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This is the third in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C. F. R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The second report gave the same data for motor gasolines sold during the summer of 1936)4/ As was the case with the first cooperative gasoline survey, reports were received for some areas from only one company and in other areas from two companies that did not in all instances report on the same brands of gasoline. In still other areas reports were received from five or six companies on the same brands of gasoline. Thus, it can be seen that data on gasolines are unequal in regard, to the number of reports that were averaged in calculating the data shown in table 1. The data from the Pacific Coast were averaged by the Pacific Coast technical group before submission and are published exactly as they were submitted.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. F. Silliman, Daniel R. Hull, Earl W. Palmer

THE brass-rolling industry has not had a great deal of experience with antimony in its product. There have been some recent excursions with antimony as a corrosion inhibitor in tubes, but in sheet brass it has been regarded with apprehension and generally avoided. This is not to say that [ ] contaminations have never occurred, and probably a great many brass mill men have had their own ideas on the effect of such contamination. Our own views were based upon certain experiences some years ago with strip castings that split lengthwise in the early stages of rolling. The nature of this splitting is shown in Fig. I, from a photograph taken in 1922 as a record of 20 bars of 65-35 common brass made with an antimonial brand of copper. These bars were cast 6 ¾ in. wide by 1 in. thick by 45 in. long. In the first pass through the rolls, 19 of the 20 split lengthwise throughout their length, while each half curved outward in a wide arc as it emerged from the rolls. [ ] In those days, if splitting was not a frequent occurrence, it was not unfamiliar. One can recall periods of short duration when large amounts of common brass would behave in this way. There was nothing imaginary about these spells. The affected metal would split lengthwise in the breaking rolls, and no maneuvering of mill practice made any difference. The condition would descend like a plague, demoralize the mill for several days, and disappear. It is doubtful if anyone knew the cause-however many explanations may have been current. In 1921 a quantity of split brass was traced to the use of fired small-arms

Jan 1, 1943

By V. F. Swanson

As part of the Bureau of Mines titanium resources examination program, samples of altered rock (saprolite) and unaltered rock from the Roseland anorthosite near Roseland, Nelson County, Va., were tested for amenability to beneficiation by flotation. A flotation technique was developed to produce bulk concentrates of ilmenite, rutile, sphene, and leucoxene. It was necessary to first float apatite using oleic acid as the collector, in an alkaline pulp with dextrine as a titanium mineral depressant. The titanium minerals could then be floated from the apatite tailing, using fluosilicic acid to depress the remaining apatite, morin to depress ferromagnesian minerals (when present), and oleic acid as the collector. A bulk titanium mineral concentrate, analyzing 66.0 percent Ti02 and 0.08 percent P205, was obtained from a sample of the unaltered rock which contained 5.45 percent TiO2 and 2.81 percent P205. Overall recovery in the concentrate was 47.1 percent of the total TiO2 in the ore. About 55 to 65 percent of the saprolite sample was clay and was removed by attrition scrubbing and decantation. The apatite prefloat procedure was applied to the saprolite sands; subsequent titanium mine: 1 flotation recovered 72.2 percent of the Ti02 in a bulk concentrate containing 65.1 percent TiO2 and 0.20 percent P205.

Jan 1, 1962

This is the third in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C. F. R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The second report gave the same data for motor gasolines sold during the summer of 1936)4/ As was the case with the first cooperative gasoline survey, reports were received for some areas from only one company and in other areas from two companies that did not in all instances report on the same brands of gasoline. In still other areas reports were received from five or six companies on the same brands of gasoline. Thus, it can be seen that data on gasolines are unequal in regard, to the number of reports that were averaged in calculating the data shown in table 1. The data from the Pacific Coast were averaged by the Pacific Coast technical group before submission and are published exactly as they were submitted.

Jan 1, 1937

By Donald J. Hallbom

"While pipeline hydrotransport is often the most economical way to transport large volumes of mineral concentrate, tailings, or fine ore slurry over long distances, it is in mountainous terrain that pipelining becomes particularly attractive. These areas are often remote, with limited existing infrastructure and few potential users willing to share in the cost of new infrastructure. The rugged terrain makes the construction of railways or roads suitable for haul trucks difficult and expensive. The elevation difference between the mine and the terminal means that the empty trains or haul trucks need to return up-hill, resulting in high fuel costs. With pipelines, this elevation difference may reduce or even eliminate the need for pumping. As a result, numerous pipelines have been built, or are being considered, in mountainous regions around the world including: Tasmania, New Guinea, China, Madagascar, the Rockies of North America, and the Andes of South America. However, there are technical difficulties that need to be overcome in the design and operation of mountain pipelines that do not affect pipelines on more level terrain. This presentation reviews some of these difficulties and methods used to overcome them.INTRODUCTIONPipeline transport of solid-liquid slurry (“hydrotransport”) is an important and cost-effective means of transporting large volumes of solids over long distances, especially from a single supplier to a single user (e.g., a concentrator to a port, a concentrator to a tailings dam, or a coal mine to a power plant). Pipelines are generally found to be more economically attractive than alternate transportation methods (e.g. trucking, rail, conveyors, shipping, or some combination) over the life of a project (Aude et al. 1974).Hydrotransport systems have been built in a variety of terrains, but it is in mountainous regions that pipelining becomes particularly attractive. These regions are often remote and generally do not have existing transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, navigable rivers). There are few potential users (e.g., farmers, other mines, forestry companies, etc.) who may be willing to share in the cost of new infrastructure. The rugged terrain makes the construction and maintenance of railways or all weather roads suitable for large haul trucks difficult and expensive. Mines tend to be higher than the receiving terminal (e.g. a port). This means that the empty trains or haul trucks need to return up-hill, resulting in high fuel costs. With pipelines, this elevation difference may reduce or even eliminate the need for pumping. Pipelines are easier to construct than roads and railroads in these areas for several reasons, including:"

Jan 1, 2006

Flat jack stress determinations in selected colliery roadways have revealed a range of measured stress from 330 lb/sq. in. tension to 3,750 lb/sq. in. compression. Photoelastic examination of loaded plastic and actual rock model mine openings has shown that the primary horizontal stress required to attain these measured stresses would be from one to three times the superincumbent vertical load.Examination of roof movement with a borehole extensometer and a series of anchors at various horizons to 30 feet in a vertical roof borehole showed that when a standing face was advanced the roof movement was practically confined to the lower two feet. The majority of this movement occurred during the 36 hours after mining at this face commenced.The use of a radioactive isotope and a scintillation counter in a pair of parallel boreholes is a sensitive and accurate method of roof bedding plane crack detection.INTRODUCTIONA knowledge of strata stresses is required to understand the deformation of an underground opening and, in particular, the roof behaviour. It is the aim of investigations currently being conducted by Australian Coal Association (Research) Ltd. to determine the stress existing around mine openings and the location and magnitude of roof movement.STRATA PRESSURE MEASUREMENTMost measurements of strata stress are performed at the surface of underground openings and the majority measure the change of strain resulting from stress relief. The accuracy of the measured value of stress depends upon knowledge of the rock modulus of elasticity. The flat jack method has the advantage that strain relief is restored by a measured stress applied directly by the jack. The rock modulus of elasticity can also be determined.

Jan 1, 1963

By Paul H. Johnson

Resource Engineering and Development, Inc. is desigining and building a portable 150 to 225 tpd, flotation-cyanide leach plant with unitized, skid-mounted components. This plant design, with its portability, low capital investment, and high recovery of silver and gold from many partially oxidized ores, is well suited to treat many small, highgrade deposits, old waste dumps, and old mill tailing piles. A description is given of flotation and/or cyanide leach tests run on 18 partially oxidized, newly mined ores; waste dump materials; placer slimes; and old mill tailings.

Jan 1, 1981

By Jeffrey Johnson, Carl Sunderman, Ted Williams, Stephen Signer, Douglas Bayer

To measure the loading behavior of friction bolts, researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) installed strain gauges on the interior of friction bolts and developed a battery-powered miniature data acquisition system (MIDAS) that fits inside the hollow portion of the friction bolt. The advantages of this system are that it is protected from face blasts and eliminates the need for external wiring. Laboratory pull-out tests showed that friction bolts installed in a concrete block with resin were loaded to about 1.8 tons/ft of bolt length; bolts installed without resin were loaded to 1.3 tons/ft. Three strain-gauged friction bolts were installed at Hecla Mining Company’s Gold Hunter Mine, Mullan, ID, in the wall or rib of a mechanized cut-and-fill stope. The object of these tests was to establish an installation procedure for the bolt-and-MIDAS combination and to evaluate performance. The stope was advanced in three 15-ft increments and strains induced in the rock bolts by stress changes in the rock were recorded every 30 minutes. The MIDAS proved to be rugged enough to withstand the shock and vibration from nearby (5 ft) face blasting. Data from MIDAS showed that the friction bolt installed with resin was the most sensitive to each face advance. It showed a steady increase in loading to a maximum value of 1000 microstrain. The friction bolt installed without resin showed stick-slip behavior with loads to a maximum of 400 microstrain before the stope was completed.

By Sandip K. Mukherjee

This report presents the results of the economic analysis of several applicable alternatives to increase airflow in four underground coal mines. Pressure-quantity surveys were conducted underground and measurements were also made at the main mine fan(s). The existing ventilation networks were modeled using the modified Penn State ventilation simulator. The applicable alternatives were simulated. Performance data obtained from these simulation runs were utilized to conduct the cost-effectiveness analysis. The costs for each of the alternatives included capital, operating and maintenance costs. These costs were expressed as annual ventilation costs per active section in terms of dollars per elm taking into account the economic life associated with each of the alternatives. The benefits were expressed as increased airflow quantity in the critical sections. A section of this report also deals with comparison of simulator predicted air quantity values against air quantity values measured underground. The computer outputs for each simulation run are presented in Volume II of this report.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. H. Somerton

Many oil-producing formations contain significant amounts of clay. Because of the large surface area and reactivity of such surfaces, the response of the formations to various recovery processes may be dominated by the reactions of fine-grained minerals, including clay minerals, in the formations. Thus, the success or failure of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods may be controlled to a large extent by the amount and nature of these minerals in the formations to which the methods are being applied. One of the deterrents to the successful application of chemical EOR methods is the loss of chemicals injected into the formation, to non-oil recovery processes. These chemical loss processes include adsorption onto mineral surfaces, chemical reactions with rock and fluids in the formations, possibly leading to precipitation and plugging of the formation, and trapping of chemicals in parts of the rock structure so that they become unavailable for displacing oil. Chemicals that may be injected include surfactants, polymers and caustic solutions which react with organic acids in the crude oil to produce surfactants in-situ. These losses are most pronounced in fine-grained reservoir rocks containing substantial amounts of clays.

Jan 1, 1984

By Gennaro G. Marino

Documented case histories of surface ground movements from mine subsidence were utilized to help determine when the initial collapse of the overburden occurred above longwall panels. By studying this relationship between initial movement at the surface and the amount of face advance, the least-complex conditions exist for empirically assessing the span capacity of the overburden. The objective of this work was to obtain a better understanding of the overburden response to longwall mining. This knowledge will give a better insight on the long-term effects that different overburden types have on the stability and the subsidence potential of room and pillar mines, as well as, the influence of the overburden on subsidence over longwall panels. Theory on the overburden span capacity was developed and correlated to field observations. Data were used on the overburden lithology, depth, width, and face advance of the panel, and the subsidence conditions that were noted on the surface. The subsidence measured on the surface was used to determine when complete failure in the overburden rock had occurred. According to spans predicted by theory and the subsidence measured in the field, the competent lower units failed at a face advance less than when significant subsidence was observed on the surface. In each case studied, there were competent lower beds; however, the full overburden weight was not sustained to the point of subsidence. The best correlation with the surface movement was found with the most shallow, competent bed. Elastic plate solutions with various support conditions were found to best monitor the surface subsidence of these upper roof units.

Jan 1, 1988

The mineralisation consists principally of layered pyrite, phalerite and galena, situated conformably within a sequence of tuffaceous, bituminous shales and dolomitic sediments that include slump breccias. The sediments show little evidence of post sedimentary reconstitution. A volcanic-exhalative-sedimentary origin is postulated for the mineralisation. Attention is drawn to the similarity between the McArthur deposit and the lead-zinc-silver orebodies at Mount Isa. The primitive nature of the sulphides is reflected by their adverse metallurgical behaviour, and it seems that the best prospect for milling and flotation benefication may lie in the production of separate zinc and bulk concentrates

Jan 1, 1968

By Stephen C. Tadolini

The International Ground Control Conference in Mining has always provided an open forum for the publication, presentation, discussion, and often heated debate on roof bolting systems mostly with attention to how, when, and why they work. During the last 24 Conferences at least 170 papers have been presented by International Experts on these ?simple? devices that range in length from 30-inches to 20 ft and from 5/8 to 2 inches in diameter. Roof bolts are primarily mechanically anchored, glued, cemented, or driven. Bolts are placed vertically, angled, or tied together with special fixtures (trusses and slings). They have been termed active, passive, stick-slip, and several other descriptive acronyms or mining slang expressions. This retrospective paper will present the changes in bolt types and usage, point out some of the biggest myths and hail the most significant advances (according to the authors? opinions of course).

Jan 1, 2006

In coal mining, geophysical techniques have an established application in determining the location of seam boundaries ahead of the face so that underground mines can be planned to avoid any geological structures that might disrupt production. Geophysics can also be used in geotechnical studies to determine the in situ properties of the rock mass and the response of the rock mass to the mining. The use of geophysical logs and microseismic monitoring in these geotechnical applications are discussed in this paper.

Jan 1, 2002

The Mount Lyell Mining Field is Australia's chief productive source of copper. It is situated near Queenstown, on the western flanks of the West Coast Ranges, about 20 miles from the west coast of Tasmania (Fig. 1).The following observations on the mineral composition of the copper ores of the Mount Lyell Field are based on a...

Jan 1, 1939

By H. E. Hilliard

A method was investigated for detecting and counting filamentous iron bacteria in open recirculating cooling systems. It is simple and fast and does not require trained microbiologists. Samples from 26 systems were examined. Cells were cultivated on commercially prepared ready-to-use media. Cultures grew well on this medium and were identified as filamentous iron bacteria by microscopic examination and by their ability to deposit iron using the prussian blue reaction.

Jan 1, 1976

The overwhelming weight of scientific opinion indicates that human activity is having a discernible and negative influence on the earthÆs climate system. The Australian Government, together with about 100 other nations, has accepted the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change third assessment report, released in 2001. This report was prepared by several hundred eminent scientists from all over the world, from various scientific disciplines and with differing opinions on global warming. The IPCC third assessment report contains a series of relevant, significant conclusions; for example, it finds that there is an increasing body of observations that gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system. Global average surface temperature increased over the past 100 years by about 0.6¦C. This may not seem much, but in the 900 years beforehand, the EarthÆs temperature remained relatively stable. The 20th century was the warmest of the past 1000 years in the northern hemisphere (there is much better information available from the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere). The 1990s were the warmest decade of the millennium in the northern hemisphere and 1998 was the warmest year. Although many factors influenced the EarthÆs climate, scientists are confident that greenhouse gas increases were the main factor contributing to global warming in the last 50 years of the 20th century. Increases in carbon dioxide, methane, troposhperic (lower atmosphere) ozone, halocarbons and nitrous oxide have all contributed to global warming. Combating climate change cannot be done without the cooperation of industry and the community at large. It is important that Government and industry work together to achieve greenhouse gas abatement while ensuring continued economic growth. The cause of the problem û the generation of greenhouse gas emissions û lies at the heart of the structure and size of modern economic activity. Greenhouse gas emissions are embedded in our way of life from our energy consumption patterns to the basic production of food. Moreover, the costs of the impacts of climate change to the earth will be potentially revolutionary, not merely evolutionary. It is in this light, acknowledging both the seriousness and nature of the problem before us that I want to reflect on the key drivers in the international climate change negotiations. A consideration of the past, present and future from what I see as the mid-way point in the process. In 1997, Parties agreed to adopt the Kyoto Protocol, which sets out mandatory targets for greenhouse gas emissions for developed countries.

Jan 1, 2002

By M Bannear, C Stanton

Since 2008, Arrium has been developing and commissioning a new low-grade hematite ore benefication plant (or OBP) at its Iron Baron mine site.The Iron Baron mine, which was closed in the 1990s, could not consistently yield the high-grade hematite required for pelletising. However, in todayÆs market, the 12 Mt of waste dumps represent a significant low-grade hematite resource, ideal for benefication.Initially, an internal scoping study and several sampling campaigns were conducted to determine the ability to upgrade the available low-grade dump material to a product suitable for export. Test work was conducted at Mineral Technologies (formerly CPG), and included high intensity magnetic separation, spiralling and jigging. Due to promising results from a wet processing circuit, Arrium engaged Mineral Technologies to design a flow sheet that could provide 1 Mt/a of a mixture of high-grade lump (-32 + 8 mm) and fines (-8 mm) products for export.With construction of the plant completed in late January 2012, Arrium, in conjunction with Mineral Technologies, began two commissioning phases. Each phase ended with a toll gate to prove the plantÆs capacity to reach rate and desired grade. After an initial period of running on water, feed solids were introduced to the plant and troubleshooting of bottlenecks began. The first toll gate, whereby the plant was required to run for 24 hours at an average feed rate of 200 t/h (80 per cent of design rate), was completed on the 1 March 2012. Further troubleshooting and resolving of issues allowed the plant to steadily increase feedrate while maintaining good availability and grade. The second toll gate required the plant to run for 72 hours at an average feed rate of 200 t/h while meeting grade, yield and water consumption targets. Sampling campaigns were conducted during this period to track the performance of key equipment. Completion of the test, and full handover of the plant to Arrium, was completed on the 21 April 2012.Although the formal commissioning phases had been completed, ongoing optimisation of the OBP continued, ensuring that all major equipment was working to produce the optimum yield and grade. Sampling campaigns were conducted on the jigs and spirals, with results and correlations used for operations documentation.Overall, with successful completion of the final acceptance tests, the commissioning of the Iron Baron OBP has been established as a major success achieving all production and quality targets as per the original design intent.This paper will focus on the successful commissioning and ramp-up performance of the plant however reference will also be made to the key development stages involved with the development of the project.CITATION:Stanton, C and Bannear, M, 2013. ArriumÆs Iron Baron hematite beneficiation plant - a success from start to finish, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 547-552 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By G. W. Jones

"INTRODUCTION In a previous reports results were given of a manhole investigation carried out over a period from June,- 1929, to July, 1930, in cooperation with the Edison Electric Illuminating Co. of Boston, Mass., to determine the general hazards of combustible gases and vapors in manholes and other underground openings owned by this company. Considerable time was spent in this initial investigation in developing a suitable detector for determining the range of explosibility of the gases found in manholes. About 17,000 tests have been made with the detector since the investigation was started and its utility has been verified and its accuracy checked, by having complete analyses made of such samples that showed combustibles present equal to or above 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit, and those found deficient in oxygen.The initial investigation made in 1929 and 1930 demonstrated that the detection, control, and elimination of combustible hazards in manholes can best be obtained by a close cooperation of the interested parties through a systematic and continuous inspection of manholes, under proper supervision.COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATI0N DURING 1931The investigation carried out during the year 1931 has been along lines similar to that conducted during 1929 and 1930. In the present investigation the Edison Electric Illuminating Cc. of Boston and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., have cooperated with the Bureau of lanes. The Boston Consolidated Gas Co. serves a major part of the territory under discussion with gas, but the tests covered the Edison territory irrespective of the gam company furnishing manufactured gas. A test crew consisting of two men, one an employee of the Consolidated Gas Co. and one an employee of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., has been continuously employed during the year in the testing of games in manholes served by the Edison system. The test crew was under the direct supervision of John Campbell, superintendent of the special service department of the Edison Electric Illuminating Co., and F. M. Goodwin vice president of the Consolidated Gas Co.As in the previous investigation, all manhole tests were given test numbers. The test data sheets on which the information regarding the tests were recorded were prepared in triplicate, one copy going to the Edison Company, one going to the Gas company, and the third to the Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh. These test data sheets were then filed (1) according to the town, (2) the street location, and (3) the manhole number; in this way a complete record pf each manhole tested was immediately available. A specimen test sheet is given below."

Sep 1, 1932

By Hornsey R., P. van der Merwe

The Two Rivers Project is a feasibility study to evaluate the UG2 chromitite layer on Dwarsrivier372KT, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The project, which commenced in August 2001, is expected to receive go-ahead early in 2003. The project sponsors (AVMIN 55%, Implats 45%)required project delivery within a short timeframe requiring optimization of the geological and geostatistical programme. Geological modelling was carried out in parallel to the drilling programme, and significant up-front geostatistical preparatory work was done. The time saving was approximately 4 – 6 months on project delivery. The cost saving to the project (excluding NPV considerations) is estimated at R20–30 million. Keywords; Two Rivers Platinum, Dwarsrivier 372KT, UG2 chromitite layer.

Jan 1, 2003