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By J. D. Davis

THIS-report gives results of in investigation of the carbonizing properties of 18 coals, including 2 from Alaska, 12 from British Columbia, 3 from Washington, and 1 from Utah. Each coal was carbonized in the standard 13-inch Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association (BM-AGA) retort at 900° C. Plastic properties were determined by the Gieseler and Davis methods, and agglutinating and free-swelling properties were determined by standard methods. Expanding properties were measured in the Bureau of Mines sole-heated oven. From the results of the tests on these single coals, three coals from the Crowsnest area in British Columbia, representing Elk River Nos. 4, 9, and 10, were selected for blending with the Utah coal, which was from the Lower Sunnyside bed, Horse Canyon mine, Emery County. Lower Sunnyside also was blended with Wilkeson -Nos. 2 and 3 (Washington) coals, Pocahontas No. 3 from McDowell County, W. Va., and the Oklahoma low-volatile coal used in the blend carbonized at, the Provo, (Utah) coke plant at the time this investigation was started. Most of the blends contained 3 percent hard pitch, which is the proportion used at the Provo plant. The blends were also carbonized in 13-inch BM AGA retorts at 900° C. High-volatile B coal from the No. 3 bed, Evan-Jones mine, Lower Matanuska, Valley, Alaska, yielded poorly fused coke or char. M-bed coal from the Chickaloon mine, Upper Matanuska. Valley, Alaska, ranked as medium-volatile bituminous and coked strongly. It expanded 39.6 percent in the sole-heated oven at a. charge density of 55.5 pounds per cubic foot..

Jan 1, 1952

By E. G. King

The Bureau of Mines made experimental determinations of the heats of formation of forsterite and chrysotile at 298.15° K. The heat capacities of two polymorphs of serpentine, chrysotile and antigorite, were measured over the temperature range from 50° to 298° K and the entropies at 298.15° K were evaluated. The heat content of antigorite above 298.15° K was measured to 850° K. These thermochemical data were combined with other pertinent data to give heat and free energy of formation values at high temperatures. Free energy values are given for the reaction, forsterite + water = brucite + serpentine at different temperatures and pressures.

Jan 1, 1967

By W. J. Kroll

This investigation was undertaken with the idea of studying a number of unconventional methods for making chromium to determine whether production cost could be lowered and to discuss some of the more recently described processes. These comprise carbon reduction of the oxide in vacuum, nitride dissociation, fusion electrolysis of the chloride, amalgam method, iodide dissociation, calcium reduction of the oxide, hydrogen reduction of the chloride, and reduction of this compound with zinc and with magnesium. Preference is given this latter method, which is shown in a flow sheet. Special attention is given purification of the chloride and separation of the vacuum at about 900° C. A reduction method for the elimination of traces of oxide contained in pure chromium by pure hydrogen obtained from the dissociation of zirconium hydride is described. The various methods are compared in a table in the appendix. Aluminothermic and silicothermic methods for the reduction of chromium oxide and the aqueous electrolysis have been disregarded in this investigation.

Jan 1, 1950

Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. announced that it planned to spend $66 million to increase the efficiency of its Baton Rouge, Louisiana, alumina plant. The improvements are designed to reduce energy consumption but will not change the annual capacity of the plant, now rated at about one million short tons. The project was expected to be initiated immediately and be completed by 1982. ALUMINUM Producers in this country posted unalloyed 99.5 percent aluminum ingot at 53-57.5 cents per pound, yet actual selling prices were closer to 53 cents. Domestic merchants quoted unalloyed ingot on a spot basis at 54-56.3 cents. London Metal Exchange 3-month forward contracts fell during November's trading from 55,2 cents to 52.8 cents per pound.

Jan 1, 1978

By Heber E. Peterson, Sill. Claude W.

"INTRODUCTION In the usual volumetric determination of uranium, the solution containing uranium is reduced in a Jones reductor, yielding a mixture of trivalent and tetravalent uranium; the trivalent uranium is oxidized to the tetravalent state by bubbling a stream of air through the solution. The resulting solution of tetravalent uranium is titrated with a standard oxidant, generally sulfatoceric acid, dichromate, or permanganate. It seemed likely that the same general procedure could be used in determining semimicro quantities pf uranium if the conditions affecting the variables involved were understood more clearly than at present. In the method described below, the use of ferric sulfate to oxidize tetravalent uranium allows the titration to be made at room temperature in an essentially colorless solution with sulfatoceric acid. The latter oxidant in turn permits the use of the very stable indicator, ferroin; with its sharp color change and exactly reproducible blanks.Solutions of uranyl sulfate were prepared by diluting a stock solution that had been standardized gravimetrically according to the method of Lundell and Knowles (8).3/ Solutions of sulfatoceric acid were prepared according to the directions of G. F. Smith (12) and were standardized against arsenic trioxide in the presence of osmic acid according to the directions of Glen (5). The cerium solutions were stored in 18-liter carboys fitted with siphon arrangements so that the bottles did not need to be opened and protected from light in a dark cupboard. Under these conditions, even the 0.01 N solution changed by less than 1 part per thousand over a period of about 6 months."

Jun 1, 1952

By F. Fraas

ELECTROSTATIC methods are used to separate and concentrate or purify granular particles derived from ores or various synthetic and agricultural products. Compared with other separation methods that require many technological refinements, the electrostatic attraction of fibers, grass, and seeds to charged surfaces clan be accomplished under the most primitive circumstances, and the early development of this method of beneficiation seemed very promising. Precise application of the method to provide high selectivity, however, is a complex procedure, and interest in this method declined. During this period Mr. O. C. Ralston initiated a Bureau of Mines research program oil electrostatic separation. It is the purpose of thins publication to describe the development of the electrostatic method of particle separation from the early beginning to the present resurgence of interest. Most of the information for this description bas been derived from references, a few of which were not available for thorough review. Much information has been drawn from the investitions of the Bureau. Acknowledgments Mr. O. C. Ralston, former Chief metallurgist of the Bureau of Mines, began the research program on the subject and did research on the mils literature. Both Mr. Ralston and Mr. H. B. Johnson, former president of the Huff Electrostatic Separator Co., furnished patent references. A critical review by Mr. F. D. Lamb, Research director, and Mr. M. J. Spendlove, Supervisory metallurgist, Bureau of Mines, College Park Metallurgy Research Center, lifts been of much value in preparing this report.

Jan 1, 1962

By C. W., Davie

"DEFINITIONDiatomaceous earth consists almost entirely of the silicious remains of minute flowerless aquatic plants known as diatoms. The name diatomaceous earth, therefore, is to be preferred to others such as trade names, inappropriate terms, or names correctly applied to some other product. The following names should, therefore, not be used for diatomaceous earth,-- kieselguhr, infusorial earth, diatomite, celite, moler, bergnehl, English rottenstone, tripoli, tripolite, fossil earth, desmid earth, white peat, tellurine, randanite, ceyssatite, or any trade name.FORMATIONDiatoms live in practically all kinds of water, fresh or salt, hot or cold, still or running and under different conditions of depth and pressure. These minute plants assimilate inorganic salts from their environment and produce skeletons of silica much as mollusks secrete lime and form their Shalls. When the diatoms die they settle to the bottom together with anything else which may be present, such as sand, clay or volcanic ash. The organic matter gradually disappears leaving the silicious skeletons of the diatoms which, with impurities, make up the deposits of diatomaceous earth. These deposits which are still being foamed at the present time and which were produced throughout very different epochs, were more prolifically formed in the Tertiary, so that the thickest beds so far discovered are of that Age."

Nov 1, 1925

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1977, 12 companies operated 31 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 65% of production capacity. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 31% of the total capacity; Gulf Coast States 23%, Northern States 26%, and other Southern States 20%. Based on estimated producer prices output of primary metal in 1977 Has valued at $4.6 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered 'in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1977, building accounted for about 25%; packaging 22%; transportation 21%; electrical 11%; consumer durables 9%; and other uses, 12%.

Jan 1, 1978

By W. W. Adams

In mining coal, the Nation's principal mineral fuel, loss of life has been much lower recently than in earlier years when coal mining contributed so heavily to the industrial-accident death toll in the United States. Particularly notable has been the relatively small number of deaths during the past few years compared with the number that occurred 20 or 30 years ago. Reports received by the United States Bureau of Mines, covering all commercially operated mines that were active during all or any part of the calendar year 1935, showed that accidents during that year had resulted in the loss of 1,242 lives. This death toll, although regrettable, represents a material improvement over the industry's experience during most years prior to 1935, and especially over the industry's worst year, 1907, when 3,242 men were killed. Fewer lives were lost in 1933, when 1,064 men were killed at work, than during any year for which complete figures are available.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. N. Baldwin

This report documents work performed under Bureau of Mines Contract J0265029 to study and develop two innovative mining systems: ? An underground auger capable of augering into the right and left ribs without repositioning the machine ? A conventional mining system employing recently developed innovative machinery. The report is separated into two volumes to document the two studies separately. Volume I describes work performed and the recommended concept for a bidirectional auger. Volume II describes the studies of mining equipment performance and mining plane developed to determine a conventional mining plan offering improved productivity.

Jan 1, 1977

1. Domestic Production and Use: Twelve companies operated 31 primary aluminum reduction plants, three firms accounting for 66% of production. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 32% of the total production; Gulf Coast States, 25%; Northern States, 29%; and other Southern States, 14%. Output of primary metal in 1973 was valued at $2.2 billion. About 80% of the secondary recovery was from new aluminum base scrap and 20% was from old scrap. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1972, building accounted for 28%; transportation 19%; electrical, 13%; packaging, 16%; and consumer durab1es, 10%.

Jan 1, 1974

By Herbert Haas

The Bureau of Mines is endeavoring to reduce waste and increase efficiency in the production, refining, and utilization of petroleum . During the last few years the demand for petroleum and its products has increased so much more rapidly than the production that greater efficiency in utilization is now a matter of most serious importance . The Diesel engine, a comparatively new type of internal-combus- ' tion engine, is an important device for insuring more efficient utilization of petroleum and coal-tar products, for it consumes heavy liquid fuels such as can not be utilized in other types. Like the gas or the gasoline engine, it is revolutionary within its province. For some uses this engine is replacing gas and gasoline engines , but its most important duty will be to replace the wasteful consumption of fuel oil in steam engines. Not only will a wider use of the Diesel engine relieve the demand, but it will result in more power being obtained from the same consumption of fuel oils . In spite of these advantages, comparatively few Diesel engines are in use in the United States . In this report the author discusses recent developments in the design and construction of the Diesel engine, the fuels suitable for burning in it, and the uses to which it is particularly adapted .

Jan 1, 1918

The U.S. economy continued to expand during 1986, although at the slowest pace since 1982 when the current business expansion began. Real gross national product (GNP) grew about 2.6%, slightly below 1985 growth but significantly below that of 1984. The continuing expansion was fueled predominantly by rising personal consumption expenditures as well as growing government purchases of goods and services. Fixed investment, although positive, failed to grow at the rate of the overall economy. The trade deficit, which increased more than 30% over the record 1985 level, continued to depress economic growth despite significant declines in the price of petroleum and the value of the dollar. On a more positive note, domestic employment continued to grow--increasing over 2 million from the 1985 level--and inflation and interest rates declined. The unemployment rate dropped slightly to 7.0%. Of direct importance to the minerals-producing industries, expenditures for consumer and producer durables as well as investment in residential construction each grew faster than the overall economy, but investment in nonresidential structures fell more than 10% from the 1985 level. The low level of real capital spending declined about 3% in 1986, following strong gains in 1985 and in 1984. Capital expenditures for new plant and equipment bottomed out in the second quarter and expanded in the third and fourth quarters. The decline in the first half of the year was partially attributed to uncertainty arising from the then-proposed tax bill. Also, there was little impetus for corporations to invest in new capacity since factories were operating at less than 80% of capacity during most of the year, in part because of continued competition from imports.

Jan 1, 1987

By H. A. Doerner

"The following report is submitted, in compliance with the request made by the Honorable W. H. Sproule, Chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining, to the Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, that the bureau investigate the most modern processes for the production of radium from its ores. A thorough search of technical publications and patent office files was made. Outstanding authorities on the subject as well as persons claiming novel or secret methods were interviewed.Unlike most other elements, it is not possible for radium to occur naturally in a pure or concentrated form. This is because radium is one of a series of unstable elements which, by a constant, spontaneous, atomic disintegration, change from one element to the next in the series. Uranium is the ""grandparent"" of radium. The rates at which radium atoms are ""born"" and ""die"" are so related that only one part of radium can exist in equilibrium with three million parts of uranium. Consequently radium is only found associated with uranium minerals, and the ratio of radium to uranium is never more than one to three million. Since uranium is a rather rare element, the scarcity of radium is almost beyond comprehension. Nevertheless minute traces of radium can be detected in nearly all rocks.The carnotite ores of Colorado and Utah were the chief source of radium for many years.In the fall of 1922 news of the very rich deposits of radium ore discovered in the Belgian Congo caused most complete cessation of domestic production. The Congo ore contains pitchblende and a number of alteration products, including the new minerals bequerelite, curite, krasolite, stasite, and dewindite. Reports indicate that a considerable amount of ore containing over 50 per cent uranium oxide has been produced. It seemed certain that radium could be extracted from the Conga ore at a much lower cost than from the relatively low-grade carnotite; and in order to preserve their elaborate marketing organizations, the larger American producers made agreements with the Belgian syndicate to market the foreign product in this country. The retail price of radium has been held at $70 per milligram, but large orders are filled as low as $50. Extraction of radium from carnotite by the usual methods does not appear to be profitable at that price with one exception, all American firms ceased production after their accumulated stocks of ore had been treated. The United States Radium Co., which continued to treat carnotite for several years, finally shut down its plant."

Dec 1, 1930

By William H. Pomroy

The potential for large-scale fires in underground fuel storage and fuel transfer areas prompted the Bureau of Mines to study fire hazards in these areas and devise improved fire safety technology for use in these areas. This report describes the Bureau's research to characterize and quantify fire hazards in fuel storage and fuel transfer areas, develop guidelines for safe and efficient fueling system design, prepare specifications for automatic fire sensing and suppression systems for these areas, test prototype systems in the laboratory and in underground mines, and perform cost-effectiveness evaluations of the devised technology.

Jan 1, 1985

Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc. followed Howmet Aluminum Corp., Revere Copper and Brass, Inc. and Anaconda Co. in lifting August prices of 99.5 percent unalloyed aluminum ingot by 3 cents to 56 cents per pound. Prior to these moves, Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. raised its June ingot listings by 4 cents to 57 cents and Consolidated Aluminum Corp., 4.5 cents to 57.5 cents. Domestic merchants increased July quotes by slightly more than 1 cent to 51.3-51.8 cents per pound. ARSENIC The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued new standards, effective August 1, for worker exposure to inorganic arsenic, a toxic substance linked by OSHA to lung and lymphatic cancer. The new standard will limit worker exposure to 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air over an 8-hour period, a drastic reduction from the previous standard of 500 micrograms for a like period. Implementation of the new standards may be the most difficult and costly for copper smelters where arsenic is associated with the copper feed material but problems will also be encountered by producers of arsenic containing products such as for pesticides and herbicides. The new standards allow use of personal protective gear for workers as an interim measure until plant engineering controls can be put into effect.

Jan 1, 1978

Since early July, domestic producer listings in primary aluminum ingot have been at 53¢ per pound. Dealers, however, lowered their August quotes by 1.8¢-2¢ to 47.5¢-48¢ per pound. BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE -The wildcat strike of UMWA coal miners which began on June 23 in protest of cutbacks in medical benefits appears to have ended. According to the West Virginia Coal Association on September 7, 1977, all mines in West Virginia were back in operation on September 6 and again on September 7. The Kentucky Coal Association reported approximately 2,500 miners were on strike in eastern Kentucky on September 6, but there was full employment on September 7.

Jan 1, 1977

The complex organic chemicals in coal differ from those in petroleum mainly by the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms; this ratio is about 2 for coal and 1 for petroleum. By changing the ratio, coal can be converted into compounds similar to those found in petroleum. In. very simplified form, omitting here the special conditions required, the paths by which this can be done are: [ ] Part or all of the coal is first gasified by reaction with steam and oxygen, either in a gasifier or while the coal is still in place underground. The resulting gas is mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide, with impurities that .must be removed before further processing by one of the following routes.

Jan 1, 1959

By H. H. Schrenk

The purpose of respiratory protective equipment is to prevent the inhalation of harmful or objectionable atmospheres. Although constituents or contaminants that may render an atmosphere irrespirable or objectionable are numerous, they may be classified broadly as follows: I. Gaseous substance: n. A. Toxic. B. Inert (oxygen deficiency). II. Particulate matter (dispersoids). A. Solid. a. Dust (formed by disintegration). b. Pure (formed by condensation). B. Liquid. a. Mist (formed by disintegration). b. Fog (former by condensation).

Jan 1, 1940

Researchers, medical organizations, statisticians, and others often use data on the nature and rate of occurrence of occupational diseases in directing their efforts and plans. Very often this information is developed from the reports of the States which describe the nature of work¬men's compensation claims and awards and the frequency with which they are made. To be meaningful, the statis¬tical information must be viewed in the context of the State laws involved. There is considerable variation among the laws of the different States. The Bureau of Mines has responsibilities for protecting the health of persons employed in the mineral industries and for the development of useful mineral products. To assist the Bureau in the accomplishment of its objectives, this compilation has been undertaken. For the benefit of the mineral industries, and any others who may have a similar interest, this volume is made available. An earlier compilation of the Bureau of Mines on this subject was published in 1952.4 However, during the intervening years, sufficient changes have been made in State laws to warrant completely recompiling the information. This publication includes the laws of the States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Is¬lands through 1964. Only those portions of the workmen's compensation laws which apply to or as ' related to occupational diseases are presented, and in each case enacted additions to and deletions from the basic law have been incorporated into the text of the law, thus snak¬ing it unnecessary to search out the various amendments made each year.

Jan 1, 1967