Search Documents

By V. C. Koppe, J. F. C. L. Costa, D. M. Marques, A. Amaral

Errors associated with estimating the grade of an attribute of interest in a deposit can compromise planning, sequencing, and mineral beneficiation decisions. Several factors are associated with estimation errors. Among them, we can highlight the factors associated with sample spacing, the size of production volumes, and the variability of the attribute considered in the estimation. The access to estimation error can be obtained by some geostatistical methods, for example, by stochastic simulation. However, this is a process that in some situations is computer intensive and takes time. Previous works have proposed a simplified method to access the Maximum Estimation Error (MEE) associated with different types of grade variables, depending on the sample spacing, at small production volumes and considering specific coefficients of variation ranges. This paper presents an approach to assess the MEE associated with long-term volumes. Considering the methodology proposed, it is possible to approximate if a specific drilling pattern used in a deposit provides an acceptable pre-determined estimation error for Resource Classification. Results and considerations on the impact of the geometry of larger production volumes on the MEE calculation are also presented.

Jun 25, 2023

By Angelina Anani, Nathalie Risso, Carlos Olmos de Aguilera

The traditional approach to safety clearance monitoring and proper PPE usage in underground mines is time-consuming, costly, and susceptible to negligence. However, automated real-time monitoring can be implemented using computer vision-based approaches. This study aims to develop a system that provides timely information based on the automatic detection of proper PPE use and safety clearance in underground mines. Deep learning and a decentralized computing structure between the cloud and sensing devices (fog technology) are used. We hypothesize that a camera-based system can provide near real-time assessment of proper PPE use and verified clearance to access restricted areas in underground mines.

Jun 25, 2023

By Liam Findlay

Optimizing a production schedule with semi-mobile in-pit crushing & conveyance (IPCC) requires integrating extraction sequence, destination policy, crusher relocation, conveyor layout, and truck fleet investment decisions. An integrated stochastic optimization framework is proposed to produce long-term schedules for mining complexes using multiple semi-mobile IPCC systems. The optimizer selects the crusher locations and designs the conveyor routes from anywhere in the mines. The stochastic framework considers simulated multi-element orebody realizations and manages associated risk. A hybrid metaheuristic based on simulated annealing and evolutionary algorithm is implemented for the optimization. The method is demonstrated using an iron ore mining complex.

Jun 25, 2023

By Enrique Jelvez, Pierre Nancel-Penard

The traditional way of generating open-pit mine production schedules has several limitations. This work addresses the design and production-scheduling problem by considering minimum operational space requirements under a Direct Block Scheduling approach to generate extraction sequences that satisfy the operational space required. For this, traditional formulations were extended by including a new set of constraints that generate operating spaces for mining equipment to move and extract material. Then, a heuristic algorithm produces close to optimal practical pushbacks. This proposal was applied in a case study, and the results show its ability to generate practical production schedules without sacrificing expected return, obtaining differences in terms of Net Present Value (NPV) lower than 1% when compared to the traditional approach.

Jun 25, 2023

By Biswajit Samanta, Rahul Kumar, Pranjal Pathak

The Open Pit Mine Production Scheduling Problem (OPMPSP) is a complex optimization problem that seeks to determine the best sequence for extracting mineralized material from the ground in order to maximize the Net Present Value (NPV). This process must take into account various capacity constraints, such as mining rates, processing limits, stockpiling capacities, blending requirements, and precedence constraints, which dictate the order in which blocks can be extracted. Traditionally, the OPMPSP has been formulated as a mixed integer programming problem, employing binary and continuous variables to represent the extraction of each block. However, this approach has limitations, particularly when it comes to addressing the stockpiling issue. In response, some researchers have proposed mathematical models, which offer a more accurate representation of the problem but come with their own set of challenges. In this study, an alternative approach to tackle the OPMPSP with stockpiling by employing constraint programming (CP) is explored. The method was carefully tested on the Newman1 dataset from the well-known Minelib library. The results show that the CP-based model obtained a production schedule having about 2.69 % higher NPV than the NPV of the solution, which is recorded in the Minelib Library.

Jun 25, 2023

By Christoph Mueller, Grzegorz Tabak

Basing on five years of experience, this paper discusses modern e-drive systems used in underground transport. This covers Energy distribution and cabling principles, inverters and motors as well as auxiliary aggregates. Also an overview of different regimes for battery charging and the energy management and the method of control of the traction are lined out: This means that throttle and brake are not handled separately, but integrated into “longitudinal control” algorithms which assure that a commanded speed is maintained while synchronizing the multi motor systems and taking into account the constraints imposed by e.g. slope grade and battery parameters.

Jun 25, 2023

By Rodrigo Peroni, Vitor Campos

Carajás is one of the largest open pit mines in the world. The mine is comprised by a haul road network more than 100 km long, where the need for good roads is paramount and determining of the truck performances. This work integrates, regarding the ultimate pit design, an approach to consider an economic value to an originally unfit material, assuming it has the appropriate characteristics for haul road construction, which sometimes lies over economic iron ore. This measure demonstrated an improvement in the utilization of resources and guarantee the necessary material to the haul road design and Mining Pads maintenance.

Jun 25, 2023

By Erik Marsh, Frederick C. Harris Jr., Javad Sattarvand, Joshua Dahl, Alireza Kamran Pishhesari

Based on the mine safety and health administration (MSHA)reports, mining truck accidents are among the significant causes of fatalities in the mining industry. The major causes of haulage accidents can be divided into non-driving and driving factors, such as truck-related sudden failures and operator performance. Numerous parameters affect trucks' safe operation, but situational awareness plays a significant role. Due to the distinct structure of mining trucks, making them efficient for mining purposes, the operator has a very limited field of view (FOV), making them prone to accidents resulting in losing lives. The cabin's position blocks the truck's right and rear sides, creating several blind points around it. Aiming to test/train the operator's awareness of the surrounding, a proximity detection system is developed through a multiplayer virtual reality (VR) application to investigate the human factor in equipment collisions. The operators were examined and monitored when asked to conduct what exactly happened in the Marigold mine truck accident without being aware of the scenario. After receiving sound, vibration, and visual alarm warnings, their reaction and performance were analyzed. The platform is developed using the Unity game engine for HTC VIVE virtual reality goggles. An Omni-direction treadmill and a motion simulator platform are utilized for the player and dump truck operators. Fifteen students were monitored when driving the dump truck receiving/not receiving proximity detection alarms. None of them repeated the accident when receiving proximity alarms. Also, they found the visual alarm the most comfortable while driving the truck.

Jun 25, 2023

By Pratama Mochamad Rizki, Andika Satya

High-risk area in open-pit mining should always be monitored by the operational supervisor because of its nature. One of this type is the soft soil dump area. Due to the unstable bearing capacity of the soil, it’s highly possible for us to find cracks in the area. This paper aims to build computer vision which able to detect truck’s distance from safe limit allowed during dumping activity. The system will warn the truck’s driver if the truck has crossed that predetermined safe limit.

Jun 25, 2023

By Carlos Fonseca, Gustavo Usero, Roberto Mentzingen Rolo, Gabriel Moreira, Octavio Rosa de Almeida Guimarães

Geological domain modeling is an important step in mineral resources evaluation. The procedure can be laborious and time-consuming, especially in multivariate settings. However, estimates are significantly improved when carefully limited by geological variables. This paper proposes a workflow for geological domain modeling suited for stratigraphic deposits. The workflow consists in automatically defining the domains by using clustering algorithms, generating the surfaces that represent the contacts by interpolation and subsequent triangulation, and simulating the surfaces. The proposed workflow produces consistent and realistic results and allows the user to test different domain configurations and assess volumetric uncertainty automatically and quickly.

Jun 25, 2023

By Rodrigo Peroni, Euler Victoria

Knowing the depth of contacts between weathering zones in phosphate mines is determinant to define the stripping ratios and the mineralized zones. Contacts are gradational and difficult to define even in the drillhole samples, so the combination with geostatistical simulation techniques helps to define the contact zone and the grade distribution, providing a way to assess the probability of the occurrence and the positioning of contacts between the barren waste and the ore zones. These inputs are used in the scheduling, anticipating risks associated with mine planning scenarios. The results from an application to a case study showed a good improvement when compared to traditional techniques.

Jun 25, 2023

By Clinton Birch

The multiple-criteria decision analysis is a technique that helps to find an optimal solution by evaluating conflicting criteria. In this study, an approach to perform multiple-criteria decision analysis for cut-off grade optimization, which considers the diverse stakeholder groups prevalent in the mining industry, is presented. The optimization model developed in this approach links the resource block model to the financial model, enabling the process to either maximize profit, net present value, revenue to the State, or extend the mine's life. To identify the optimal cut-off grade in each case, the Excel Solver function is utilized. Although it has limitations, the Solver function can still be modified to handle models with thousands of block values for determining input variables based on the target value. Following stakeholder engagement and dialogue, a single weighted average cut-off grade can then be determined. This approach is demonstrated for nine South African Witwatersrand gold mines.

Jun 25, 2023

By George Biro, Christoph Mueller

A number autonomous operations is in place in several, mainly in fenced areas, where safety is assured by locking off the entire area for other traffic. However autonomy can be brought much further if functional safety is assured and a real mixed traffic of autonomous and manually operated vehicles is possible. MobileTronics has created a modular software and control framework for autonomous machines. The paper covers application examples in which the deterministic object recognition in combination with probabilistic algorithms and sensors is used as a basis for functional safe certification of mixed traffic autonomy.

Jun 25, 2023

By João F. C. L. Costa, Vanessa C. Koppe, Clayton V. Deutsch, Marcel A. A. Bassani, Pedro H. A. Campos

Blending inevitably occurs to some degree during mining and mineral processing operations. Traditional mine scheduling assumes that all variables average linearly, which allows the calculation of the blended material properties as a linear weighted average. However, metallurgical properties such as metal recovery and Bond Work Index (BWI) are known to average nonlinearly. The nonlinear properties of the blended material can be calculated using nonlinear blending models. A simulated annealing algorithm is developed and applied to a short‐term mining face optimization problem to maximize the total metal recovered considering nonlinear blending. Compared to a standard schedule plan, the optimized one shows relevant improvements in synergistic and antagonistic blending behaviors.

Jun 25, 2023

By Rainer Antretter

The city of Garmisch-Partenkirchen in southern Germany is located at a main transit road to Tyrol in Austria and suffers of a very heavy traffic load. Therefore, the Kramertunnel as a by-pass tunnel is built to release/mitigate the traffic through the city centre. The 3,600 m long single tube road tunnel is designed with a parallel but smaller emergency tunnel and with cross passages, fitted with single- and doublesided emergency bays, a vent shaft, and an intermediate ceiling to separate fresh air supply from the road traffic. The tunnel, concrete lined along its entire length provided the challenge to find smart formwork solutions for quick set-up, repositioning, setup and pouring. Three particularly specific sections are discussed in this paper.

Jun 13, 2023

By Stan Tang, Yiming Sun, S. Amir Reza Beyabanaki, N. Sathi Sathialingam

The Kurve mixed-use development project including a 22-story tower at 2801 Sunset Place was constructed on a site consisting of a roughly rectangular-shaped lot at the intersection of Wilshire Boulevard and Hoover Street in Los Angeles. Two Metro Red Line tunnels, with depths of approximately 30 feet and 58 feet, respectively, cross below the building at distances of approximately 1 foot to over 63 feet from the site. This paper presents numerical modeling performed to evaluate the ground and tunnel behavior in response to building construction. Results of geotechnical instrumentation and monitoring undertaken during the building construction are also discussed.

Jun 13, 2023

By Negar Elhami Khorasani, Anthony Tessari, Nan Hua

Fire hazards can cause severe and irrecoverable damage to reinforced concrete (RC) tunnel linings, threatening the serviceability and resilience of transportation networks. This paper first examines the existing methodologies that are used to classify damage to tunnel linings from fire. These approaches are then supplemented with the results of advanced modeling and inputs from industry experts to propose new fire damage/ repair classifications with the associated thresholds. The results of the presented research can be used to guide fire risk assessment as well as the performance-based design of tunnel fire protection.

Jun 13, 2023

By Joseph A. Dos Santos

The largest TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) tunnels are typically along modest slopes, but not always. Occasionally high slope angles are required beyond the capabilities of conventional open trough trailing conveyors. A 2019 project required a large TBM to ascend to an incline angle of 25°. A Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor could easily solve the high angle conveying problem but such a system must include all of the features of the conventional trailing conveyor, particularly the ability to extend with the TBM advance. The writer responded to the challenge and developed a TBM trailing Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor with all of the needed features. The invention (U.S.A. patents awarded October, 2021 and November, 2022) however goes beyond the 2019 project requirements and extends to any high angle incline. This writing first presents the broad Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor development, then its use in various construction and tunneling projects prior to this TBM Sandwich Belt trailing conveyor invention. Finally we present the new TBM Trailing Sandwich Belt high angle conveyor with all of its features and implications.

Jun 13, 2023

By Savita Schlesinger, Mike Hanna, Nathan Scalla, James O’Shaughnessy, Steve Miller

Loudoun Water’s Quarry A (Milestone Reservoir) project involves conversion of a rock quarry to a billion-gallon raw water reservoir. The project includes a new 40 MGD pump station, deep intake shaft, and three drill and blast intake tunnels for accessing the reservoir. Due to concerns regarding constructability and construction risks, the project design was paused while a Construction Manager At-Risk (CMAR) contractor was procured. The CMAR contractor was engaged collaboratively with the design team to provide risk and constructability input for refining the design. Aspects of the original design, design modifications, and benefits of the CMAR collaboration will be presented.

Jun 13, 2023

By Cary Hirner, Tony Cicchetti, Daniel G. Cressman, Jeff F. Wallace, Prapan Dave, Malcolm Sheehan

The City of Toronto is currently undertaking the design of the Black Creek Sanitary Trunk Sewer Relief Project. The Project involves the design and construction of approximately 20 kilometers of tunnel through shale rock of the Georgian Bay Formation and soft ground soil consisting of glacial till, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sand, silt and clay deposits. The 20 kilometer alignment has been split into four sections of tunnel (1) the 12.9 km, 3.0 meter diameter Keele Trunk Relief Sewer, (2) the 2.9 km, 1.5 meter diameter Keele Trunk Relief Sewer Microtunnel, (3) the 3.9 km, 1.8 meter diameter Jane Relief Sewer, and (4) the 0.5 km,1.5 meter diameter Combined Sewer Overflow Storage Tunnel. Additionally, one 40,000 m3 wet weather flow (WWF) storage tank and numerous WWF connection shafts are to be constructed and connected to the Keele Trunk Relief Sewer to pick up WWF from existing outfalls currently discharging to Black Creek. The anticipated cost of the project is approximately $600 million with construction of the Project’s Phase One Works, the Keele Trunk Relief Sewer and Jane Relief Sewer, scheduled to commence in 2025. This paper provides an overview of the project in terms of the anticipated geotechnical conditions, the scheme developed for design and construction of the tunnel system and the associated schedule and procurement strategy. The consideration for planning of the tunnel system, the risk-based analysis and decision-making process are presented and form the basis for selection of a precast tunnel lining support method in the rock and soft ground.

Jun 13, 2023