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Jan 1, 1968

By K. A. ACKLEY

The petroleum industry experienced a year of satisfactory accomplishment in Oklahoma during 1945. Crude oil production was increased, a new record for recent years was established in well completions, and refinery operations were maintained at a maximum level. Daily average crude oil production increased to 382,000 bbl., reflecting a 13.5 per cent gain compared with production during the previous pear. Total wells drilled during 1945 amounted to 2556, a gain of 28.7 per cent over 1944 Refinery throughout averaged 187,500 bbl. daily, an increase of approximately 4 percent over the preceding year.

Jan 1, 1946

By J. J. Fritts, J. L. Patrick, T. L. Wright, C. O. Ensign, W. S. White, J. W. Trammell, J. C. Wright, D. J. Hathaway, R. J. Leone

The copper deposit at White Pine, Michigan, from which a little more than 5 per cent of United States primary copper currently is produced, is a large stratiform orebody, 4 to 25 feet thick and several miles across. The present ore column, containing about 1.2 per cent copper as chalcocite and native copper, is confined to the basal beds of the Nonesuch Shale. This upper Keweenawan (Upper Precambrian) formation is a distinctive gray siltstone unit, about 600 feet thick, overlying and overlain by thick red-bed sequences. All these rocks contain abundant volcanic debris, but the latest known igneous activity within 50 miles antedated the Nonesuch Shale. The rocks are unmetamorphosed and only moderately deformed, mainly by tilting and faults. Pyrite, presumably syngenetic, is the only prominent sulfide throughout most of the Nonesuch Shale. The basal beds of the formation, however, contain disseminated copper minerals instead of pyrite and constitute the cupriferous zone. On a regional scale, the top of the cupriferous zone cuts across bedding, and ranges from an inch or so above the base of the formation in some areas to more than 50 feet in others. However, within the cupriferous zone the distribution of copper shows remarkable stratigraphic control. Certain beds are copper-rich compared to the beds that lie between them and the differences persist throughout the White Pine region. Several darkgray thinly laminated beds in the lower 10 to 25 feet of the Nonesuch Shale are rich enough and sufficiently close enough together to constitute a mineable thickness where they lie within the cupriferous zone. Pyrite is the characteristic sulfide of the Nonesuch Shale as a whole. The principal sulfide mineral of the cupriferous zone at the base of the formation is chalcocite. The succession of minerals outward and upward from the center of the cupriferous zone is native copper-chalcocite-bornite-chalcopyrite- pyrite. The bornite and chalcopyrite are confined to a narrow fringe at the margin of the cupriferous zone. This pattern of mineral zones is believed to represent reaction between syngenetic pyrite and introduced copper. The main copper mineralization is independent of structure and apparently antedates deformation. Details of the geometry of the cupriferous zone indicate the possibility that copper was introduced from the underlying sandstone prior to lithification. The source of the mineralizing solutions and their copper is not known.

Jan 1, 1968

By Alfred Boyles

"Heredity"1 in cast iron has been a subject of much discussion. Numerous experimenters have found that the properties of gray iron may vary greatly without corresponding variations in composition or thermal treatment. The main structural difference in such cases is in the size and distribution of the graphite flakes and the explanations given usually attribute this difference to some chemical element not shown by ordinary analysis or to some physical factor, such as inclusions in the melt. It cannot be said that any of these theories is completely satisfactory. Much remains to be learned about cast iron and for this reason a study of the material was undertaken as a part of the program of fundamental research at Battelle Memorial Institute. A review of the literature indicated that very little systematic work had been done on the mechanism of freezing in cast iron. The experiments described below are largely concerned with that problem. Normal and "Dendritic" Cast Iron As examples of variation in type of structure, photomicrographs of two test bars of cast iron are shown (Figs. 1 and 2) and the composition and properties are given in Table 1. Both are common, unalloyed gray iron. Test bar No. 13 has normal graphite flakes while No. 49 has very fine, lacy graphite arranged in a dendritic pattern, the matrix in both being pearlite. These two types of cast iron are well known to foundry-men and need no detailed description.

Jan 1, 1937

By RAYMOND M. LARSEN

The area covered by this paper is the same as that covered in 1944. Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming are included in the discussion and statistics, and brief mention is made of activities in the adjoining states, except Nebraska and New Mexico, which are considered separately (see pp. 187-189). The other adjoining states, North and South Dakota, Arizona, Nevada, and Idaho, have had virtually no oil or gas production, except in the gas field of Cedar Creek. Montana, which extends into North Dakota; the Pierre field in South Dakota, where gas is produced and separated in gas-water wells, and the abandoned Payette area in western Idaho. Seven gas wells were drilled in North Dakota, but no wildcatting was reported. Several unsuccessful wildcats were drilled in South Dakota, and some were continuing at the end of the year. Activity in Idaho and Nevada was negligible.

Jan 1, 1946

By Waldemar Lindgeen

PART I.—General Features. PAGE Purpose and Extent of Inquiry ; Definitions (Fissure-Veins, Metamorphism, Metasomatism, Impregnation, Cementation, Weathering); Metasomatism in Connection with Mineral Deposits, Especially Fissure-Veins; Calcu lation of Analyses ; Criteria of Metasomatism; Crystallization of Sec ondary Minerals in Other Bodies; Secondary Alteration of Veins; Structure and Composition of Metasomatic Vein-Rocks and Their Rela tion to General Metamorphism,.759 PART 11.—Minerals Developed by Metasomatic Processes in Fissure-Veins. Quartz, including Chalcedonite and Opal; Rutile and Anatase; Fluorite; Calcite ; Magnesite and Dolomite ; Siderite; Muscovite and Sericite ; Biotite; Chlorite; Pyroxene and A mphibole; Garnet; Epidote ; Ortho clase ; Albite ; Tourmaline ; Topaz ; Kaolinite ; Zeolites ; Pyrite ; Mar casite ; Chalcopyrite ; Arsenopyrite; Pyrrhotite ; Galena; Zinc-blende and Other Sulphides; Tellurides; Native Copper ; Gold and Silver,. 601 Resistant Minerals,........... 619 PART III.—The Fissure-Veins Classified According to Metasomatic Processes. 1. Topaz-Cassiterite Veins (Altenberg and Zinnwald, Saxony ; Mt. Bischoff, Tasmania),..........620 2. Scapolite-Apatite Veins,.........625 3. Tourmalinic Gold-Copper Veins,.. 626 4. Biotitic Gold-Copper Veins,........ 641 5. Propylitic Gold and Silver Veins (General Features; Comstock Lode; The Veins of Nagyág, Hungary; Pachuca, Mexico ; New Zealand; Alaska ; Silver Cliff, Colorado; Silver City, Idaho),. .. .645 6. Fluoritic Gold-Tellurium Veins (Cripple Creek ; Other Occurrences),. 654 7. Sericitic and Kaolinitic Gold- and Silver-Veins (General Remarks; The Freiberg Veins ; De Lamar, Idaho; Summit District, Colorado),. . 6.58 8. Sericitic and Calcitic Gold-Silver Veins (The Gold-Quartz Veins of Cali fornia ; Idaho Types ; San Juan, Colorado ; Treadwell Mine, Alaska ; Gold Veins of Ontario, Canada; Schwarzwald Fissure-Veins),. . 664

Jan 1, 1901

By A. B. Kinzel

ALTHOUGH the iron-carbon diagram has undergone many changes in the last 20 years, the region below the eutectoid line and up to approxi-mately 1.7 per cent carbon has been little affected. This region is generally considered to consist of cementite and ferrite. Graphite has been noted occasionally in the hypereutectoid steel region, and the ready formation of graphite nodules in malleable cast iron is a phenomenon difficult to interpret in the light of cementite, supposedly stable at sub-eutectoid temperatures. In this case the graphite formation has been partly explained by the presence of silicon, and many have believed that silicon acts to change the stable state rather than to accelerate reactions so as to arrive at the stable state in a briefer period of time. Consider-ation of this phenomenon indicates that cementite is not the stable phase in the temperature composition zone referred to. In the course of examining a low-carbon steel tube taken from a petroleum cracking still, which had been in service for approximately three years at temperatures somewhat below the eutectoid temperature, observations were made that shed light on this entire subject. The tube in question analyzed:1 C, 0.15 per cent; Mn, 0.49; Si, 0.02; S, 0.023; P, 0.015. The microstructure of the tube after service is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. From these it is evident that cementite as such is absent, and that in its place nodular graphite has been formed. In order to check this observation further, samples taken from the tube were heated at 850° C. for varying periods of time. The small samples were put into a large hot furnace, and the total time is recorded. The structure of the

Jan 1, 1934

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 ?ABBÉ, MAX F., Prest., Abbé Engineering Co, 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 *ABBOTT, CHARLES W., Min. Engr. Pioche, Nev. ?08 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94

Jan 1, 1917

By E. E. Donath

Application of the coal hydrogenation process for the production of chemicals is described. It has been estimated that a plant to produce 31,090 bbl per day of chemicals and fuels would cost $326,- 000,000. These products would consist of 6.1 pct by weight tar acids, 50.8 pct aroma tics, 16.4 pct LPG, and 26.7 pct gasoline. THE coal hydrogenation process is well known as a means for the production of liquid fuels from coal. In this paper the possibilities of the coal hydrogenation process as a source of chemical raw materials will be discussed. The recovery of chemicals from coal hydrogenation products necessitates some modifications and additions to the equipment used for the production of fuels. The conversion of coal into liquid fuels such as gasoline requires two steps: liquid phase and vapor phase hydrogenation. Intermediate oils obtained in the liquid phase contain oxygen and nitrogen compounds, especially aromatic compounds, since the coal itself is composed mainly of cyclic compounds. These oils are the raw material for the separation of high molecular weight aro-matics and of tar acids and tar bases. The relative amounts of heavy and middle oil—boiling above and below, e.g., 325°C—can be influenced by temperature, residence time, and catalyst of the liquid phase hydrogenation. In the vapor phase hydrogenation a solid bed catalyst is used to convert the intermediate oil from the liquid phase operation into hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range. Essentially pure hydrocarbons with a low content of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, and olefines are obtained. Depending mainly on the catalyst, the high ring compound content of the liquid phase oil can be preserved and gasoline rich in aromatics obtained. However, with other catalysts, these ring compounds can be split into gasoline with a high content of isoparaffins.' Again, depending on the operating conditions, products of varying boiling range can be obtained. Selection of catalyst and operating conditions therefore makes possible the production of different grades of motor fuel and also variations in the relative amounts of benzene, toluene, and xylene when aromatic hydrocarbons are produced. The schematic flowsheet, Fig. 1, shows the main steps of the coal hydrogenation process, and the product streams used for the recovery of chemicals are indicated. In the liquid phase hydrogenation stage, coal is made into a paste with recycle heavy oil. The coal paste is mixed with hydrogen and preheated at a pressure of 300 to 700 atm in heat exchangers and preheaters. The coal paste and hydrogen enter high pressure converters where the liquefaction of coal, conversion of the high boiling liquid materials initially obtained, into intermediate oils is performed at a temperature around 470°C. The reaction products enter the hot catchpot in which lower boiling oil vapors are separated from the residue containing unreacted coal, ash, and heavy oil. This residue, usually called H.O.L.D. (heavy oil let down), is processed to separate solid and liquid material. By thermal treatment of the residue, e.g., a coking process, distillate oil is obtained, which can be recycled as part of the pasting oil. This stream is rich in polynuclear aromatics and can be, and has been, used for the recovery of such material. The oil vapors and hydrogen from the hot catchpot are cooled in heat exchangers and a cooler, and the condensed oil is separated from the recycle hy-

Jan 1, 1953

By E. E. Donath

Application of the coal hydrogenation process for the production of chemicals is described. It has been estimated that a plant to produce 31,090 bbl per day of chemicals and fuels would cost $326,- 000,000. These products would consist of 6.1 pct by weight tar acids, 50.8 pct aroma tics, 16.4 pct LPG, and 26.7 pct gasoline. THE coal hydrogenation process is well known as a means for the production of liquid fuels from coal. In this paper the possibilities of the coal hydrogenation process as a source of chemical raw materials will be discussed. The recovery of chemicals from coal hydrogenation products necessitates some modifications and additions to the equipment used for the production of fuels. The conversion of coal into liquid fuels such as gasoline requires two steps: liquid phase and vapor phase hydrogenation. Intermediate oils obtained in the liquid phase contain oxygen and nitrogen compounds, especially aromatic compounds, since the coal itself is composed mainly of cyclic compounds. These oils are the raw material for the separation of high molecular weight aro-matics and of tar acids and tar bases. The relative amounts of heavy and middle oil—boiling above and below, e.g., 325°C—can be influenced by temperature, residence time, and catalyst of the liquid phase hydrogenation. In the vapor phase hydrogenation a solid bed catalyst is used to convert the intermediate oil from the liquid phase operation into hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range. Essentially pure hydrocarbons with a low content of sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, and olefines are obtained. Depending mainly on the catalyst, the high ring compound content of the liquid phase oil can be preserved and gasoline rich in aromatics obtained. However, with other catalysts, these ring compounds can be split into gasoline with a high content of isoparaffins.' Again, depending on the operating conditions, products of varying boiling range can be obtained. Selection of catalyst and operating conditions therefore makes possible the production of different grades of motor fuel and also variations in the relative amounts of benzene, toluene, and xylene when aromatic hydrocarbons are produced. The schematic flowsheet, Fig. 1, shows the main steps of the coal hydrogenation process, and the product streams used for the recovery of chemicals are indicated. In the liquid phase hydrogenation stage, coal is made into a paste with recycle heavy oil. The coal paste is mixed with hydrogen and preheated at a pressure of 300 to 700 atm in heat exchangers and preheaters. The coal paste and hydrogen enter high pressure converters where the liquefaction of coal, conversion of the high boiling liquid materials initially obtained, into intermediate oils is performed at a temperature around 470°C. The reaction products enter the hot catchpot in which lower boiling oil vapors are separated from the residue containing unreacted coal, ash, and heavy oil. This residue, usually called H.O.L.D. (heavy oil let down), is processed to separate solid and liquid material. By thermal treatment of the residue, e.g., a coking process, distillate oil is obtained, which can be recycled as part of the pasting oil. This stream is rich in polynuclear aromatics and can be, and has been, used for the recovery of such material. The oil vapors and hydrogen from the hot catchpot are cooled in heat exchangers and a cooler, and the condensed oil is separated from the recycle hy-

Jan 1, 1953

By G. M. Crosby

Seven mines with important production records in the Coeur d'Alene lie adjacent to the Gem stocks —the Frisco (Gem), Hercules, Interstate, Rex (Sixteen to One), Success (Granite), Sunset, and Tamarack. Old records are incomplete, but available data given in Table I show these mines have produced 10.550,721 tons of ore containing more than 50 million oz of silver, more than 1.5 billion lb of lead, and about 1 billion lb of zinc (approximately 1.25 million tons of lead and zinc combined). Average ore grade is 4.8 oz of silver per ton, 7.2 pct Pb, and 4.6 pct Zn. This impressive production represents about 12 pct of the District's yield. At present metal prices, with modern beneficiation, the gross value would be more than $400 million. THE GEM STOCKS The Gem stocks, considered to be outliers of the Idaho batholith of Late Cretaceous age, are located in the northern half of the Mullan quadrangle, and extend from the town of Gem, Idaho, along a strike of N30°E for a distance of approximately five miles. They occur as two major masses of monzonitic rocks commonly referred to as the North stock, which covers an area of 1.1 sq miles, and the South stock, which covers 2.6 sq miles. The areal pattern is roughly club-shaped, the North stock representing the handle and the South stock the head of the club. Two and a half miles west and five miles northeast are two groups of smaller stocks, isolated from the main masses but of the same general rock type. This discussion is limited for the most part to the North and South stocks. At the north end, where the intrusion is about 3200 ft wide, the walls are about parallel and dip very steeply west. At the south end, where the mass is about 7000 ft wide at surface, the walls dip away from each other at moderately steep angles. An aeromagnetic survey' detects and outlines with surprising accuracy the two main stocks. as illustrated on the magnetic contour map (Fig. 2). Of particular interest is the location and shape of the magnetic anomaly representing the South stock. The anomaly is centered over the south end of the outcrop, and a westerly extension joins it with a smaller anomaly over the Dago Peak stocks. The latter anomaly, likewise, is located over the south end of the isolated stocks. This pattern suggests the intrusion has greater extent at depth to the south and west. Though correlation between the Dago Peak stocks and the larger masses is suggested, the controversial aspects of the Dobson Pass fault, which separates the two areas, casts doubt on a correlation. Topographically the monzonite stocks are ignored by the drainage pattern indicating these rocks, and the invaded rocks of the Lower Belt Series react similarly to erosion. The drainage patterns of Nine Mile and Canyon creeks cut indiscriminately across the monzonite-Belt contact, resulting in both valleys and ridges in the southern end of the intrusion. Nine Mile Creek traverses diagonally the entire five-mile length of the stocks. The monzonite rocks of the intrusion are referred to locally as granite, but granite is rare and the rocks comprise a wide variety of types. Their characteristics, described in detail by F. L. Ransome and F. C. Calkins,' are summarized by P. J. Shenon.' The principal rock type is coarse-grained, light gray, porphoritic monzonite containing black crystals of hornblende. Pyroxene, epidote, and titanite

Jan 1, 1960

By Herty, C. H.

No attempt will be made here to review the previous work done by investigators on the general subject of inclusions, because it was discussed sufficiently in an early cooperative bulletin of this series (No. 36, 1928), and reference was then made to general bibliographies. The work described in this present bulletin deals directly with the study of the mechanism of deoxidation of steel with aluminum and the formation of inclusions containing alumina. Unquestion- ably, such inclusions are encountered in most steel-making practices and little has been done to determine their characteristics. Aluminum is used to ensure rapid deoxidation during the solidification stages of the steel. For this reason the possibilities of inclusion elimination are slight and alumina-containing particles will undoubtedly be present in the ingot. Besides this common practice, aluminum is often used in the ladle with other deoxidizing agents such as silicon and manganese. Ladle additions of aluminum are made to rimming steels to obtain the correct partial deoxidation desired in this type of steel. In killed steels the aluminum is added to ensure soundness, as far as blowholes are concerned, in the ingot. In either rimmed or killed steels, alumina or alumina-containing inclusions are found therein, the amount and type depending on the oxidation of the metal, the amount of aluminum added, and the addition of other deoxidizers.

Jan 1, 1957

By AIME AIME

FIVE days, extending from Monday, Feb. 18 to Friday, Feb. 22, inclusive, will be required for the annual meeting this year. The first fours days will be devoted to reading and discussion of papers, general and committee business meetings, two lectures, luncheons, dinners and all the pleasures of a big, general reunion. The fifth day will be given over to an all-day excursion for both men and women by special train to West Point, in celebration of the birthday of the first President of the United States. Washington having been an engineer and now after one hundred and thirty-one years the country having selected as President another engineer in the person of Herbert Hoover, our own past president and honorary member, it is proposed to celebrate with a good old-fashioned picnic and inspect the school. The authorities at the Military Academy have undertaken to welcome the engineers and do whatever they may to make our pilgrimage notable. Other social features planned for the week are numerous. Luncheon will be served as usual at the building each day of the meeting to all members and guests. This year a very nominal charge will be made, primarily to overcome deficits due to irregular attendance. Monday noon, the Non-metallic Minerals Committee will lunch at the Engineers' Club and in the evening the Milling Methods Committee will dine there. The Annual Smoker will be held at Hotel Astor after dinner. Professional entertainment of high order is promised, but not too much to interfere with the numerous group reunions that characterize this func- tion.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. V. Norris

The anthracite coal trade, with a shipment averaging about 70,000,000 tons per year, differs essentially from other coal business, iii the fact that the larger sizes, comprising about 65 per cent. of the total, are used almost exclusively for domestic purposes, principally during the winter months; and that for proper combustion close-sizing is imperative, so that eight sizes are made; broken, egg, stove, and nut, known as prepared sizes, and pea, buckwheat, rice, and barley, known as steam sizes. These sizes are made in the regular course of preparation, and but little variation in the natural percentage of each is practicable. Thus it is necessary either to work the collieries intermittently, or to dispose of all the varying sizes in their fixed proportions. Unfortunately, the market does not at all times absorb the coal in proper proportions, and rather than interfere with the regular operation of the mines it has been found economical to provide storage for the excess. While the cellars of' the consumers are the great storage-plants of the country, this capacity is not under the control of the trade, except so far as reduced prices during the spring and summer months may tempt the use of this reserve. The same remark applies but with less force to the retail yards, which, though usually small, store in the aggregate a large amount of anthracite. While every effort is made to utilize to the utmost the individual storage-capacity of the country, there still remains the necessity for taking care of the irregularities of the market by the construction of storage-plants under the direct control of the producers. Such plants are usually the property of the railroads, and are situated at points most convenient from a traffic stand-point.

Jan 1, 1912

By William Paxton Hewitt

Mineral deposits of western Utah and eastern and central Nevada have produced in excess of $8,500,000,000 since 1871. Through 1965, Bingham Canyon had produced over $4,600,000,000 and seven other camps over $100,000,000 each, principally from base metals. In addition, they yield iron and uranium ores; contain the world's largest beryllium reserves; and have produced the United States' most important gold discovery in 25 years. The area is famous for its silver production and its bonanza-type precious metal deposits, but such production has become unimportant. The area's greatest producers of metallic wealth are base-metal deposits in limestones and porphyry-type copper ores. In contrast to silver's decline, gold production has been rising-the result of by-product operations at Bingham Canyon. The area also contains gold deposits in which the gold is so finely disseminated it is not recoverable by panning. The area's gold ores frequently are associated with realgar, cinnabar, and carbon. The ore deposits generally are attributed to Tertiary intrusives,* but, at Mountain City, they may be related to Paleozoic volcanism. Mountain City has yielded rich chalcocite from quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite bodies in siliceous sediments. Regional stratigraphy and structure are difficult to interpret, 69 per cent of the area being obscured by alluvium or volcanics. In general, central Nevada consists of chert, shale, silty sandstones, lavas, and pyroclastics; eastern Nevada and western Utah of many alternations of limestone, shale, and sandstone. Central Nevada has been structurally active since late Devonian. Although granitic stocks may have intruded eastern Nevada and western Utah prior to the Cretaceous, these areas remained quite stable until affected by the Laramide Revolution. Precambrian exposures, occupying 3 per cent of the area, have not been important hosts. However, the question is raised as to whether Precambrian carbonates, properly situated with respect to invading mineralizers, might yet prove to be important. This paper describes 16 precious metal camps, 6 limestone replacement districts, 2 silver-base metal vein deposits, and 9 miscellaneous types and discusses briefly the 11 * Some ores, as at Ely, are associated with intrusives of. Cretaceous age. major camps that are described in detail in this Volume.

Jan 1, 1968

By C. E. Shoenfelt

There was a notable decrease in drilling operations in 1940 in all of the Rocky Mountain states except Montana, where the two large fields on the Canadian border, Cut Bank and Kevin-Sunburst, were espe-cially active. The expanding markets for Montana natural gas made necessary the more intensive development of such fields as Rowdoin, Cedar Creek and Devon. While there were no important oil and gas discoveries in 1940 in any of the Rocky Mountain states, a few small pools were opened, which may constitute separate areas but may prove with later development to be extensions of old fields. Some of the old fields were extended and deeper pay zones were discovered in others. These have given the areas greatly increased oil reserves and therefore are just as important as the discovery of new fields. The more important of the developments in 1940 are given, by states, in the following paragraphs. Colorado Hiawatha Field, Moffat County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. began the development at Hiawatha of its oil reserves, which were discovered in about 1929, and late in the summer oil began moving from the field by truck to the shipping point at Rock Springs, Wyoming. The Hiawatha field of northwestern Moffat County was discovered in 1927 by the Sormir Petroleum Co., with the completion of No. r Florence Wilson for 4,5,000,000 cu. ft. of gas a day from a Wasatch sand lens at 2200 it. In later development of the field, oil showings were reported in several wells but no development of this resource was undertaken until 1940, when a test of the oil possibilities was started with the release in April of a location for No. 5-A Wilson on the S\W. SW. NW. of sec. 23-1zN-1ooW., on the east side of the field. The Well had an initial production of 327 bbl. of oil a day pumping from three Wasatch (Tertiary) sands between 2005 and 2540 ft. It was drilled to 2562 ft., where the 65/8-in. casing was cemented and gun-perforated at 2005 to 2125 ft., 2260 to 2335 ft. and 2513 to 2540 ft. At the end of the year, this well was averaging zoo bbl. of oil per day, pumping. Two other wells were drilled for oil on Hiawatha during the summer—one a small well of 60 bbl. per day and the other a small gas well. Powder Wash Field, Moffat County.—The development of the Powder Wash field in northwestern Colorado was resumed in 1940 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co., with the release of a location for No. 2-A Musser in the CWL.NW.SE. of sec. 4-1rN-97W. The Powder Wash field was discovered in 1931 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. and the discovery well, No. I Musser, on C.NW. of sec. 5-IIN-97W., was completed at 2152 ft. in the Hiawatha member of the nonmarine Wasatch for-mation for an open flow of 34,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day under a natural pressure of 685 lb. per sq. inch. Oil was discovered in the Powder Wash field on Nov. 26, 1936, in the company's No. I Carl Allen on the NE.SW.SE. of sec. 32-12N-97W. The oil production was

Jan 1, 1941

By C. E. Shoenfelt

There was a notable decrease in drilling operations in 1940 in all of the Rocky Mountain states except Montana, where the two large fields on the Canadian border, Cut Bank and Kevin-Sunburst, were espe-cially active. The expanding markets for Montana natural gas made necessary the more intensive development of such fields as Rowdoin, Cedar Creek and Devon. While there were no important oil and gas discoveries in 1940 in any of the Rocky Mountain states, a few small pools were opened, which may constitute separate areas but may prove with later development to be extensions of old fields. Some of the old fields were extended and deeper pay zones were discovered in others. These have given the areas greatly increased oil reserves and therefore are just as important as the discovery of new fields. The more important of the developments in 1940 are given, by states, in the following paragraphs. Colorado Hiawatha Field, Moffat County.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. began the development at Hiawatha of its oil reserves, which were discovered in about 1929, and late in the summer oil began moving from the field by truck to the shipping point at Rock Springs, Wyoming. The Hiawatha field of northwestern Moffat County was discovered in 1927 by the Sormir Petroleum Co., with the completion of No. r Florence Wilson for 4,5,000,000 cu. ft. of gas a day from a Wasatch sand lens at 2200 it. In later development of the field, oil showings were reported in several wells but no development of this resource was undertaken until 1940, when a test of the oil possibilities was started with the release in April of a location for No. 5-A Wilson on the S\W. SW. NW. of sec. 23-1zN-1ooW., on the east side of the field. The Well had an initial production of 327 bbl. of oil a day pumping from three Wasatch (Tertiary) sands between 2005 and 2540 ft. It was drilled to 2562 ft., where the 65/8-in. casing was cemented and gun-perforated at 2005 to 2125 ft., 2260 to 2335 ft. and 2513 to 2540 ft. At the end of the year, this well was averaging zoo bbl. of oil per day, pumping. Two other wells were drilled for oil on Hiawatha during the summer—one a small well of 60 bbl. per day and the other a small gas well. Powder Wash Field, Moffat County.—The development of the Powder Wash field in northwestern Colorado was resumed in 1940 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co., with the release of a location for No. 2-A Musser in the CWL.NW.SE. of sec. 4-1rN-97W. The Powder Wash field was discovered in 1931 by the Mountain Fuel Supply Co. and the discovery well, No. I Musser, on C.NW. of sec. 5-IIN-97W., was completed at 2152 ft. in the Hiawatha member of the nonmarine Wasatch for-mation for an open flow of 34,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day under a natural pressure of 685 lb. per sq. inch. Oil was discovered in the Powder Wash field on Nov. 26, 1936, in the company's No. I Carl Allen on the NE.SW.SE. of sec. 32-12N-97W. The oil production was

Jan 1, 1941

By Joachim J. Hauser

William F. Hosford, Jr. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)—Dr. Hauser has used a very interesting method to study the interaction of dislocations on different slip systems, but it should be pointed out that the analysis of the experiments is subject to a serious criticism. He states that "the effect of the compression can be adequately described by one slip system." The effect of frictional constraint during the compression makes this quite unlikely. When a block of metal is compressed its lateral expansion requires a sliding of the metal over the compression platens. The role of friction in the interface between the deforming metal and the platens is to increase the normal force required for the compression. Analyses1213 have shown that, in general, the additional force, p, required for the compression is a function of l/h where is the coefficient of friction, I is the length of the speci- men in contact with the platens. For a constant COefficient of friction, isho' shows that P should increase exponentially with pl/h for both plane strain and axially symmetric compression. For a compression specimen, Fig. 7, whose cross section perpendicular to the compression axis is a rectangle whith one dimension L, much larger than the other W, a much larger force would be required for appreciable flow parallel to L than for flow parallel to U7. Therefore lateral strain in the W direction, EW, should be much greater than the lateral strain in the L direction EL. Since L/H = 14.5 for Dr. Hauser's crystals, and since no lubrication was used, it seems questionable that appreciable lengthening of the crystals could occur. Because the theories of frictional constraint have been derived for isotropic polycrystalline materials, it was decided to make experimental measurements on a single crystal. A section 3.590 in. long was sawed from an aluminum single crystal with a square section of 0.249 in., so that L/W= 14.4. This crystal was tested in compression between dry ground steel platens. Fig. 8 shows the orientation of the crystal and the axis of compression. The face for compression was chosen so that the operation of the single-slip system which would be predicted in the absence of friction would lead to a larger strain in the length direction than in the width direction. The dimensional changes of the width and length as well as the height were measured frequently during the compression with micrometers. Width strains were calculated from the average of readings near each end and at the center. A plot of the length strain, EL, against the width strain E w is given in Fig. 9. The slope indicates that the EL amounted to only 2.5 pct of cw. Other compression tests on similar crystals with shorter lengths also showed severely limited elongation. Even for a crystal with L/W = A.0, EL was only about 26 pct of cw. Because of the frequent interruptions of the tests for dimensional measurements should have decreased the frictional constraint by allowing a reseating of the platens, even smaller elongations under continuous testing seem probable. These tests on long narrow crystals show that essentially plane strain conditions prevailed. We may assume that Dr. Hauser's crystals deformed similarly. That the compression can be described by the

Jan 1, 1962

By C. A. Hartnagel

The production of petroleum in New York state in 1942 amounted to 5,410,000 bbl. This represents an increase over each of the four preceding years, and, with the exception of 1937, is the largest production since the peak of over six million barrels in 1882, shortly after the discovery of oil in Allegany County. The oil industry in New York is virtually stabilized and there has been little or no exploration for new sources of supply in recent years. The boundaries of the present fields were established more than 30 years ago and since then no additional reserves have been found. Deep drilling for natural gas during the past 10 years both within and without the oil fields has failed to find oil in quantity below the present producing sands of Devonian age. Oil Since 1882, the New York fields have produced approximately 140 million barrels of oil. Of this amount, 65 million was produced up to the year 1919 by ordinary pumping methods; that is, without flooding by water or the use of other secondary-recovery methods. In the year 1919, when a law was passed making the use of water-flooding methods legal, the oil production, of the state amounted to only 851,000 bbl. In the 23 years since 1919, there have been produced in the state 75 million barrels, or 10 million more than in the previous 37 years, which included the period of flush production. Price.—On March 26, the price of crude oil was raised from $2.75 to $3.00 per barrel, hut this increase had little or no effect on the number of wells drilled. In the Allegany field, which accounts for three fourths of the state's oil production, 1259 wells were completed in 1942, 7 less than in 1941. The smaller number of wells drilled was not only due to the shortage of labor but also was caused by the fact that in water-flooding territory a definite program for drilling wells is followed, and the flush period of an oil well is not usually reached in time to profit by any given price increase. Daily Production.—All of the oil wells in New York state, some 21,000 in number, are small producers. The average daily oil production is 7/10 bbl. per well. Under good flooding conditions, a maximum production of 5 to 8 bbl, a day is reached about one year after the flood begins to act on the well. In 5 years the daily production usually is less than one barrel. Although most of the oil in New York is produced by flooding, an estimated 2500 old wells produce without flooding. Some of these produce as little as 1/20 bbl. a day and are pumped only at intervals. The small producing Wells are mostly on lands leased to the larger oil companies and later will be included in a flooding program. At present, they are pumped only because the owners of the land insist on the royalty. Government Aid Needed.—Because of its good lubricating qualities, New York oil is one of those for which there is an insistent and growing demand, but even at its present price of $3.00 per barrel, many of the operators are producing at a loss.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. A. Hartnagel

The production of petroleum in New York state in 1942 amounted to 5,410,000 bbl. This represents an increase over each of the four preceding years, and, with the exception of 1937, is the largest production since the peak of over six million barrels in 1882, shortly after the discovery of oil in Allegany County. The oil industry in New York is virtually stabilized and there has been little or no exploration for new sources of supply in recent years. The boundaries of the present fields were established more than 30 years ago and since then no additional reserves have been found. Deep drilling for natural gas during the past 10 years both within and without the oil fields has failed to find oil in quantity below the present producing sands of Devonian age. Oil Since 1882, the New York fields have produced approximately 140 million barrels of oil. Of this amount, 65 million was produced up to the year 1919 by ordinary pumping methods; that is, without flooding by water or the use of other secondary-recovery methods. In the year 1919, when a law was passed making the use of water-flooding methods legal, the oil production, of the state amounted to only 851,000 bbl. In the 23 years since 1919, there have been produced in the state 75 million barrels, or 10 million more than in the previous 37 years, which included the period of flush production. Price.—On March 26, the price of crude oil was raised from $2.75 to $3.00 per barrel, hut this increase had little or no effect on the number of wells drilled. In the Allegany field, which accounts for three fourths of the state's oil production, 1259 wells were completed in 1942, 7 less than in 1941. The smaller number of wells drilled was not only due to the shortage of labor but also was caused by the fact that in water-flooding territory a definite program for drilling wells is followed, and the flush period of an oil well is not usually reached in time to profit by any given price increase. Daily Production.—All of the oil wells in New York state, some 21,000 in number, are small producers. The average daily oil production is 7/10 bbl. per well. Under good flooding conditions, a maximum production of 5 to 8 bbl, a day is reached about one year after the flood begins to act on the well. In 5 years the daily production usually is less than one barrel. Although most of the oil in New York is produced by flooding, an estimated 2500 old wells produce without flooding. Some of these produce as little as 1/20 bbl. a day and are pumped only at intervals. The small producing Wells are mostly on lands leased to the larger oil companies and later will be included in a flooding program. At present, they are pumped only because the owners of the land insist on the royalty. Government Aid Needed.—Because of its good lubricating qualities, New York oil is one of those for which there is an insistent and growing demand, but even at its present price of $3.00 per barrel, many of the operators are producing at a loss.

Jan 1, 1943