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By K. P. Fournier

This report describes work on the problem of predicting oil recovery from a reservoir into which water is injected at a temperature higher than the reservoir temperature, taking into account effects of vis cosity-ratio reduction, heat loss and thermal expansion. It includes the derivation of the equations involved, the finite difference equations used to solve the partial differential equation which models the system, and the results obtained using the IBM 1620 and 7090-1401 computers. Figures and tables show present results of this study of recovery as a function of reservoir thickness and injection rate. For a possible reservoir hot water flood in which 1,000 BWPD at 250F are injected, an additional 5 per cent recovery of oil in place in a swept 1,000-ft-radius reservoir is predicted after injection of one pore volume of water. INTRODUCTION The problem of predicting oil recovery from the injection of hot water has been discussed by several researchers. l-6,19 In no case has the problem of predicting heat losses been rigorously incorporated into the recovery and displacement calculation problem. Willman et al. describe an approximate method of such treatment. 1 The calculation of heat losses in a reservoir and the corresponding temperature distribution while injecting a hot fluid has been attempted by several authors.7'8 In this report a method is presented to numerically predict the oil displacement by hot water in a radial system, taking into account the heat losses to adjacent strata, changes in viscosity ratio with temperature and the thermal-expansion effect for both oil and water. DERIVATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS We start with the familiar Buckley-Leverettg equation for a radial system:* This is sometimes referred to as the Lagrangian form of the displacement equation. If the injection water is at some temperature Ti which is above reservoir temperature TR, then lw, the flowing fraction which is water, is a function of both water saturation and fluid temperature at any given time and position in the reservoir. The temperature dependence of lw results from the temperature dependence of the viscosity ratio µo/µm of which lw is a function. Thus:

Jan 1, 1966

By Robert L. Lagace

The objective of this task was to perform theoretical analyses related to identifying and increasing the understanding of wireless propagation mechanisms in mines, and for predicting the performance ranges and limitations of proposed systems. This was to be achieved by building on and extending previous ADL work* and utilizing experimental data as they became available in the radio frequency bands of interest. B. TASKS Theoretical radio wave propagation investigations undertaken on this task centered on three areas. The first area dealt with extending previous UHF wireless propagation results*: to estimate the losses caused by the presence of haulage vehicles such as trains in coal mine tunnels; to estimate the propagation losses and wireless communication ranges expected along a longwall coal face tunnel; and to assess the applicability of previous analytical approximations to tunnels having reduced crossectional dimensions, such as those found in low coal and in the presence of haulage vehicles. The second area dealt with the development of a suitable propagation model to adequately explain the unexpected, highly favorable LF to MF band wireless radio wave propagation behavior experimentally observed in Consolidation Coal Co.'s Ireland mine. The third area dealt with the formulation of a model for evaluating the overall system transfer function and transmitter requirements for a hoist shaft LF communications system, taking into account the hoist rope/shaft transmission line characteristics, the cage and sheave wheel line terminations, the signal inductive couplers, and hoist shaft signal and noise data.

Jan 1, 1975

By Tullemans FJ

This paper describes the general approach to ore reserve estimation and mine planning used at the Kidston Gold Mine. The geological setting and exploration is briefly summarized for background information.A geostatistical study of the deposit was carried out to determine the geological ore reserve. This was confirmed using a manual polygonal technique. Optimum pits outlined by a Lerchs-Grossman open pit design algorithm were manually smoothed allowing mineable reserves to be calculated. Mine production schedules based on kriged block grades and tonnages are continuously updated using production blasthole assays. An arithmetic mean technique of block grade estimation has proved successful to date. After milling approximately 4.9Mt of ore, the mill grade of 2.13g Au/t is only 0.5% above the mine estimate of 2.12g Au/t. The difference in contained gold between "As staked" blasthole reserves and kriged mineable reserves is 3.8%. The application of blasthole kriging as a basis for ore/waste classification in erratically mineralized areas is being evaluated. Planned future developments are briefly mentioned.

Jan 1, 1986

By Milca Ventura dos Santos, Ricardo Rodrigues Grizotti, Luciano Henrique Andrade de Resende, Francisco Ricardo Casa Neto, Paulo Roberto de Oliveira Junior, Bruno Rodrigues Ferreira

O trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar o processo de desenvolvimento e implantação da automatização nas operações, atividades de almoxarifados (recebimento, armazenagem, movimentação, inventário, picking e entrega de materiais), com o uso da tecnologia SAP FIORI com interface nos sistemas operacionais Android e IOS para utilização do Mobile (smartphones e tablet’s), já alinhado ao momento da indústria 4.0, visando inovações tecnológicas nos campos de automação, controle e tecnologia da informação. O desenvolvimento nesta nova plataforma visa tornar as operações de almoxarifados mais ágeis e eficientes, buscando otimizar o processamento das informações com mais rapidez, redução do tempo de permanência das mercadorias nas áreas de transferência e gerar maior rastreabilidade dos processamentos com interface direta e on-line com o ERP-SAP da organização. A metodologia do trabalho foi identificar as oportunidades de explorar as melhores potencialidades das soluções do SAP Fiori, alinhadas aos sistemas operacionais Android e IOS para uso de celulares, tablet’s, com comunicação através da rede interna e/ou 3G/4G sempre visando otimizar todas as atividades operacionais (fluxo de materiais) e administrativas (fluxo de informações) dentro dos processos dos almoxarifados e suas áreas de interface. O projeto iniciou-se e sendo implementado nas unidades de Planos (ArcelorMittal Tubarão e Vega), e com plano de expansão para as unidades de Longos da ArcelorMital Brasil durante o ano de 2019. Nesta primeira etapa o resultado alcançado foi de plena adequação, tendo sido encontrado benefícios em redução de erros; aumento de segurança; redução de custos; otimização de processos; transparência em dados; customização de produtos, o qual espera-se que a curva de aprendizado naturalmente nos levará a adoção de novas soluções incrementais resultando nos melhores níveis de gestão do processo de armazenagem e movimentação de materiais.

Oct 1, 2019

By Markus Timusk

This paper describes a research project that focuses on developing a diagnostic routine to assist in decision support for the condition based maintenance of mobile mining equipment subject to unsteady duty. The objective is to develop a general method for initial identification of mechanical faults in machinery operating under non-steady state conditions. The platform to be used for the experimental development and validation of the system is the swing machinery in an electric mining shovel operating in an open pit mining environment. The strategic approach that is proposed for the diagnostic routine will involve using novelty detection augmented by temporal classification.

May 1, 2004

By F. Tailoka, G. Zhao

Pb is an unwanted impurity in Al for which there is no established method of removal. As it interacts strongly with alkali metals, separation was achieved by adding Na or K to molten Al at 953-1 003 K. Direct Na addition led to considerable evaporative loss but in-situ addition by electrochemical titration from a eutectic NaCl-KCl or KCl-BaCl2 mixture was found far more effective, in some cases reducing Pb content below detection levels within 2 h of titration. K appeared more effective than Na at low Pb concentrations but the use of Na was preferred as it is less toxic and explosive. Na removal from Al-Na and Na-Pb alloys was also carried out electrochemically, the use of these two alloys rather than the eutectic salt as a source of Na avoiding liberation of Cl2 at the anode

Apr 1, 1995

By R. W. Kobler, D. A. Dahlstrom

Since the development of the pelletizing process in the fifties for relatively high purity pellets from low grade taconites, there have been several distinctive changes in filter construction for the dewatering step preceding balling. In the original large pilot plant run by Reserve Mining Co. in Babbitt, MN, the disk type filter employing agitation (Agidisc filter) was selected as the most economical. Size was limited to 2.1 m (6 ft, 9 in.) in diameter. The second generation occurred in the sixties with a jump to 2.70 m (8 ft, 10 in.) in diameter to reduce capital costs per annual ton of pellet. In the early seventies, the third generation was the steam drying disk filter which became necessary to achieve balling moistures with specific surface areas of 2200 cm2/g to as high as 3800 cm2/g caused by finer grinding to obtain higher purities. Finally, the fourth generation has recently been developed to reduce maintenance costs and further improve hydraulics to ensure minimum moisture contents.

Jan 1, 1980

By L. W. Saperstein

Public Law (PL) 95-87 contains explicit demands for land use planning in its reclamation and designation sections. Both sections require recognition of local land use plans; however, they are not well integrated. Accommodation to these planning requirements affords an opportunity to create better links among local land use planners, the state's permitting authority and designation office, and mine designers. Mining companies should take a more positive interest in local land use plans and in resource inventories. States should consider handing down to local government the responsibility for accepting mine permit applications and designation of unsuitability petitions.

Jan 12, 1983

By G. S. Beaumont

This report presents a programme of work to demonstrate the use of a surface-based centralised computer control system for the remote monitoring and control of underground conveyors in a US coal mine. The system selected for demonstration was the 'Dynalink' Micro MINOS system which is manufactured by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Engineering Limited. The site selected was Barnes S Tucker Lancashire No. 20 Mine located near Carrolltown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. The system concept, operating and application software was designed and developed by the. British National Coal Board. The report describes the selection of the site, specification of the system requirements, commissioning, operation and evaluation of the system under typical US mine operating conditions. Experience with the system, based primarily on the system reliability and performance of conveyor control, was favourable. Mine management personnel felt that the system had successfully achieved its objectives and were keen to expand monitoring and control to other activities.

Jan 1, 1986

The objective of this study was two-fold: 1. To perform a world literature search pertinent to the analysis, selection and design of hoisting systems and their components and to codify the search into a literature compendium. The search resulted in a technical data file of over 1500 hard copy items. The compendium index was also suitable for establishing a comprehensive computer-loaded data base on the subject. 2. To develop a comprehensive system of guidelines to cover salient aspects of analysis, selection and design of electrical, mechanical and structural components of a hoisting system with a view to establish parameters for maximum safety and efficiency of operation, installation and revision of the system. 3. Major mechanical components in the hoist and mechanical drive train are considered. Design and specification criteria based on American standards and practices are developed as they apply to typical mine hoist arrangements.

Jan 1, 1988

Electroosmotic Dewatering and Consolidation of Mineral Waste Tailings

Sep 13, 2010

By F. W. DeVries, O. B. Mathre

Addition of Kastone® peroxygen compound and formaldehyde to cyanide gold extraction process effluents, containing at least 5 mg soluble copper per liter, will oxidize acid-dissociable cyanide to levels less than 0.2 mg per liter, without appreciable oxidation of thiocyanate. Most of the copper precipitates and is removed by filtration of the treated solutions. The treatment can be completed in less than 2 hours when the excess of hydrogen peroxide over the cyanide is about 75-100 mg per liter. The excess hydrogen peroxide destroys residual formaldehyde and then is catalytically decomposed by the copper-containing solids that separate, so it will not interfere with subsequent operation. A pilot plant using this technology has been operated for more than four months at rates from 1-2 gpm. Clear, filtered effluent containing less than 0.2 mg acid-dissociable cyanide per liter has been produced.

Jan 1, 1981

By D. S. F. Silva

A survey of 120 recent NI 43-101 technical reports was conducted to evaluate the current state of practice regarding resource classification techniques. The most common classification techniques are based on search neighbourhoods (50% of recent reports), drill-hole spacing (30% of recent reports), and/or kriging variance (6% of recent reports). Two new techniques are proposed. The first is based on kriging variance and involves removing one or more drill-holes with the highest weights while performing kriging and using the resultant kriging variance for classification. This technique has the advantages of variance-based techniques and reduces artifacts. The second technique is based on conditional simulation and uses a moving window approach for classification at the desired selective mining unit resolution based on larger production volume criteria. This technique has the advantage of accounting for heteroscedasticity, which is a common characteristic in mineral deposits, and also reduces artifacts since a production volume scale is considered for the actual classification. The drill-hole spacing, search neighborhood, kriging variance, and simulation-based techniques are described and compared for 2D and 3D examples with regular and irregular drilling patterns to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Jan 1, 2014

By Hernando Labarthe Correa

La presente investigación busca establecer una política racional para el abastecimiento de insumos que elimine los trámites burocráticos a través de una política de insumos de Mediana Minería que pueda generar un ahorro real de divisas y una mayor producción minera. En este sentido, se define el significado económico de los insumos, se divide la categorización en insumos nacionales e insumos importados, se revisa el reglamento del Art. 125° del decreto legislativo 18880 y los trámites de exportación, así como la importancia de las ferias internacionales y el depósito de mercancías en el perfeccionamiento de este sistema.

Nov 20, 1978

By Li Huimin

In this paper the step of determining the property index and the program of mixture ratio design of stabilizing agent in deep foundation construction are presented. According to the principle of computer simulation, the model and the method of computer simulation for optimum mix design are set up. Also, the precision of simulation results has been estimated and verified experimentally.

Jan 1, 1991

By T. Hart

Nuclear gauging is used world-wide in almost every industry. From mining and ore-grading to finished product, the metallurgical industry is one of the biggest users of nuclear sensors for inventory, process control, and quality assurance. This paper will discuss the basic theory of gamma transmission gauging techniques found useful in mining, milling and metal production. Techniques to be discussed are gamma transmission for level and density. A major new technique will also be discussed. This technique is called gamma backscatter. The uniqueness of this technology, how to apply and the differences between transmission and backscatter will be accentuated.

Jan 1, 2011

By G C. Bolton

Experiments were conducted to access the feasibility of removing zinc from lead slag by sulfation or chlorination or both. Gaseous sulfation with sulfur dioxide and oxygen released only 50 per cent of zinc even under the most severe conditions. Sulfation with concentrated sulfuric acid by a fast-leach process released 95 per cent of zinc while pug-roasting released a maximum of 78 per cent of zinc. Chloridization with NaCl in the presence of sulfating gas released 50 per cent of zinc, while direct chlorination with chlorine gas and oxygen released 85 per cent of zinc and 100 per cent of lead in a chloride condensate containing little impurities.

Jan 1, 1980

By Joseph J. Wallace

1. From the standpoint of present production and recoverable reserves, there are two beds of major importance in Allegheny County -Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport -and one of lesser importance -Redstone. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 832 million short tons as of January 1, 1953. Of this total, 768 million short tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in some beds were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1953

By T. K. Perkins, L. R. Kern, R. E. Wyant

Many factors influence the results of hydraulic fracturing to stimulate well productivity. Most of these factors have been studied and their effects discussed in the literature. However, the movement of sand through the crack during fracturing has received little consideration. Exactly where the sand goes in the fracture, how it gets there, and how this might influence results have not been studied, judging from published reports. To get an answer to some of these questions we have studied sand movement through a simulated crack segment in the laboratory. Although the work is preliminary, we have answered some questions about sand movement in a semiquantitative sense. We are reporting our results at this time in the hope of stimulating interest and further study in this important aspect of fracturing. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of equipment used in this study. A segment of a vertical crack 0.25-in. wide was formed between two Plexiglas plates, and movement of sand in fluid through the crack was observed under various conditions. Sand and fluid were injected into the crack at constant rates. The top and bottom of the crack were closed so that the fluid flowed horizontally. Because of gravity most of the sand settled to the bottom before moving very far through the crack. If the fluid velocity exceeded a certain critical value, then all the sand injected was washed on through the crack even though it had settled to the bottom. When the fluid velocity was less than this value when sand injection was started, most of the sand which settled in the crack remained in place until enough of the area open to fluid flow was blocked by the settled sand to increase the fluid velocity to the critical value.. At this point all injected sand moved on through the crack even though it settled to the lower portion of the moving fluid section. All sand previously settled remained in place. When fluid velocity was increased at this paint by increasing fluid injection rate (without also increasing sand injection rate), some of the previously settled sand was washed out until enough area was open to flow that the velocity dropped to the critical value. Conversely, when the fluid velocity was decreased by decreasing the fluid injection rate (without changing the rate of sand injection), additional sand would settle until the critical velocity was again attained. In short, the critical velocity is an equilibrium value which the system will automatically seek, if possible. The equilibrium (or critical) velocity was measured under several conditions. The results of these measurements are shown in Pig. 2 where the equilibrium velocity is shown as a function of the amount of sand injected per minute. The points falling in the shaded band shown in Fig. 2 were obtained with water. The higher viscosities were obtained by adding CMC (carboxymethylcellu-lose). Data indicate that the equilibrium velocity is not very sensitive to sand size or transport fluid viscosity, or to sand injection rate (except at very low rates). Points connected by the solid CUrve in Fig. 2 were obtained with water and 20- to 40-mesh steel shot. The equilibrium velocity is apparently fairly sensitive to difference in density between particle and fluid. Only one run was made with a gelled fluid and that was gelled water at zero sand injection rate as shown in Fig. 2. (Measurements of equilibrium velocity at zero sand injection rate were made by filling the crack

By M. A. Schellhardt, E. J. Dewees, R. Vincent Smith

"INTRODUCTION Abnormal material requirements of the nation at war impose an intensive demand upon many irreplaceable natural resources. Natural-3as reserves) for example, are being subjected at the present time to extensive depletion by large-scale withdrawals of gas to supply unprecedented demands for fuel and raw materials for the synthesis of strategic products. Fluids produced from many so-called gas-condensate type reservoirs have become an important source of hydrocarbons vital to the war effort.Development of gas-condensate type reservoirs in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas in recent years created many problems not common to ordinary gas-producing operations. Early in the development of condensate-type gas fields, general practices were evolved and applied to insure efficient re¬covery of the hydrocarbons existing in the gas phase under initial reservoir pressures and temperatures, put often the practices were predicted mainlyregardingupon generalized theory regarding the behavior of the fluids and were not always the most efficient, because field and laboratory procedure for testing these hydrocarbons had not progressed as rapidly or as far as field development. Specific information regarding the composition and properties of fluids ultimately recoverable from many gas-condensate reservoirs, especially, is lacking."

Oct 1, 1944