ties for these chlorides ranged from 22.4, 26.5, 3.0, 1.3, and 0.05 pct, respectively, at 20° C to 53.2, 48.8, 28.3, 2.6, and 0.8 pct, respec-tively, at 60° C. The solubilities of LiCI and CaCl2 in HCI solution were high because HCI solubility is low in these solutions. The chlo-ride salts of Ca, Li, and Mg formed hydrates, which depended on tempera-ture and HCI concentration. Monohydrates for LiCI, tetrahydrates and hexahydrates for MgCI2, and dihydrates, tetrahydrates, and hexahydrates for CaCl2 were obtained.

Jan 1, 1985

By Hamid Maleki

A comprehensive study consisting of stress determinations, core logging, laboratory testing, and numerical analyses was conducted to investigate the cause and potential alternatives to the coal bump conditions that developed in the Second North Panel of the Little Dove mine near Buntington, Utah. Roof rock characteristics were such that a cave did not develop above this 420 ft wide panel. After 700 ft of pillar retreat, severe coal bump conditions developed during pillar mining. The coal bump conditions resulted from excessive pillar stress which was caused by load transfer from the extracted, noncaving, portion of the panel. Site specific data and numerical modeling techniques were used to back-analyze the bump prone condition. This back- analysis lead to the identification of critical stress, closure, and energy release levels. These critical levels were then used to evaluate alternative pillar mining sequences in the hope that the potential for coal bumps could be reduced. It was found that while alternative sequences offered some potential improvement over the pillar mining sequence used in the mine, alternative pillar mining sequences would not significantly reduce the potential for bumps. For the roof characteristics at this mine, coal bumps are best avoided by developing narrow panels or significantly wider panels, which incorporate properly sized barrier pillars. Narrow panels, on the order of 300 ft, would not cave, but panel pillar stresses and the potential for umps would be moderated by the reduced r' panel width. Wider panels, of approximately 650 ft, would allow a cave to develop, also reducing panel pillar stresses and coal bump potential.

Jan 1, 1987

By J. Reed

The RockWorks EarthApps represent a free collection of 74 geology-related programs that read data from a built-in datasheet and create diagrams within Google Earth. EarthApps also includes programs that extract data from Google Earth. The programs that create diagrams include: point mapping (e.g. borehole locations), proportionally scaled icons (e.g. geochemistry), and strike & dip symbols. Line mapping utilities include; polylines, parabolas and pipelines. Polygon mapping programs include; thematic mapping (e.g. geology), mining claims, and public land survey sections. Image overlay capabilities include; draping (e.g. geologic maps) and time-based animations. Vertical image display capabilities are centered on either midpoints (e.g. drill-hole logs) or stretched between endpoints (e.g. cross-sections). The Flyover programs create virtual tours for site presentations. The cell-mapping includes a variety of algorithms (e.g. geochemical and geophysical contouring). Survey programs convert and export survey data to Google Earth as points and polygons. Programs that extract data from Google Earth include; points, lineations, polylines, and polygons. The RockWorks/EarthApps collection is developed by RockWare Incorporated based in Golden, Colorado.

Feb 27, 2013

By Lloyd Williams

1. The investigation shows that the Poplar Creek and Big Mary beds contain the largest known recoverable reserves of coal in Morgan County, Tenn. The Poplar Creek bed has been the most productive. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves of coal, based on a minimum bed thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated to be 96 million tons, as of January 1, 1954. Of this total, 59 million tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By Richard B. Moore

This bulletin presents a summary of available information regarding the sources of uranium, radium, and vanadium, the methods used in treating the ores, and the uses of the finished products. In particular the paper describes the ores found in the United States, giving especial attention to those characteristics of the ores and the conditions of their occurrence that affect mining and treatment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In the preparation of this bulletin a number of persons rendered assistance by furnishing information and by making it possible for us to visit the carnotite deposits in western Colorado and eastern Utah at a time of the year when without this assistance it would have been difficult to obtain satisfactory results. We desire to express our thanks to the following persons: Henry Hall, W. L. Cummings, T. V. Curran, K. D. Hequembourg, David Taylor, H. C. Brown, Forbes Rickard, George W. Alsdorf, Dr. Herman Fleck, Orr J. Adams, C. S. Cherrington, Newt. Stewart, O. B. Willmarth, Angus Cameron, George A. Head, and Lorimer Bros.

Jan 1, 1913

By W. R. Hardwick

This paper describes block -caving methods and practices of the Bagdad Copper Corp. in Yavapai County , Ariz . It is one of a series being prepared by the Federal Bureau of Mines on mining methods , practices , and costs in various mining districts of the United States . The story of the Bagdad caving operation is of particular interest because the ore body was not as thick as at other mines where the method had been successful . At Bagdad the caving method worked very well as a smallscale operation of 300 tons per day but was abandoned when production was increased to 2,000 tons per day . The Bagdad mine is in western Yavapai County , Ariz . , about 22 miles northwest of Hillside , a station on the Phoenix -Ash Fork branch of the Atchison , Topeka & Santa Fe Railway system ( fig . 1 ) . Copper ore now is mined by open -pit methods . The ore is concentrated , and the concentrates are trucked to Hillside and shipped by rail to a custom smelter . Some molybdenum sulfide is produced as a byproduct . This report gives a brief history of the district , describes the ore de- posit , and outlines the methods of prospecting , exploration , and estimation of ore . Development and former underground mining , including stope preparation , stoping , and transportation , are described . Extraction of ore , production rates , miscellaneous operations related to mining , wage and contract systems , and method of concentration are described . The final section discusses mining costs . The underground mine was visited by the author several times between 1937 and 1942 , and some information has been drawn from personal notes . The property again was visited in June 1957 , and maps and plans for this paper were furnished by the company at that time ; they have been edited to conform with Bureau of Mines format . The underground mine could not be visited then because it had been closed in 1948 when open -pit mining was begun .

Jan 1, 1959

By R. D. Brown

"AbstractIn order to raise the enormous amounts of capital which will be essential for the development of Canada's mineral and petroleum resources, this country's resource industry must be permitted to earn an acceptable rate of return. The existing tax regime, with its high rates, complexities and misdirected incentives, presents a serious obstacle to our resource industries in their development of Canada's immense , but increasingly lean, resources. Government tax and other policies are not the only cause of the crisis now facing the resource sector in Canada, but a reformed tax system, with stable and reasonable tax burdens, is required if Canada's resources of minerals, oil and natural gas are to continue to contribute in the future, as in the past, to our national well-being.An independent task force, organized under the auspices of the Canada West Foundation, has recently completed a wide -ranging report: on the future development of Canada's mineral, oil and gas resources. This five-volume report, completed after almost two years of research and study, concludes that Canada •is facing a major crisis •in the development of our resources, It states that unless corrective action is taken now, mineral production and exports could decline drastically after 1985, at the same time that Canada would face massive bills for imported oil because of inadequate and declining production.The task force, chaired by the author of this article, has put forward recommendations for a fundamental shift in both federal and provincial policies in order that Canada's mineral reserves can be developed in the national interest. This article consists of excerpts from the summary of the task force's report."

Jan 1, 1977

By Cory G. Rice

A significant portion of the piling industry has long felt relying on soil setup to gain the required capacity is a complexity that would rather not be dealt with. Instead, the pile are driven to the required capacity on the initial drive and the potential gain of capacity due to soil setup is simply considered an added bonus or safety factor. There appears to be an attitude that if one did not put in the energy required to develop the full capacity on the initial drive, then one should not expect to gain anything from Mother Nature for free. However, substantial savings in time and materials can be realized by properly accounting for setup. This paper will show the impacts and ramifications this rationale can have on required labor and material costs and illustrate a case history with significant soil setup and the savings realized on a project currently being constructed.

Jan 1, 1992

By ROLLIN THOMAS CHAMBERLIN

The studies herein reported were begun as a part of researches undertaken by the United States Geologü;al Survey looking to the more effcient utilization of the coal in the United States through the reduction of waste in its extnidion, and were continued as part of further researches having regard to the conservation of the fuel resources of this country and to the lessening of injuries and fatalities in coal mining. Among other phases of the general problem to be studied were the origin of the gas whidi escapes into coal mines, its modes of occurrence in the coal and rock strata, and the conditions governing its outflow into the mines. The subject of relative danger from destructive explosions due to gas and coal dust in different mines belonging to different coal fields was to be one of the principal lines of investigation. But this work was barely under way when the series of unusually disastrous explosions in the Naomi, .Monongah, and Darr mines of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, in December, 1907, afforded an exceptional occasion to observe the behavior of explosions on a large scale. Because of the opportunities for study afforded by these terrific explosions, the inquiry originally planned was d ¡verted to the more specific investigation of the conditions in tl10SC mines, and the examinations have been directed toward finding those qualities of gas and dust which were concerned in these explosions. The following discussion, therefore, consists essentially of a report on that subject; but it is far from being exhaustive, and is to be regarded as a preliminary outline of investigations which are still in progress. The first of the three mine explosions mentioned occurred in the Naomi mine of the United Coal Company, near Bellevernon, Pa., on Sunday, December 1, at 7.40 p. m. All the men who were within the mine at the time, fortunately only 34, were killed. Less than a week later there occurred in mines Nos. fì and 8 of the Fairmont Coal Company at Monongah, W. Va., the most disastrous mine explosion yet recorded in the annals of American mining. The mines were comparatively new and well laid out. Mine No.8 had been in operation only about two years and was the pride of the Fairmont Coal Company. Mine No.6 was first opened ahout four years earlier. In order to make it possible, in case of emergency, for either mine to be ventilated by the ventilating system of the other, the two sets of workings were connected underground. The F face heading of mine K o. 6 led direetly into No.2 north heading of No.8 mine. On Friday, Dcccmber 6, at about 10.30 in the morning, an explosion of unusual violcnce swept completely through both mines, pursuing its course throughout the numerous ramifications and bursting out of the two pit mouths, located It miles apart, nearly simultaneously. The slope of mine No.6 was only slightly damaged, but at the mouth of No.8 the destruction was very great. The fan was wrecked, the engine house was demolished, and mine timbers were blown across Monongahela River: As nearly as can be determined, 361 men were killed in the two mines by the explosion. .While the inspection of the Monongah mines was still in progress, on Thursday morning, December 19, at about 11.20, a similar explosion wrecked the Darr mine of the Pittsburgh Coal Company ut Jacobs Creek, Pu.; 238 men lost their lives in this explosion, which in number of casualties is second only to the :Monongah disustcr in the history of American mining. Of ull thc men in the mine at the , time of the explosion, only one mun, who happened to be within 100 feet of the ~iUrface on an old manway in a wet, unexploded portion of the mine, succeeded in escaping alive. The underground investigation of these mines was made in cooperation with Clarence Hall and ""Valter O. Snelling, of the United States Geological Survey, and James ""V. Paul, now of the Survey but at that time chief of the department of mines for vVest Virginia, to all of whom the author is greatly indebted for valuable assistance, suggestions, and advice. Mr. Paul will rcport on the nature of these explosions, the precipitating causes, their destructiveness, and the general cüliditions in these mines following the disasters. The present report is confined essentially to the laboratory examination of some of the explosive materials collected from these mines directly ufter the explosions.

Jan 1, 1911

The 28th annual American Mining Hall of Fame Awards Banquet and fundraiser sponsored by the Mining Foundation of the Southwest will be held at the Marriott University Park Hotel, Tucson, AZ on Saturday, Dec. 4, 2010. The Mining Foundation of the Southwest is a nonprofit organization whose objectives are public education about the mineral industries, and recognition of outstanding accomplishments in and contributions to the fields of mineral and fuel resources. Funds are being raised to the support the foundation?s educational programs. Among these is the Educational Outreach Program operated jointly by the foundation and the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources.

Jan 1, 2010

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The 22d annual survey of the packaged-fuel industry by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, revealed that 26 plants in 8 States were in operation and reported production in 1956. The demand for packaged fuel in the United States has declined gradually since the end of World War II, and the number of operating plants has decreased from 70 in 1946 to 26 in 1956. Annual productive capacity of the industry has decreased also during this period, and the decrease in capacity was about proportional to the decrease in operating plants. Packaged-fuel plants are relatively small, and 85 percent of the active plants in 1956 had an annual capacity of less than 10,000 tons. The same situation prevailed in 1946, when 84 percent of the plants had a capacity of less than 10,000 tons. Total capacity for the 26 active plants in 1956 was 174,600 tons, an average of 6,715 tons per plant. Operating rates in 1956 were the highest since 1951, and the rate of production for the industry averaged 37 percent of capacity.

Jan 1, 1958

By Paul S. Goodman

This report examines the feasibility of Employee Assistance Plans for the coal industry. Three issues are examined in detail. First, the prevalence of off-the-job factors such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and marital problems are examined in a sample of miners from the eastern, midwestern, and western underground coal fields. Then data were presented that examined the link between these off-the-job factors and behaviors critical to the mines such as absenteeism and turnover. Lastly, we examined the effectiveness of the major Employee Assistance Program in underground coal mining--the HELP Program. The report contains recommendations on whether coal mining companies should implement these programs and how these programs should be designed.

Jan 1, 1986

By J. P. Schde

The authors deal with nickel production and usage patterns, nickel's first-use and end-use, examples of nickel applications in modern technology, e.g., energy generation and conservation, environmental protection, the oil and gas industry, construction and machinery, food production, conservation and distribution, consumer durables and the like. A special section of the paper is devoted to new applications of nickel in the electronic industry, modern corrosion control and the building and construction industries. The need to defend traditional markets for nickel while striving to find new applications, is also stressed.

Jan 1, 1988

By Ebrahim Farrokh

Ghomroud water conveyance tunnel project is under construction using shield Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) for a total length in excess of 50 km. Phase 1 of the project included 36 km of tunnel divided into four lots (1, 2, 3, and 4) of nine km each. Lots 3 and 4 of this tunnel for a total length of 18 km were combined into one award and have been constructed using a double shield (DS) TBM or one path system. Extreme ground convergence in some sections of the tunnel has stalled TBM performance in early reaches, due to face collapse and shield jammings. This paper presents the latest update on the tunnel progress and impact of ground convergence on machine performance based on the information obtained from field observations. Also, the method and results of tunnel convergence measurements were studied in conjunction with geological parameters and an attempt was made to correlate TBM operational parameters and ground convergence. The result of the analysis indicates a good correlation between machine?s operational parameter and tunnel convergence and can be used as an indicator of the potential for high rates of convergence. An early warning on ground convergence is essential for taking precautionary measures to avoid TBM jamming and related long delays and costs.

Many USBM research and information products are available through the systems or formats listed below: Mines FaxBack: Return fax service. 1. Use the touch-tone handset attached to your fax machine's telephone jack. (ISDN [digital] telephones cannot be used with fax machines.) 2. Dial 202/219-3644 3. Listen to the menu options and punch in the number of your selection, using the touch-tone telephone 4. After completing your selection, press the start button on your fax machine. Mines Data: Computer bulletin board. Log on via modem through 202/501-0373, or call 202/501-0406 for technical assistance. CD-ROM: This USBM disk is updated quarterly and sold by GPO's Superintendent of Documents. For information on the latest product, please contact Rodger Wedgeworth, 202/501-9557. Internet/World Wide Web: Text and graphics. Access via PC-based browsing software such as Netscape or Mosaic. Universal Resource Locator (URL) is: http:/www.usbm.gav Internet/Gopher Server: Text and tables only. Using Gopher client software, access via port 70 as follows: gopher.usbm.gav Internet System Administrator: webmaster®usbm.gov (or contact your local System Administrator).

Jan 1, 1995

By E. D. Wilson

A study of factors related to subsidence was specified in a project proposal entitled "Structural Analysis of Block-Caving Operation, San Manuel Copper Mine, Pinal County, Ariz.," approved by the Bureau of Mines early in 1953. This proposal was designed by Charles H. Johnson, then chief of the Base Metals Branch of the Minerals Division, Washington, D. C., assisted by Dr. Leonard Obert, chief of the Applied Physics Branch, Region VIII (now Region V), College Park, Md., and E. D. Gardner, chief mining engineer, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. It read as follows: This project is a study of the mechanics of undercut block caving in a deep ore deposit. The San Manuel is a low-grade disseminated copper deposit containing nearly a half billion tons of ore lying at depths of 500 to 2,000 feet. Development is just starting. Production is to begin in 3 to 4 years (in 1956) at a rate of 30,000 tons of ore a day, or 60,000 tons of copper a year. A Government loan of $90,000,000 /subsequently increased to $94,000,000/ and a long-term Government purchase contract support the capital investment, which will total about $110,000,000.

Jan 1, 1957

By N. A. C. Smith, A. C. Fieldner, R. R. Sayers

Gases and vapors given off by petroleum and its products have long been recognized as somewhat injurious, when inhaled in high enough concentrations. The petroleum industry has recognized these effects and has tried to minimize the possibility of employees encountering dangerous concentrations of the vapors. Petroleum gases and vapors have not, however, been considered as actively poisonous, in the sense that hydrocyanic (prussic) acid and phosgene are poisonous; men have been exposed to them repeatedly, and for long periods, without any marked ill effects. Light Mexican crude oil when first introduced into the United States for refining was handled in much the same way as was customary with other apparently similar crudes; but experience soon showed that some toxic substance escaped from the crude during production and transportation and in most of the refinery operations. After a preliminary investigation several of the larger companies decided that the gases from the petroleum were the source of trouble, and therefore took precautions, wherever possible, to protect the men from exposure to these gases. With the increasing use of Mexican crude, this problem has become important. The present report covers the work done on the subject by the Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service under a cooperative agreement with the American Petroleum Institute.

Jan 1, 1925

By Yuhe Tang, Jun Zhang, Jianguo Liu

"The nature high carbon graphite with fine particle size has low commercial value because of its narrow application range. In order to improve its value, this paper has studied the methods for nature spherical graphite. The nature spherical graphite can be used as the battery material in the field of electronic product battery and new energy automobile battery, basis on the physicochemical characteristics and particle feature of graphite. In this research, the Fixed Carbon (FC) grade of the graphite sample is more than 95.0% and the particle size of the graphite sample is from +325 mesh to -100 mesh. There are many methods for nature spherical graphite, including the fluidized bed airflow mill, the hydro-spheroidization mill and micropowder mill. The testing results indicate that the method of ACM micropowder mill is the best because the spherical shaping ratio and production yield of spherical graphite are both the best.According to the testing results of the ACM micropowder mill, the best process includes two stages of coarse crushing, four stages of fine crushing and twelve stages of shaping. And two kinds of spherical graphite products can be got, which are the product of D50=22.85 µm and the product of D50=15.43µm, and the whole yield of them is up to 54.43%. So, it lays a foundation for the high value utilization of this kind of graphite resources.INTRODUCTION Graphite is isomer of the diamond. Graphite ore resources are mainly concentrated in China, Brazil, India, followed by Czech, Korea, Mexico, Canada and other countries. Graphite ore has lots of characteristics by itself crystal structure, such as good resistance to high temperature, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermal shock resistance, good lubricity, plasticity, chemical stability and so on. So, Graphite is widely used in metallurgy, machinery, electrical, chemical, petroleum, nuclear industry, defense industry and other areas. [1,2,3] Natural graphite ore has low geological Fixed Carbon (FC) grade. FC grade should be enriched to more than 94.0% by mineral processing. [1,2] The particle size composition of this high carbon graphite affects its application value. The part of +100 mesh particle size has high application value. The part of -100 mesh particle size has low value because of its limited application field. In order to improve the value of-100 mesh particle size, this part high carbon graphite can be made into spherical graphite. And the value of the spherical graphite is great, it is more than 8 times of the feed. This paper has lots of tests for spherical graphite preparing with the fine particle size natural high carbon graphite. And it lays a foundation for the high value of this kind of resource."

Jan 1, 2018

Confidence in the strength of the U.S. economic recovery was considerably enhanced by third quarter 1983 profits, which showed a 12.8-percent increase over those in the second quarter (table I). Although the increases were not as great as between the first and second quarter of 1983, profits have grown each quarter since fourth quarter 1982. Both total profits and profits per unit of output increased, which the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) attributes to decreases in labor and nonlabor costs (per unit of output), as well as to moderate price increases. [ ] A number of durable goods sectors, however, continue to show profit declines, especially electrical and non-electrical machinery. Profits in the primary metal industry are still negative, but the economic picture of this industry is improving. Between the second and third quarters of 1983, capacity utilization increased somewhat in primary metal manufacturing and stone and earth mineral mining but did not change at all in metal mining. Capacity utilization in metal materials increased from 47.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 1982 to 64.2 percent in the third quarter of 1983 (table 2).

Jan 1, 1983