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By The Staff

BEFORE going into detail on the subject to be presented, a brief outline of the Company's earl y history would not be out of place. Prospecting and mining on a small scale was started in 1876 on the site of the present open pit at Thetford Mines. The property was purchased from the Crown in 1878 and Johnson's Company was incorporated in 1885. It is owned and operated today by descendants of the original shareholders. Many employees, through their fathers and grandfathers, have service records dating back three generations. The principal asbestos deposit at Thetford Mines is pear-shaped, with surface dimensions of about 2,200 feet in length by 1,300 feet in maximum . width. Its long axis strikes northeast and the dip is nearly vertical, but irregular in detail. It is known to extend to a depth 1,200 feet below the original surface, but its area at that depth has not been determined. Ownership of this deposit is divided among three active Companies: the Asbestos Corporation, Limited; Bell Asbestos Mines, Limited; and John-son's Company. Johnson's Company owns a section about 1,000 feet in length and 500 feet in width, bounded on the northeast by the King mine of the Asbestos Corporation and on the northwest by the Bell pit. On Johnson ground, there was originally a large outcrop o~ asbestos rock which dipped toward the south below overburden. This was mined until recently by open pit, the overburden being stripped off as far southward from the original outcrop as was economically possible. As the. pit was deepened, within side walls maintained at a maximum safe slope, its floor area, of course, became progressively smaller, and eventually the pit would have wedged out against the Bell property line. It became necessary, there-fore, to introduce some other method of mining before production became seriously curtailed by a shrinkage of the pit area.

Jan 1, 1941

By J. F. Boux

"The study of the total utilization of fly ash has involved all of the known technology in the processing of this waste material into useful products. In addition, a complete knowledge of all the possible uses of fly ash and its products in the market area was probably the most important factor in evaluating the theory and practical feasibility of the total utilization of fly ash from a single large supplyLaboratory tests carried out on the separation of fly ash into different fractions were shown to improve its value and utilization. Four main fractions were studied: a fine pozzolanic low-carbon fraction; a coarse fraction for light-weight aggregate production by pelletizing and sintering; a high-iron fraction; and a carbon-rich fraction. The term ""beneficiation"" here refers to a process of separating fly ash into more useful components.Laboratory and pilot sinter strand tests were employed to optimize the sintering capability and the quality of the heat-hardened pellets through a study of the agglomeration cycle in four principal heat zones, under controlled conditions of air flow, temperature and atmosphere, and including the controlled sizing of pellets.The suitability of the heat-hardened pellets as light-weight aggregate was evaluated in test batches of concrete, which were compared with concrete containing commercial lightweight aggregate of established quality.A study of beneficiated fly ash pozzolan as a partial cementitious binder component in normal and high-temperature cured concrete was reported in a paper at the re-cent Second International Fly Ash Symposium.Samples of raw and beneficiated Lakeview ash were compared with samples of other established high-quality fly ash pozzolans. The evaluation indicated the usefulness of beneficiated Lakeview ash as a pozzolan. Economic studies indicated that to accomplish the primary objective of total utilization of any single source of fly ash (in this case. fly ash from the Lakeview Generating Station, producing approximately 400,000 tons per year), a broad knowledge of the technology of various mineral processes was essential.The design of the fly ash processing plant had to be based on the disposal of all the raw fly ash produced by the generating station. This is contrary to the normal design of a processing plant in which raw materials are supplied and produced according to product demand. The design, therefore, had to be of such flexibility as to pro-duce as wide a variety of products as possible, and the ability to market them had to be well researched and understood."

Jan 1, 1970

By E. Lee Cameron

The old mine workings on four barite-fluorite veins of the Lake Ainslie district, Nova Scotia, were opened recently and channel sampled. The samples were then forwarded to the Ore Dressing Laboratories, Bureau of Mines, Ottawa, for chemical analyses. Following the analyses, the sample rejects were combined to form bulk samples, representing ore from each vein, for small-scale batch test work. Tonnage samples from the veins, for pilot mill testing, were submitted when requested by the Bureau. The results of the analyses on the channel samples showed that there are two grades of ore in the di strict, represented, for test purposes, by the Trout River vein and Johnson vein ores. Small-scale and pilot-plant test work was undertaken on both these ores. The Trout River ore is amenable co concentration but, because of the high-barite-co-fluorite-co-calcite ratio, a fluorite concentrate was not obtainable from the Johnson vein ore as received. However, Johnson ore blended in a 1 :1 ratio with Trout River ore gave a mill feed that was readily concentrated. The test work on these ores showed that the following concentrates are obtainable : (a) A barite concentrate, with a recovery of 85 to 95 per cent of the available barite, analysing 93 co 96 per cent BaS04, 4 co 6 per cent CaF,, and 0.5 co 2 per cent CaCO3. (b) A fluorite concentrate, with a recovery of 80 co 85 per cent of the available fluorite, analysing 94 to 97 per cent CaF, , 1 to 3 per cent BaSO., and 1 to 3 per cent CaCO3

Jan 1, 1945

By J. G. A. Stevenson

GENERAL Location of Property THE Stirling zinc-lead-copper deposit is in Richmond county, Cape Breton, about a quarter of a mile southwest from Stirling P.O., and some 45 miles southwest from Sydney. The property is accessible by road for at least nine months of the year, and during the navigation period coastal boats maintain a service touching at the port of Fourchu, eleven miles from the mine. When flying conditions permit, the Cape Breton Flying Club, of Sydney, will carry passengers to or from the property, a service which has been particularly advantageous on two occasions when hospitalization was urgently required. The Company has mining rights on leases Nos. 73-74, 78-80, and 101-104, inclusive, and owns 166 acres at Stirling and one acre at Fourchu. The ore deposit is in lease No. 73. History The Stirling deposit was discovered in the 'nineties', probably about 1895. The original discovery is said to have been made in the bed of Copper creek, which traverses the ore-zone. For a number of years, indifferent development work was carried on with a view to copper production only, and it was not until1915-16 that attention was directed to the possible production of zinc. Previously, the ore had been considered too complex for metallurgical treatment. During the period 1916-24 several operators attempted to develop the property, among them being the Stirling Exploration Company, Stirling Mining & Smelting Company, New Jersey Zinc Company of New York, Hayden & Stone Company of Boston, and The Eastern Mining & Milling Company. Up to 1924, the work was limited mainly to trenching, stripping, ? diamond drilling, and shot drilling.

Jan 1, 1937

By M. E. Charles

The use of water flowing as a lower layer to reduce pressure gradients in petroleum pipelines was investigated using 17.5 deg. A.P.I. Lloydminster crude oil in a 1-inch laboratory pipe-line and a 21h-inch field pipeline. The method was found to be very effective in reducing the pressure gradient below that for the oil flowing alone. The factor by which the pres-sure gradient was reduced varied with the percentage of water added, and in general exceeded 10 for water contents ranging from 40 to 60 per cent. Within this range of water content the pressure gradient reduction factor was independent of the oil flow rate.

Jan 1, 1960

By E. Swartzman

This paper presents a general re-view of the various methods of briquetting coals, with and without the aid of a binder, with special reference to the production of a suitable briquette from Nova Scotia 'fines' for re-blending with industrial coal. From the economic and technical viewpoints, either small stoker-sized briquettes made with about 4 per cent asphalt in standard low-pressure double-roll presses, or briquettes made without binder in high-pressure double-roll presses, appear to be the most reasonable solution at present.

Jan 1, 1959

By R. B. Fermor

"AbstractAttention is drawn to the ventilation problems arising from the use of diesel vehicles underground, especially in view of the fact that diesel fumes in combination with other pollutants may be more harmful than diesel fumes alone or the other pollutants alone.Means for minimizing the harmful effects of using diesels underground are listed, and the quantities of air' required in mines in which diesel-powered vehicles are used are discussed. Mines are classified in three categories on the basis of severity of ventilation problems, and statistics are given for these categories.Details of the various components contributing to total ventilation needs are given, and the ventilation needs of individual mines in the three categories are listed. A description is given of the principles according to which main ventilation coursing is planned and the selection and siting of main fans is discussed.General Considerations in the Use of Diesel-Engined Vehicles UndergroundIN ORDER to reduce physiological hazards, present and latent, to workers in mines in which extensive use is made of diesel equipment underground, it is important that mine ventilation systems reduce the concentrations of rock dust, diesel fumes and particulate matter as rapidly as possible to an acceptable level in all parts of the mine.There is some evidence that the long-term effects of a combination of the above pollutants are greater than those of anyone of them alone, which makes the problem even more pressing."

Jan 1, 1977

By Cale J. Dubois

At Cameco Corporations' Cigar Lake Project, large excavations are developed on the 480 Level and 500 Level must remain stable for at least 15 years to host underground processing infrastructure. Following the successful dewatering of the mine in October 2009, subsequent internal rockmechanics investigations augmented by third party technical investigations; determined that to keep the back of the Water Flush Crusher/Run-of-Mine (WFC/ROMs) excavation stable; required a rehabilitation strategy to mitigate deterioration/deformation of the WFC walls and intersection pillars. The mechanism of failure propagating the movement of the excavation walls is understood to be controlled by the presence of a dominant E-W striking and steeply dipping foliation within a relatively weak and mildly altered rockmass sub-parallel in strike with 14 meters high walls and an intersection span approaching 15 meters. The application of open and resourceful communications between site mining engineers, geologists, contract mining staff, construction management experts, corporate mining and civil engineers, and third party technical experts resulted in a multi-faceted short-term ground support strategy consisting of standard bolting and screening, deep-seated modified-strand cable bolts coupled with heavy gauge mesh straps, rockmass reconditioning using low-pressure grout injection, and horizontal cable-lacing for the intersection pillars applied in lifts using a top-down methodology. The intention of the short-term strategy was to stabilize the excavation so that a long-term structural steel support installation - consisting of composite concrete walls, and arch support applied to the side walls and crown of the back - could be constructed safely. This paper summarizes the evolution of the short and long-term ground support strategy and criteria for the WFC/ROMs excavation developed using elements of civil, mining and hydrogeologic design.

Nov 1, 2011

By G. Scott Zimmer

Mine planning at Cassiar consists of an annual cycle of projection, control, evaluation and revision following completion of annual diamond drilling during the summer months . The inherent difficulty in evaluating fibre grade and distribution, combined with a high-wall phase or push-back mining system, requires continuous modification to designs and schedules based on a cumulative evaluation of equipment performance and prediction versus production. To expedite the planning sequence, a mini-computer system has been introduced which allows emphasis to be placed on optimizing designs, exempting personnel from manual calculations and tabulations.

Jan 1, 1978

By L. F. Haven

"The desirable shovel speed-torque curves are described, along with the characteristics of the more important electrical components used to approximate these curves. A particular shovel regulator system combining these components is discussed in detail and some of the advantages and disadvantages of the system are given.INTRODUCTIONIN 1959, STATIC CONTROL was for the first time successfully applied, installed and operated on a mining machine in North America. Since that time, a great deal has been learned about this control by the people maintaining these machines as well as by the de-signers.In 1961, the first SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) or thyristor control system was installed on an excavator. This control differed from the earlier static control in that thyristor excitors supplied the generator fields directly. The development of thyristors of a sufficient rating to supply amounts of phase-controlled power to the generator fields eliminated the bulky Mag. Amp. -Rectifier combination previously used."

Jan 1, 1969

By John Convey

This short paper deals with the subject of research and its relation to productivity. All who have stopped to even think about industrial re-search and its impact on the nation-al economy take for granted that research and development are pre-requisite to increased productivity. It is another matter, however, to identify and properly evaluate the many factors entering into the relationship between the two. Some studies are currently underway in the United States on the subject, but, so far, nothing much in the way of conclusive data has come to light. In Canada, we have not yet even produced any statistical figures on national productivity, although work is now being done on this subject and information will soon be available. The usefulness of being able to measure the benefits of investment in re-search and development in terms of industrial growth or productivity need not be laboured for the benefit of those interested in research management.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. J. Baz-Dresch

"The Cannon Mine, a joint venture between Asamera Minerals (the operator) and Breakwater Resources, is located in the centre of Washington state at the eastern base of the Cascade Mountains. The mine complex is located three blocks south of the city limits of Wenatchee, part of an urban area with a total population of 47 000. The closest residence is 350 feet from the mine portal.The B-Neath zone is a narrow, high-grade, downward extension of the southern tail of the mine's main ore body, the B-North zone. It also underlies the northernmost portion of the B-West zone (Fig . I) . The ore is usually reasonably competent but completely surrounded by very weak rock consisting of shear zone and unsilicified sandstones and siltstones.The zone has maximum dimensions of 420 ft in thickness, 500 ft in length , and 200 ft in width . The economic reserves extend from the 70-ft elevation (elevation above sea level) to the 630-ft elevation and consist of about 1.3 million tons of geologic reserves (proven and probable) at an average grade of 0.33 ounces per ton.Acquisition and ExplorationInitial DiscoveryThe initial discovery of the B-Neath zone was made by Tenneco Minerals during July through September, 1984. Their 22-hole surface drilling program consisted of 18 200 ft of drilling. Tenneco Minerals had acquired the 91/2 acre lease from United Mining Corporation.Asamera Minerals subsequently purchased Tenneco's lease in July, 1985; Tenneco retained a royalty position which was later purchased by Echo Bay Mining.Follow-up drilling by Asamera Minerals consisted of both surface and underground drilling. Eight surface holes (7200 ft) were drilled commencing in December, 1985. Following evaluation of the geologic data, an access drift was driven on strike along the top of the ore zone on the 500 level. Diamond drilling from this platform consisted of 17 200 ft in 79 holes."

Jan 1, 1990

By W. K. Gummer

"THE LOCATION of Canada's present aluminum industry is determined by availability of hydroelectric power, and ready access to ocean transport facilities. The chief raw material for the production of the metal is imported by ship over several thousand miles of water. In times of freedom of shipping and uncontested movement this provides the industry with its cheapest method of operation. However, during the early part of the last decade the general conditions of ocean and rail transportation were such that interest in the treatment of materials other than bauxite was greatly stimulated. This was the case not only in Canada, of course, but in most other countries.Canada has no deposits of bauxite and much research was carried out on other aluminous materials, chiefly silicates, in an effort to develop more or less economic and feasible methods of treatment. In the United States, this research was considerably more extensive. Some projects were early shown to be of little or no value, whereas others, including the widely publicized lime-sinter and soda-lime-sinter methods, became important. In North America, however, apart from the application of the sinter method to the hitherto waste-product (red mud) of the normal Bayer plant operation, none of these processes contributed appreciably to the production of aluminum during the war. In certain European countries, on the other hand, largely because of their situation with regard to bauxite deposits, they had a more general application, and Germany, for example, produced alumina from clay, ashes, and slag by at least four methods."

Jan 1, 1952

By W. A. Lang

COAL of sub-bituminous rank underlies much of the plains area of Alberta. This coal is geo-logically young, and occurs in Belly River and Edmonton strata of Up-per Cretaceous age. Generally, the seams are flat-lying, but in some areas they may dip as much as 5 degrees. The overburden, composed mainly of glacial clays and sand-stones, may vary in depth from a few feet to several thousand feet. Recovery of the coal has 'been by drift, slope, and shaft underground mines, and by open-pit stripping operations. Production has been obtained from a large number of mines, most of which have been relatively small and with preparation equipment limited to a loading tipple with screening facilities, and a picking belt where high-ash materials can be removed from the larger sizes. The coal has been sold for domestic and industrial space-heating, for production of process steam, and for power generation. In re-cent years competition from natural gas, propane, and oil has seriously interfered with the production and marketing of sub-bituminous coal, especially with the disposal of the smaller sizes at a realistic price.

Jan 1, 1958

By M. J. deBastiani

The uranium producing division of Denison Mines Limited operates a 6,000-ton-per-day integrated mining unit in the Algoma area of Ontario. The property is located approximately one and one-half miles from Highway I 08, eight miles north of the town of Elliot Lake. The property was staked in 1953, diamond-drilled in ?late 1954 and 1955, and put into production in 1957. Since that date, the operation has produced $250,000,000 worth of uranium oxide from approximately 11,000,000 tons of ore milled, and paid $18,000,000 in dividends to its shareholders. The operation employs about I000 people, and monthly operating costs are approximately one million dollars. From these figures alone, it is obvious that it was necessary to develop and institute an adequate set ?of controls for effective management at all levels of supervision over a period of four years, a system of production and cost control was developed that enables us to effectively measure the pulse of the various phases of the operation at any given time.

Jan 1, 1963

By Wayne D. Goodfellow, William M. Luff, Steven J. Juras

Abstract-Brunswick No. 12 is a vent-proximal massive sulfide deposit that formed above a feeder pipe with associated hydrothermal alteration. Because of the replacement of bedded sulfides deposited above the hydrothermal vent, individual sulfide lenses show the following vertical and lateral zoning outward from the vent complex: massive pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite core - interlayered pyrite-sphalerite-galena (Pb-Zn ore zone) - bedded pyrite. The feeder zone which underlies the Cu-rich core consists of an anastomosing network of pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite­ quartz veins with variable and generally minor contents of ferroan carbonate, Fe-rich chlorite, sphalerite, galena and arsenopyrite. Hydrothermal alteration of felsic igneous rocks hosting and adjacent to the feeder pipe is represented by an inner zone (zone 1) characterized by sulfide stringers, Fe-rich chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and ferroan carbonate that formed at the expense of feldspars and what was probably glass; outer zones (Il and III) are represented by Mg-rich chlorite and muscovite formation, and the albitization and silicification of K-feldspar. Accompanying these alteration trends is a marked decrease of Na + Ca, and an increase in Fe + Mg + C03 in zone 1, and increases in Mg + Na in the outer zones. The classic zoning of metals within the sulfide lenses, the formation of a feeder pipe below the vent-proximal sulfide core, and the hydrothermal alteration of felsic volcanic rocks cut by the feeder pipe all support a vent-proximal origin for the Brunswick No. 12 deposit. Furthermore, restriction of sulfide stringer mineralization to the footwall sequence, the folding of the stringer zone by an F1 fold, and the difficulty of long distance mass transfer of metals from the sulfides into the host rocks all argue against a tectonic origin for the stringer zone. All of the evidence indicates that the feeder pipe formed during the ore forming hydrothermal event, but has been distorted and in some areas detached from the overlying massive sulfides during subsequent deformation.

Jan 1, 1992

By D. DeGagne, E. De Souza, J. F. Archibald

This paper describes the potential use of anew agent material for backfill consolidation, ground waste glass, to be used as partial replacement of Portland cement fractions within backfill. Significant fractions of commercial and residential silica glass production is currently utilized as waste landfill and must be disposed of at high cost and with no foreseeable environ-mental benefit. This paper also demonstrates that waste glass materials could be effectively recycled as backfill additives, and that a significant, large and stable source of additive supply, currently land filled, can be developed. This new application will generate added value for such materials, serve to promote positive environ-mental stewardship and satisfy engineering sup-port requirements in mines.

Jan 1, 1997

By G. Reuben Yourt

IN 1935, Wright-Hargreaves Mines, Limited, initiated an enlarged programme of ventilation. In the mine, surveys were made from time to time by the geological staff, and improvements in ventilation were effected to accord with progress in mining as greater depth was attained. In the summer of 1938 an engineer was trained in the technique of dust sampling. Instruments and equipment for this purpose, such as konimeter, microscope, furnace, etc., were purchased, and a suitable office, equipped with laboratory facilities, was provided. The full time of the engineer is devoted to ventilation and dust control. On surface, in the mill crushing-plant and in the assay office and sample crushing room, an elaborate arrangement of hoods and exhaust systems has been installed to eliminate the dust. These installations, however, are not described in the present paper, which deals only with an extensive programme of underground ventilation as a method of coping with high dust concentrations, increasing temperatures and high humilities.

Jan 1, 1940

By N Berkowitz

Slurry pipelining, as now under-stood and practised, can only command marginal interest in Canada, as long-distance railway freight charges in this country are generally lower than slurry pipeline tariffs. Several alternatives to conventional slurry transmission are, however, now emerging, and two such alternatives are briefly discussed with reference to coal pipelining. In one, coal is transported as a suspension in oil; the other contemplates the movement of paste "slugs." Preliminary economic estimates indicate that the resulant process simplification and adoption of common carrier principles could lead to cost reductions that might make Western coal competitive with imported fuel in the power generating stations of eastern Canada. R ECENT appraisals of slurry pipelining techniques, some-what incongruously 'based upon the performance of successful installations (1,2), are making it increasingly apparent that current solids pipelining methods can only command marginal interest as methods of bulk commodity transportation (3). Although some uncertainties remain in matters of detail, it is now generally conceded that long-distance slurry pipelining cannot compete against rationalized railway transportation unless movement of

Jan 1, 1963

By Jean-Paul Drolet

"This paper charts, briefly, the :salient facts of international trade in minerals and their products and Canada's place in it. It also reviews inter-national agreements, economic groupings and national measures to channel and regulate production and trade in minerals. Canada's mineral industry now produces raw materials worth $3.7 billion per year, making this country a giant among mineral producers. Two-thirds of this production is exported, chiefly to the United States, accounting for about 30 per cent of Canada's merchandise exports and topping all other classes.However, several other nations are also pressing the development of their mineral resources and markets. The Soviet Bloc, China and principally Australia and Africa are becoming important suppliers of basic raw materials to some traditional markets of Canada in Europe and Japan.The outlook for Canadian mineral exports to the countries of the Common Market, Great Britain and Japan is good, although some tariff barriers remain troublesome.Concerning the United States, our most important market, Canada is seeking to have that country lift import quotas on lead and zinc, and re-cent statements by U.S. authorities give hope that this may be achieved soon. Moreover, Canada wishes to obtain easier access to the American market for several of its metals and minerals.Canada is now participating in the Kennedy Round of tariff talks under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and is seeking to open wider doors for its exports of products.In summary, Canada has done reasonably well in some mineral commodities on world markets, but has lost ground in others. Any slackening of Canada's efforts in the development and marketing of mineral resources would soon lead to the decline of its role in the world miueral economy."

Jan 1, 1966