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By Franciszek Letowski

"Recovery of precious metals associated with a sulphidic matrix has an important economic effect on complex sulphide ore treatment. Because a significant portion of the silver and gold associated with pyrite are rejected to tailings during the selective flotation of pyritic Zn-Pb-Cu ore, other ore processing routes have been investigated.Direct leaching of the ore with ferric sulphate solution followed by separation of different components of the solid suspension by flotation was applied. Such a process allows for: production of zinc sulphate solution; transformation of galena PbS to insoluble lead sulphate PbS04 and its accumulation in a non-floatable fraction together with precipitated geothite FeOOH and other insoluble gangue minerals; separation of sulphur and non-decomposed sulphides in the floatable fraction.Laboratory research carried out on the ore samples from an Alaskan pyritic deposit from the Delta region indicates that gold and silver are mostly concentrated in the floatable fraction.Total recovery of zinc from the ore attains 96.5% to 98.5% after ferric sulphate leaching. About 85% of copper was extracted from the ore during the ferric sulphate and subsequent ferric chloride leaching, and about 6% of the copper remained in the non-floatable fraction and mixed fraction during the leaching-flotation step. Extraction of lead from the nonfloatable fraction during leaching with calcium chloride solution attained 98% to 99%. Extraction of silver from the floatable fraction during leaching with ferric chloride solution reached 98%. Extraction of gold from the floatable fraction during cyanide or thiourea leaching reached 71% to 89%. The results of the laboratory research are presented."

Jan 1, 1987

By T. P. R. de Jong, H. Harbeck

"This contribution reports recent mineral sorting experience and lists the opportunities of the newest generation of automatic sorters with a special focus on electromagnetic detection and Xray transmission. With the available sensor resolutions and actuator systems that are available today sorting of minerals down to 2 mm size and up to 250 mm lump size is technically feasible. In industry, ore as well as coal is still hand-picked and current automation potential only utilised in a handful of specific applications. Recently a number of technological developments took place that may increase sorting potential, save mill costs and lead to lower overall tonnage costs.They are:??High speed and high resolution sorting systems based on X-ray transmission imaging??High speed on-line image processing and further development of advanced data processing??Modular multi-sensor automatic sorting units (using one or more sensors such as colour, electromagnetic and X-ray in a single device)??Sensitive electromagnetic sensors for sorting based on differences in magnetic susceptibility and electric conductivityThe above enables compact dry separation, insensitive for moisture fluctuations and at high separation sharpness, as well as “electronic” high gradient magnetic separation for larger particles. Besides conventional X-ray transmission (XRT), dual-energy XRT (DE-XRT) is now being redesigned to meet the requirements of the mining industry. The mentioned technologies provide automatic dry separation of minerals and rock as alternative for conventional processing."

Jan 1, 2005

By T. Hidayat, D. Shishin, S. Sineva, M. Shevchenko

The effects of the slagging components Al2O3, CaO and MgO on the thermodynamics and phase equilibria of the gas/slag/matte system with major elements “Cu2O”-“FeO”-SiO2-S are characterised using an integrated experimental and thermodynamic modelling approach. The experimental technique included high-temperature equilibration experiments using a spinel substrate in controlled gas atmosphere (CO/CO2/SO2/Ar), quenching of the sample and subsequent measurement of the compositions of equilibrium phases with Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). Thermodynamic modelling is undertaken using the computer system FactSage. In previous experimental studies on this system, the separate effects of Al2O3, CaO and MgO were determined. In the present investigation, the combined effects of these additional components are investigated at 1200oC and P(SO2) = 0.25 atm and a range of P(O2)’s. Special attention is paid to ensuring chemical equilibrium is achieved in each case, for this reason possible kinetic factors are systematically analysed. The results obtained are presented in the form of graphs showing the compositions of matte and slag phases as functions of copper concentration (matte grade). The new experimental data are used for the improvement of the thermodynamic database for multicomponent copper-containing systems. The effects of the slagging elements on this multicomponent system will be presented in the paper. INTRODUCTION Whilst Fe-O-Si form the principal components of copper smelting and refining slags, additional impurities are present in industrial practice typically at 2–5 wt.% Al2O3, 1–4 wt.% CaO and 1–2 wt.% MgO levels (Davenport, King, Schlesinger, & Biswas, 2002). These elements are introduced into the slag as impurities in concentrates and other feedstocks, in fluxes added to the process and in refractory materials. Understanding, and accurate description, of the changes that take place in the smelting process in the presence of these additional elements is of major importance to the optimization of industrial operations. Although experimental data are available on slag/copper matte equilibria, further work is needed to accurately characterise the influence of Al2O3, CaO and MgO on phase equilibria and elemental distributions of elements in gas/slag/matte systems. The individual effects of the Al2O3, CaO and MgO slagging components on equilibrium phase assemblages under selected conditions have been quantified in a recent series of studies on the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si-(Al, Ca, Mg) gas-slag-matte-metal system (Fallah- Mehrjardi, Hayes, & Jak, 2018; Fallah-Mehrjardi, Hidayat, Hayes, & Jak, 2017a, 2017b; Hidayat, Fallah-Mehrjardi, Hayes, & Jak, 2018a, 2018b; Jak et al., 2016; D. Shishin, Decterov, & Jak, 2018; Denis Shishin, Hayes, & Jak, 2018). Since, thermodynamically, the condensed phases do not behave ideally, it is to be expected that the effects of individual elements may not be additive, and the additional interactions between the Al2O3, CaO and MgO slagging components will also have to be taken into account. These additional effects are expected to be smaller than those of the individual components, so higher accuracy is needed. The present paper describes analysis of the precision and accuracy of the experimental technique on multi-component, multi-phase equilibria in these systems to enable the combined effects of Al2O3 + CaO + MgO on slag/matte/spinel equilibria, i.e. for high Fe/SiO2, to be accurately measured. The effects of Al2O3, CaO and MgO on the gas - slag - matte are analysed using a thermodynamic modelling approach with the computer package FactSage.

Jan 1, 2019

By Manqiu Xu, Joe Holmes, Peter Wells, Peter Langlois, Germain Labonté, Jim Barrett

"The flowsheet for the Voisey’s Bay mill had to meet the challenge of processing an ore containing high pentlandite and chalcopyrite values in a largely pyrrhotite/troilite matrix. In the 1994-97 period, circuit development focused on making a high-grade copper concentrate and a relatively low-grade nickel concentrate. However, in 1998 a circuit with copper concentrate, high-grade nickel concentrate and a Ni/Cu middlings concentrate was specified. Following a three year project delay, work resumed on the flowsheet in 2001, and the target for the overall grade of the nickel concentrate was raised from 14% to 20% nickel. To achieve this target triethylamine tetramine (TETA) and sulfite pyrrhotite depressants were used in an all lime circuit. It later became evident that, with appropriate selection of collector and adjustment of the circuit by the addition of a scavenger on the scavenger cleaner, it would be possible to approach the grade of concentrate required without the use of pyrrhotite depressants. The recycle of water and the contained thiosalts was also proven to be instrumental in raising the grade.Construction and commissioning of the mill were fast-tracked with start-up of the mill in September 2005 some six months ahead of the original schedule. Ramp-up of both throughput and metallurgy was faster than any other recent nickel installations with tonnage being limited mainly by concentrate dewatering due to the higher than initially planned ore grades.INTRODUCTIONNickel was discovered in the vicinity of Voisey’s Bay by Chislett and Verbiski working for Diamond Field Resources in 1993 and the Ovoid deposit was delineated in the winter of 1994/95. By the end of 1995 the Ovoid had been well explored and at that time was thought to have a reserve of at least 30 million tonnes with an average grade of 2.83% Ni and 2.0% Cu. Drilling to the east of the Ovoid had indicated the presence of significant mineralization. In June of 1995, Inco Limited bought a 25% share in the Voisey’s Bay Nickel Company (VBNC) which was a subsidiary holding company set up by Diamond Fields. Inco also bought 8% of Diamond Fields and negotiated the right to sell all the nickel produced from VBNC for twenty years as part of this agreement. In April 1996, Inco bought the 75% of VBNC shares that it did not own."

Jan 1, 2007

Scope / Agenda ? What is Situation Awareness (SA)? ? Background on SA theory ? SA is critical in a wide variety of domains ? SA and human performance ? Consequences of poor SA ? Significant challenges for SA in mining operations ? Technology centric design ? SA-oriented design methodology ? Goal-Directed Task Analysis ? Design ? SA Measurement and Evaluation ? Applications of SA-oriented design

Aug 1, 2013

By Kim Wiwchar, Elizabeth Mbaja, Lynne Dang, Jim Furey, Anita Marks

"Suncor Energy Inc., located north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, commenced pilot scale operation using a CPT 4’ diameter flotation column in March 2003. This larger scale trial follows two previously successful flotation column bench scale tests. They included an April 2002 trial with a 2.4” inner diameter column from the University of Alberta and a 20” diameter CPT column in August 2002. The column receives middlings stream feed from one of Suncor’s deep cone separation cells and is operated in parallel with a set of WEMCO flotation cells. The recovery, tails losses, and concentrate quality are being compared between the two systems. The column, to date, has been tested with all types of run of mine ore grades. Variables such as wash water flow and temperature, sparger nozzle size and location, sparger air/water flow rates, and column residence time has been adjusted to achieve better recovery and final product quality.Used in many mineral processing applications, column flotation is primarily used for the final stage of sulphide cleaning and flotation of phosphate or iron ore. As well, mechanical cells are often used in combination with a column to retrofit an operation and to produce a cleaner product.Initial results prove that this is the first successful application of a flotation column in an oilsand application. If viable, it will be an inexpensive process for recovery of bitumen from a middlings stream and able to produce a final product suitable for froth treatment.INTRODUCTIONSuncor’s oilsand is surface mined from the Athabasca Oilsand deposit north of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The oilsand is then mixed with hot process water (HPW) and the bitumen is slurried in a pipeline. Large separation cells as shown in Figure 1 float off the bitumen product, which is then steam or static deaerated and sent to Secondary Extraction for further cleaning. The tails stream from the cell is sent to the Final Tails Pumphouse (FTPH) for processing. The tailings flotation froth product gets recycled to the separation cell oilsand feed. The tailings are pumped from the FTPH to tailings ponds. The middlings stream is drawn off the separation cell approximately 9’ from the froth overflow level. It runs down, by gravity, to the scavenger banks for bitumen recovery. It was from this stream off of the Line 6 Separation Cell that the feed to the Canadian Process Technologies Inc (CPT) flotation column was taken."

Jan 1, 2004

By N. I. Basuki, E. T. C. Spooner

"The Bongara area, northern Peru, contains Zn-Pb mineralization with characteristics typical of Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) systems. The northwest-southeast-trending late Triassic-Jurassic car¬bonate host rocks of the Pucará Group were locally replaced by early (D1) and late (D2) dolomite. Fluid inclusion microthermometric data from dolomite and sphalerite are typical of MVT ore fluids (78° to 187°C; ~15-23 wt.% CaCl2 equivalent), and do not show apparent covariation between temperature and salinity.Homogenization temperature data from D1 and D2 dolomite show a decrease from northern (mean Th = 138°C) to central (mean Th = 126°C) to southern areas (mean Th = 102°C), suggesting fluid flow from north to south. Assuming a geothermal gradient of ~30°C/km and an average surface temperature of ~20°C, the lower temperature limits might approximate the ambient host-rock temperatures, whereas the upper temperature limits may represent minimum temperatures of a deeper aquifer, probably at a maximum depth of ~6000 m. The lower temperature limits are also similar to the estimated temperatures if dolomitization and mineralization took place in the Late Cretaceous at ~2000-3000 m depth, probably during the formation of the Peruvian fold and thrust belt near the present day Peru-Ecuador border.Fluid inclusion data show that the fluids in each studied location had relatively uniform temperatures and salinities during dolomitization and mineralization. A significant salinity drop and a slight temperature decrease are observed during late calcite precipitation, suggesting mixing of brines with dilute, cooler fluids."

Jan 1, 2009

By Gunnar Nord

Introduction ??Atlas Copco has customers both amongst Miners and Contractors ??We believe that the contractor's approach to tunnelling is worthstudying ??For a tunnel contractor the incentive is speed as ?30 % of the costs are material related ?70 % of the cost are time related ?A tunnel contractor favours utilizing of the face ?A miner favours utilizing of the gear ??Statement; In mining, a long term average advance rate of more than 10 m / day can be achieved with the excavation techniques availabletoday

May 1, 2009

By K. G. Thorne, D. R. Lentz, A. F. Park

"The Main zone of the Clarence Stream gold deposit is hosted by a shear zone adjacent to the Saint George batholith in southwestern New Brunswick. The mineralization history relates to progressive deformation in the shear zone and the intrusion of the Magaguadavic granodiorite.Of three phases of deformation that have affected the area (D1-D3), D1 is not observed in the Clarence Stream shear zone. Two suites of igneous rocks intrude the shear zone: post-D2, pre-D3 gabbro; and granitic dikes, which crosscut the gabbros. Granitic dikes show a diverse range of relationships to D3 features, from pre-syn-D3 mylonitic fabrics in transposed and highly deformed enclaves, to nondeformed and entirely discordant dikes (post-D3).A variety of veins occur within this shear zone. Zoisite-bearing and later, crosscutting epidote-bearing veins are preserved as relics in quartz-mylonites, and predate quartz veins that host gold mineralization. The epidote-bearing veins are associated with pseudotachylitic cataclasite dikes, consistent with transient brittle failure during ductile deformation.Deformation relates to right-lateral strike-slip motion across the shear zone, and subhorizontal and near-vertical stretching lineations imply transpression. A late (late- or post-D3) dip-slip phase of motion is also apparent, and cooling followed a metamorphic peak early in D2-D3 history. Deformation of the shear zone, and more localized transient brittle failure, provided the permeability for fluid movement and vein emplacement. This scenario is similar to the findings of other studies, in which geochemical, tracer isotopic, and age-dating (U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar) results suggest that the adjacent Magaguadavic granodiorite provided heat and metals. La zone principale (Main zone) du gisement d’or de Clarence Stream est encaissée par une zone de cisaillement qui longe le batholite de Saint George dans le sud-ouest du Nouveau Brunswick. L’historique de la mise en place de la minéralisation accorde un rôle important à la déformation progressive dans la zone de cisaillement et à la mise en place de la granodiorite de Magaguadavic.Des trois phases de déformation à avoir affecté la région (D1-D3), les effets de D1 ne sont pas observés dans la zone de cisaillement de Clarence Stream. Deux suites de roches ignées se sont mises en place dans cette zone de cisaillement : un gabbro post D2, pré-D3 et des dykes granitiques qui recoupent le gabbro. Les dykes granitiques montrent une grande diversité de relations avec les structures D3, allant de précoces à synchrones aux fabriques mylonitiques D3 dans des enclaves transportées et fortement déformées à des dykes complètement discordants et non déformés (post-D3).On note diverses veines dans cette zone de cisaillement. Des veines contenant de la zoisite ainsi que des veines d’épidote sécantes plus tardives, lesquelles sont préservées comme reliquats dans les mylonites à quartz et sont plus vieilles que les veines de quartz contenant la minéralisation aurifère. Les veines d’épidote sont associées à des dykes de catacalasite à texture de pseudotachylite, compatibles avec une rupture cassante épisodique durant la déformation ductile.La déformation résulte d’un mouvement décrochant dextre le long de la zone de cisaillement et les linéations d’étirement subhorizontales et quasi-verticales impliquent de la transpression. Une phase tardive (tardi- ou post-D3) de mouvement selon le pendage est aussi apparente, et le refroidissement succède à un pic métamorphique tôt dans l’histoire D2-D3. La déformation de la zone de cisaillement et la rupture cassante épisodique ont fourni la perméabilité nécessaire au mouvement des fluides et à la mise en place des veines. Ce scénario est similaire à celui proposé par d’autres études, dans lesquelles les résultats de géochimie, de traceurs isotopiques et de géochronologie (U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar) suggèrent que la granodiorite de Magaguadavic avoisinante a fourni la chaleur et les métaux."

Jan 1, 2008

By G. Bellefleur, K. Stevens, E. Adam, D. Synder, G. Perron, C. Müller

The Downhole Seismic Imaging consortium was initiated by the Geological Survey of Canada and three Canadian mining companies to assess the usefulness of borehole seismic techniques for the exploration of massive sulphide deposits within areas of steeply dipping stratigraphy. Field tests were conducted over two sub-economic massive sulphide deposits located in Norman West, Ontario, and Halfmile Lake, New Brunswick, using various shot configurations and a three-component borehole receiver array. The Norman West deposit, or structures associated with the deposit, produce detectable seismic reflections as far away as 1500 m. However, these reflections are difficult to distinguish from fault reflections and lithological contacts near the base of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. At Halfmile Lake, the rock properties are favourable for direct orebody detection. The Halfmile Lake deposit has a clear but relatively complex seismic signature on the downhole data, showing not only P-wave reflections, but also strong reflected S-waves and modeconverted waves. Such prominent S-waves and converted waves have not been recognized previously in borehole or surface seismic data acquired over massive sulphide deposits. These waves add complexity to the interpretation but provide additional imaging capabilities. Reflected S-waves and converted waves should be considered when designing seismic surveys for mineral exploration.

Jan 1, 2004

By E. Amini

"While methods exist to allow the simulation and optimization of existing flotation operations, there is a deficit in the ability to predict the performance of a new ore type pre-processing. A laboratory scale batch flotation testing methodology has been developed to assess the flotation potential of ores (known as the JK Floatability Index or JKFI). Previous work conducted by Alexander and Collins (2008) showed that the test could be used to predict full scale results in base metal ores. In this work, JKFI tests were applied to three different types of ore and one blend from a greenfields gold deposit to show the test applicability to flotation of precious metals. The results from the JKFI test on one ore type were then used to predict the response of all ore types (including the blend). To validate the predicted kinetic parameters, a comprehensive survey was performed on a pilot plant where each of ore types was processed in the circuit. An acceptable agreement was found between the experimental recoveries and predicted recoveries which indicate the potential of this method for use in predicting the flotation response of an ore.INTRODUCTIONOver 100 years, flotation has been considered an efficient method to concentrate different types of sulphide and oxide minerals and coal. Thus, numerous research studies have been undertaken to find an appropriate model to predict the behaviour of particles in flotation circuits (Barnwal et. al., 2006; Bascur and Herbst, 1983; Cecile and Villeneuve, 1991; Deng et. al., 1996; Zheng et. al., 2006). Most methods are based on the ore flotation response in an industrial plant which is expensive and time consuming to characterise. It is difficult to reliably predict flotation response for new types of ores in industrial scale plants.The floatability component modelling (FCM) approach, developed within the Australian Minerals Industry Research Association (AMIRA) P9 project, has been used to derive models of operating flotation plants for the purpose of simulation and optimisation (Alexander and Morrison, 1998; Alexander et. al., 2000; Varadi, 2006). This approach has been applied at a large number of operating sites treating a wide variety of ores. The approach requires metallurgical surveys to be undertaken in conjunction with batch flotation tests and cell characterisation. This allows ore and machine parameters to be derived, which are then used in the P9 Flotation Model. The development of a FCM generally requires a large commitment of resources and time. While there has been significant support of this approach in industry, the FCM approach is limited to ores already being processed (Runge, 2004; Wightman, 2006)."

Jan 1, 2009

By Ian D. Pirie

Presentation outline ?Project location ?Geology ?Resources and reserves ?Results of the FEED study ?Social and environmental considerations ?Project path forward

May 1, 2010

By J. J. Bouillon

"Located in the northwestern portion of the Abitibi greenstone belt, Les Mines Selbaie is a copper-zinc (silver and gold) producer. Felsic tuffs host three are zones. Composed of sulphide veins and breccias, they are not exhalative massive sulphide deposits, except, probably, for the massive pyrite (fragments and lenses) localized close to the top of the volcanic sequence.The total of all (mineable and mined) ore in the three zones presently outlined on the property, is of the order of 29.9 x 106 tonnes with average grade of 0.63 g/t Au, 37.02 g/t Ag, 1.21% Cu, 1.91% Zn.The ore reserve calculations and the daily production procedures are computerized to various degrees. The data handling process is highly computerized.Various geophysical methods are, and have in the past, been successfully used on the property. The ""mise-à-la-masse"" surveys were used to perform the geological interpretation of an underground deposit (A-2 zone). Presently the PULSE-EM surveys are performed in all surface and underground exploration drill holes."

Jan 1, 1990

By Charles Taschereau

The statements made in this presentation contain certain forward-looking statements concerning potential developments affecting the business, prospects, financial condition and other aspects of Canada Lithium Corp. The actual results of the specific items described in this presentation, and the company?s operations generally, may differ materially from what is projected in such forward-looking statements. Although such statements are based upon the best judgments of Canada Lithium Corp. management as of the date of this presentation, significant deviations in magnitude, timing and other factors may result from business risks and uncertainties including, without limitation, the Company?s dependence on third parties, general market and economic conditions, technical factors, the availability of outside capital, receipt of revenues and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Company. Canada Lithium Corp. disclaims any obligation to update information contained in any forward-looking statement. Toronto Stock Exchange: CLQToronto CLQOTCQX: CLQMFOTCQX: CLQMF

May 1, 2011

By Gustav Nillson

There is a difference in design parameters between steel linings and rubber linings for grinding mills. The basic design parameters for rubber are described and a comparison is made between steel and rubber in different applications.

Jan 1, 1979

By John H. Fowler

"Most of the aggregate used in Nova Scotia is produced from numerous glaciofluvial and ice-contact deposits scattered throughout the province. Production from bedrock sources is increasing, with most of the coarse aggregate used in the Halifax-Dartmouth area coming from quarries operating within the metro area.A recently completed provincial sand and gravel inventory mapping program has identified some ""resource-poor"" areas where comprehensive aggregate evaluation programs are underway. Although some areas of the province are experiencing aggregate supply problems, large volumes are exported to markets as far away as Bermuda.IntroductionThe Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy has been involved with aggregate resource studies for several years, although sand, gravel and crushed stone are not designated as minerals under the Mineral Resources Act of Nova Scotia. Our role has been to provide the aggregate industry with resource data as well as provide similar information to governmental agencies involved with municipal planning, water resource studies and environmental protection regulations. Several private consulting firms use the information in many of their site development studies.We became involved with aggregates in a rather roundabout way. Several years ago, an outcry from inhabitants of a small coastal community over the removal of sand and gravel from a local beach moved the provincial Department of Lands and Forests to take action to protect provincial beaches. We were asked by the Department to provide information and to suggest alternative sources here operators extracting sand and gravel from beaches could relocate. This request initiated an aggregate inventory survey in southeastern Cape Breton, which was later extended to cover the entire province. The initial provincial sand z and gravel inventory survey provided a series of 1:50,000 maps showing the distribution of sand and gravel deposits in the province."

Jan 1, 1982

Leadership "Organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal" Paradigms ? Rush to produce or cut costs. ? The most important thing after safety is production. ? We?ll take care of ??this?? once in production. ? I know what to do, 30 years of experience in mining. ? I want a 100% reliable operation.

Aug 1, 2013

By Tony Robles

"A new process is disclosed for the recovery of gold and/or silver values from activated carbon wherein they are adsorbed as cyanide complexes. A unique chemistry allows the new process to use mill process water containing an inexpensive, non-hazardous compound as the eluant. The new process has an elution period of 5 hours at 98°C. The gold in the eluant can be recovered by electrowinning or zinc precipitation. The new elution process is simple, reliable, and provides an eluted carbon that may not require thermal regeneration before reuse. Retrofitting the new process to existing processes such as Zadra, Anglo, and others will not require significant capital expenditures.IntroductionThe efficient and reliable elution process for gold/silver from activated carbon is a very important process in the gold mining industry. The most common techniques for elution of gold cyanide from activated carbon are the Zadra and Anglo procedures.Specialized elution techniques like the Micron and Acetonitrile processes have not been commercialized to significant extent probably due to relatively complex unit operations and expensive reagents.Important functions of the gold recovery circuit are:Efficiently recover gold/silver from the loaded carbon.Carbon is in good condition for reuse for optimum recovery.The pregnant solution is amenable to electrowinning or zinc precipitation to recover gold/silver from the solution.The whole process to be simple and short to reduce gold inventories.Present Elution ProcessesTable 1 shows some carbon elution processes that are available today. The two main elution processes used in the industry are: (1) the Zadra process, in which hot cyanide solution is circulated through an elution column and electrowinning cells; and (2) the Anglo American Research Laboratory (Anglo) process, consisting of a pretreatment step with caustic cyanide solution, followed by elution with deionized water."

Jan 1, 2000

By Peter Metcalfe

"Wireless communication in the mineral processing environment is not as simple as it is in the home or office environment. The correct design of a wireless network in the mineral processing environment can offer a more flexible and lower cost installation than the transitional fiber networks. However with the flexibility of a wireless solution, also comes some limitations. By reviewing the plant requirements along with weighting the wireless benefits and limitations it is possible to design a network that combines the robustness of a wired solution with the mobility of a wireless solution. This paper addresses some wireless design considerations and it looks at some real life examples in the following areas: •,Meshed wireless network for high levels of redundancy •,Wireless instruments (such as HART, Modbus and others) •,Portable devices for mobile operators •,Network monitoring for plant personnel (it’s no longer just for IT people) INTRODUCTION Typical networks used in the mineral processing environment consist of a fiber network infrastructure with industrial switches used to connect the network devices. These fiber networks can be redundant or put into a ring topologies to offer a higher level of availability. Fiber networks have the benefits of: •,Immunity to noise from power and grounding issues •,Ability to span long distances (2km for multimode fiber and 20km for single mode fiber) •,Maintainable “off-the-shelf” technology Fiber networks however have some drawbacks, such as: •,Relativity high initial installation cost for cable trays, poles, trenches and pulling and termination of cable. •,Fixed geographic topology, adding future fiber drops may be challenging and expensive. •,Mobile users are not considered. Integrating a wireless network with a fiber network can offer the best of two worlds, a reliable high speed backbone for mission critical activities and a wireless network for remote applications and mobile users."

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Tylczak, C. Norman, C. Shook, S. Loif

"There are a lot of good reasons to manage energy use at mining operations. Optimizing process energy use reduces operating costs. Tracking energy use can help identify unplanned process changes or malfunctioning equipment early, which allows problems to be corrected promptly.Sacré-Davey Engineering in Vancouver has performed over 50 Energy Management studies for various industries including: mining, pulp and paper, oil and gas, etc. Energy Management programs can be used to identify energy reduction opportunities, assess project feasibility, complete equipment selection trade-offs, as well as to monitor and manage energy costs. Benefits of energy management programs are reduced energy costs, reduced maintenance, and increased plant automation. Additionally, energy management can provide access to utility incentive funding and quantify savings which can greatly improve the return on investment of potential projects.Energy management studies are funded by many Utility programs across Canada. There are various programs available for existing plants energy audits, project feasibility studies, new plant design reviews and energy monitoring and targeting, etc. There are capital incentives available which can significantly reduce payback period.This paper discusses how energy management can be used to support mill/mine operations groups, maintenance programs, as well as expansion or green field projects. This paper will also provide an overview of Canadian Utility companies programs and how they can assist mining companies.IntroductionThere are a lot of good reasons to manage energy use at mining operations. Optimizing process energy use reduces operating costs. Tracking energy use can help identify unplanned process changes and identify malfunctioning equipment early, which allows problems to be corrected promptly."

Jan 1, 2015