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Notwithstanding full concurrence with the dictum of a famous scientist that "definitions are the most accursed of all things on the face of the earth," in view of the considerable confusion which exists in jigging nomenclature, it is considered advisable to commence this paper with the following explanations of the terms which will be used throughout the text.Jig Bed. The whole layer of material lying on top of the jig screen.Ragging. The layer of denser material lying immediately above the jig screen, which is too coarse to pass through this screen and is confined horizontally by the cells of the top grid.Ore Column. The layer of ore pulp between the ragging and the top-water.Top Water. The water, carrying fine material in suspension, which flOiWS over the surface of the jig bed.Hutch Water. The water added to the jig below the screen. (Except for the water discharged with the hutch concentrate, the "hutch-water" eventually becomes "top-water.")Feed Water. The water in the ore pulp fed to the jig.(This water becomes part of the "top-water.")Pulsion. The period of the jigging cycle during which the water is moving upwards relative to the particles in the jig bed.

Jan 1, 1937

Principles of management in ore preparation before process of enrichment of chrysotile ores are discussed. The formulas, which were tested in industrial conditions, are offered, which may be used for averaging of chrysotile-asbestos fibres by content in ore and grade.

Dec 6, 2010

Grinding Mill Operation and Maintenance - Central to Asset Management Since 2005, RME has pursued a vision for a new grinding plant operational paradigm, made possible by RME's latest Mill Relining Systems. At some sites, new liners degrade SAG mill performance. The variables include mill volume loss, rotational speed limitations (ball strike) and liner designs developed for longer and longer life but without a backward glance at metallurgical consequences of whole plant performance. Freshly relined mills can initially deliver as little as 80 per cent of their maximum throughput, that maximum occurring toward the end of the liners' wear life. RME's proposition is to see new liners designed for maximum commercial performance. This may mean more frequent mill relines but with liners designed to yield optimum grinding, metallurgical and profitability performance, not maximum life. In other words, mill liner profiles and relining speed become key profitability contributors and not simply 'must do' maintenance functions and costs. This paper includes a short history of RME's Mill Relining System development (Appendix A). These are the enabling technologies which permit more frequent liner exchange without incurring additional downtime imposts. The body of this paper outlines RME's vision of a 'liner profile vs. profitability' commercial model, underpinned by the rigour of PAS 55-1:2008 Asset Management Part 1: Specification for the optimised management of physical assets. The technical elements can be developed either intuitively (based on plant experience) or by using a combination of new measurement and modelling technologies. These new measurement and modelling tools provide the opportunity to predict the optimum technical solution for the maximum commercial outcome. Much of this can be modelled off-line, in the virtual world, before asking senior management to commit to an expensive liner experiment. The potential benefits are compelling.

Sep 13, 2010

By H A. Challenor

Eyewash safety showers located in remote hot environments may be unsafe to use due to excess water temperature and high risk levels of water borne bacteria such as Legionella. Australian Standard AS 4775 specifies that dispensed water shall be bacteria free and have a maximum temperature of 37.8°C. Legionnaires disease is contracted when water aerosols containing Legionella bacteria are inhaled.Laboratory tests show 30 to 70 times more aerosols are generated by showers operating at 38°C than with showers operating at 25°C. Furthermore, excess temperature in flushing water can cause burn injuries leading to hospitalisation, skin grafts and/or permanent scarring. Excess temperature also increases the rate of reaction to corrosive substances, opens pores in the skin to allow greater dermal penetration and can cause dizziness and fainting by dilating blood vessels and reducing blood pressure.CITATION:Challenor, H A, 2017. Managing excess temperature and high risk levels of Legionella bacteria in eyewash safety showers, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 337–346 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

In a previous paper of this series (1) ,t it was shown that during the creep of single crystals of lead, deformation proceeded to some extent by means of slip on the octahedral plane. This was demonstrated by the formation of slip lines on the surface of the specimens. At first, a few broad bands appeared after a small amount of extension had taken place; then, as extension proceeded, more and finer lines made their appearance until the whole of the specimen surface was covered.The present paper deals with the process of deformation of the creep specimens as revealed by X-ray examination..By the use of this method, the changes taking place in the crystal structure can be observed.EXPERIMENTAL METHODThe method of preparation of the specimens, their size and the purity of the lead employed have been reported elsewhere (1). At frequent intervals, the specimens were dismantled from the test rack and X-ray back reflection photographs were taken. The specimens were so marked and set up on the X-ray machine that the same spot on the specimen surface was always examined.Copper radiation was employed, the tube voltage and current being 45 kV. and 25 m.a. respectively and the exposure time 2 hrs. The slit diameter was 1 mm.

Jan 1, 1941

Rational decision making is generally perceived by managers of operations to be a delicate process of committing large sums of money and putting other people's life at risk. Consequently most managers may argue that the decision process requires good judgement, intuition and extreme caution; and not one easily made through the use of fancy mathematical algorithms and computer programs. The advent of artificial intelligence and expert systems in the computer industry combined with recent technological innovations in mathematical and economic problem solving is sure to change this perception. PARETO OPTIMALITY is an economic and a mathematical optimisation concept applied to solving real life operational problems; and one that the current volatile economic forces would require managers to employ because it is virtually real. REALISMM is a computer software package developed using the principles of Pareto optimality, dynamic programming, optimal clustering of information and decision maker interaction to generate decision maker preferred solutions. REALISMM has scope for artificial intelligence and expert systems application for cases where the decision maker is unsure about his objective preferences.

Jan 1, 1993

By Davies S. G, Mackey L. C

The oxidation of iron and nickel sulphide concentrates, and the dominant sulphide minerals which comprise them, has been studied under ignition conditions using thermogravimetry (fG). The concentrates were derived from various minesites and they showed differing tendencies to ignite. Ignition temperatures ranged from 416 to 488°C and the extents of reaction, measured at 500°C, varied from 64 to 88 percent. The reactivity of the least reactivematerial was improved significantly by grinding. Particles <63/lm showed 85 percent oxidation compared with 55 - 65 percent for particles >63/lm.Examination of the individual sulphide minerals revealed that these materials also have significantly different degrees ofreactivity and are subject to particle size effects. For particles <45/lm, the ignition temperatures were as follows:ò pyrite and violarite 380 - 385°C; pentlandite 425 - 430°C; and pyrrhotite 470 - 475°;ò for particles >90 /lm, the ignition values were: pyrite 395 - 400°C;ò violarite 430 - 435°C; pyrrhotite 540 - 545°C; and pentlandite 560 - 565°C.Using the data on the individual minerals it was possible to rationalise the differing degrees of reactivity of the concentrates. The role of the most reactive constituent in initiating the ignition reaction has also been discussed.Finally, the results of this work were found to compare. favourably with the behaviour ofthe concentrates in industrial and pilot-scale flash smelters.

Jan 1, 1989

By Mech B

This paper gives a general description of mining practice at The Zinc Corporation Ltd., Broken Hill, New South Wales.The basic mining methods are those which have been common in Broken Hill for many years and have been well described in previous Proceedings. The main object of this paper is to indicate developments which have occurred in recent years and to describe changes in layout, mining methods and equipment which are taking place at present.The following headings have been adopted: History Geology and general characteristics of the orebodies, Geology, The lead lode, The zinc lode, General characteristics, Ore reserves, General mining method, Exploration and diamond drilling, Shafts and shaft sinking, Main shaft, Old main shaft, Block 5 shaft, New upcast airway, Development, Level interval, Level layout, Driving and crosscutting, Winzing, Rising, and Stope preparation.

Jan 1, 1946

By D Lichti

This paper presents recent advancements in the MillMapper software technology, developed and used for thickness gauging of liners of cylindrical grinding mills used for mineral comminution. MillMapper uses calibrated laser scanner data captured inside a mill to determine thickness at several million points on all liner surfaces with millimetre accuracy. The paper is structured as follows. First, a review of the technology and its numerous advantages over existing techniques and the value it adds to operations are presented. These are followed by discussion of recently-implemented innovations, including improved visualisation and inspection tools, automatic ball charge volume measurement and automatic mill liner volume/weight measurement. Results from its application at several sites in Australia are presented throughout.

Jan 1, 2007

E. W. Stutchbury (Internationa~ Oombustion Aust. Ltd.) : Mr. Callcott made particular mention in his paper of erosion in primary air fans which are placed after the mill discharge. He adds that subsequent reduction in plant performance and resulting increased maintenance costs occur. It is generally assumed that this statement is substantially correct as the fan handles the complete output from the mill, but with modern materials, reduction in performance and subsequent .maintenance are not now a problem. This consideration of handling the pulverised coal in the fan is more than offset by the advantage of operating the mill under suction which results in cleaner operating conditions, simpler feeder arrangements and elimination of complicated seals on the mill.and feeder unit. It should be specially noted that whereas mill exhausters in the past have used chequer plate blades (sometimes with the addition of hard facing by electrode deposit) it is modern practice to provide fan blades of up to 1 in·. thick Ni-hard suitablyheat treated, with the circumferential section of the fan also in Ni-hard. By the use of this material large power...

Jan 1, 1957

By N Cusworth

The development of a resource project inevitably requires the investigation of a vast range of issues across most engineering disciplines û mining, metallurgical, chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical and environmental û as well as the geosciences. It is also a characteristic feature of the resource industry that no two orebodies û and hence no two development projects û are the same. So these technical issues have to be addressed to a greater or lesser extent in evaluating any resource projectÆs development potential. Not surprisingly then, technical issues tend to predominate when assessing the development potential of a project in the process typically referred to as ædoing a feasibility studyÆ. But the principal purpose of a æfeasibility studyÆ is to determine whether a development opportunity makes good business sense, not just whether it is technically possible. Resolution of technical issues is often seen as the primary focus of a feasibility study, whereas in reality, these technical issues are the basis upon which an asset delivery and business plan is built. This is not to say that technical issues are unimportant û they are a prerequisite to the demonstration of a projectÆs viability. The feasibility study process must therefore demonstrate that not only have the technical issues been satisfactorily addressed, but also that the broader commercial, economic and social issues have been considered in the development of a comprehensive business plan, which includes an assessment of the risk-reward profile of the proposed development. This paper will present a framework for the conduct of æfeasibility studiesÆ and provide guidance to minimum standards and best practice.

Jan 1, 2007

By J Cornejo, A Pinochet, C Caviedes

The ore extraction rate and the incorporation of new areas are key operational parameters. In massive deposits mined by caving techniques they both control the cave back geometry, which is mostly responsible for the induced stress state around productive levels. Early detection of deviations from admissible geometries will prevent stability problems related to geomechanical hazards, helping to improve safety and working conditions and reduce the potential for lost reserves.This paper describes a mine planning tool currently in use at the El Teniente mine. This tool involves the control of the cave geometry based on rules that have been defined as a result of different studies and experience collected during the operational history of the mine.This mine planning strategy achieves an extractive mining process with lower risk than conventional planning methods, ensuring ore reserves extraction if followed as planned while reducing unexpected changes in mining sequences.CITATION:Cornejo, J, Pinochet, A and Caviedes, C, 2016. Geometric control for strategic mine planning at El Teniente Mine, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 191–196 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By S Lal, S Rost, Q Williams, K Collerson

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. Shoshonite suite (absarokite-shoshonite-banakite) and adakite-hosted epithermal Au deposits are a feature of circum-Pacific magmatism. Fijian examples include Tavua (Emperor) and Tuvatu on Viti Levu. New discoveries of shoshonite suite and adakite-hosted epithermal Au mineralisation have been made in the southern Yasawa Islands and in central-northern and central-western Viti Levu. The Fijian shoshonites define four NE–SW trending suites. The oldest is the northern 7.9–5.0 Ma Yasawa suite, followed by the 4.7–3.5 Ma Sabeto–Tavua–Rakiraki suite in northern Viti Levu, the 4.7–4.2 Ma Yanuca–Vatulele suite approximately 20 km south of Viti Levu and the 3.4 Ma Astrolabe suite approximately 75 km further south. Shoshonite suite lithologies with 3.8–3.0 Ma ages also occur in the Lomaiviti islands between Vatu-Cake and Moala, to the east of Viti Levu, defining a trend oblique to the NE–SW shoshonite belts. Seatura, a 3.3–2.8 Ma ocean island basalt (OIB) volcano, sits at the northern end of the Lomaiviti trend shoshonites. Trace element/isotopic chemistries indicate that shoshonite arc magma genesis involved the melting of a hydrated supra-subduction zone mantle wedge and also a lower mantle-derived plume (OIB) component. The upwelling plume provided heat for melting and possibly Au enrichment. Accessing the melt generation zone associated with the plume required a slab conduit or window. Such slab windows form by tearing during subduction or occur at slab edges. Adakites form by plume-induced slab melting. The four NE–SW Fijian shoshonite suites are interpreted to occur in back-arc extensional zones above a slab window (tear) that migrated southward during rollback of the New Hebrides–Vanuatu subduction zone. The plume (Seatura OIB) that is interpreted to have caused mantle wedge melting and formation of the Lomaviti trend shoshonites was focused along the interface between the north-dipping Vanuatu–New Hebrides subduction zone and the west-dipping Tonga subduction zone, which we have seismically imaged at approximately 400 km depth. Our model ‘cracks the metallogenetic code’ for shoshonites and adakites and has regional and global implications for Au exploration.CITATION:Collerson, K, Lal, S, Williams, Q and Rost, S, 2015. Cracking the metallogenetic code for Fijian epithermal gold mineralisation , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 219–226 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By A M. Hagni

Certain copper ores from the Nchanga Copper Mine in the northern Zambia Copperbelt are refractory with respect to conventional beneficiation techniques. This paper reviews recent study of those ores to determine their mineralogy, textures and nature of copper occurrence. Two suites of refractory ores were selected for study: 1.  samples of stockpiled ores from an open pit, and 2.  drill core samples from copper ores. Both sample suites are from the upper orebody at Nchanga and contain about 0.3 - 1.4 per cent copper as determined by atomic absorption, but they represent separate stratigraphic, mineralogical and beneficiation problems. Ore microscopic examination showed that fine-grained copper sulfides are totally lacking from both suites of refractory ores. Petrographic study found malachite in the refractory ores from the open pit, but that malachite probably is post-mine. The opaque mineralogy of the open pit refractory ores is dominated by goethite that occurs mostly as pseudomorphic grains after pyritohedral pyrite crystals that average 200 - 250 ¦m across. Haematite occurs as bands within or as outer shells of the goethite grains. Additional goethite occurs locally as finer-grained areas of exotic goethite. The opaque minerals in the drill core refractory ores are dominated by euhedral ilmenite crystals about 50 - 175 ¦m long. Anatase is the dominant opaque mineral in some drill core samples where it is largely pseudomorphic after ilmenite crystals. Goethite accompanies malachite in unusual drill core refractory ores that have experienced intense hydrothermal alteration. Thus, ore microscopy and petrography showed that fine-grained chalcopyrite and bornite and pre-mine malachite were not the causes of the refractory nature of the ores studied. Electron microprobe revealed that most of the copper occurred in solid solution within micas. Application of automated SEM techniques has provided a detailed understanding of the distribution of copper in these refractory ores.

Jan 1, 2008

A method for the detection and analysis of tin in cassiterite ores is discussed. An empirical relationship was established between the tin content of an ore sample and the percentage absorption that this sample produced in a Mossbauer experiment. The time taken to complete an assay with this method is much less than with any of the methods currently in use. The equipment can be adapted readily for use in the field.

Jan 1, 1969

By S Jackson, I Arbuthnot

The use of High Rate Thickeners has gained wide acceptance in the mineral treatment industries. The design of these units is characterized by an efficient deaeration and flocculation chamber, and introduction of the flocculated feed solids into a preformed floc bed zone. By these means the settling process is accelerated and consequently High Rate Thickeners achieve a significantly higher throughput per unit area than conventional thickeners.   The object of a control system on a High Rate Thickener (HRT), as on a conventional thickener, is to obtain the required underflow density and overflow clarity at all feed conditions. The feed conditions which may vary include volumetric and mass feed rate, pulp density, particle size and particle type. A conventional thickener has a large volume and cross sectional area, and changes in performance occur slowly û the operator has time to observe and react to these changes to maintain control. On a HRT, there is a much reduced residence time and therefore control parameters need to be reset more frequently. Although manual control is possible, the use of automatic control systems is therefore desirable to avoid excessive operator attention, while optimizing control of density and clarity. Automatic control of a conventional thickener is usually achieved by an underflow density loop which regulates the rate of withdrawal of underflow. A turbidity meter is sometimes used to measure overflow clarity and regulate the addition of a coagulant or polymer flocculant. These measures are not adequate on a HRT, because they would not give optimum control and could lead to excessive flocculant use. To achieve optimum operation in a HRT, the floc bed level should be maintained above the feed inlet point in the thickener. This bed level has become the key variable around which most control systems have been designed. However, a number of problems have occurred which has resulted in poor control, or only partial control of thickener performance. We will describe some of these problems, and a solution which is simple and effective.

Jan 1, 1990

Mr. BRADFORD said :-On assuming this chair, which has been occupied by so many gentlemen of conspicuous ability; my first words must be an expression of the gratitude I feel for the honour you have done me in electing me to be your President for this year.When considering the subject matter of this address to you to-night, quite frankly may it be stated that for a long time I was on the horns of a very great dilemma, for while I could discourse on the modern political trend in relation to our industries at great length, it appeared to me that this was not the place for such a discussion. Next I turned to a consideration of whether a discourse on the theory and practice of iron and steel would be of interest.I, however, banished this idea also from my mind, because it appeared to me that you have already had a surfeit of this on your visits of inspection to our local industries and I did not want in any way to be held responsible for the iron entering into your souls! I therefore propose, with your kind consideration, to address you on other subjects of common and vital interest to all.My first words and thoughts turn on the absolute necessity of eliminating waste in our methods. If we are to succeed in our...

Jan 1, 1926

When perusing articles which treat of mining geology, and when talking with miners on the field, one is at times unable to follow the exact thoughts intended to be expressed, owing to the introduction of occasional technical words, the meanings of which are not thoroughly understood either by the speaker or by the hearer, or possibly by both and laymen at times accuse their technical brethren of attempting to confuse them by employing unusual words in their conversations and writings. Technical words are necessary adjuncts to all arts and sciences. They creep into our language, frequently unnoticed by those who employ them, as being more concise and convenient than longer sentences to explain frequently recurring expressions. In many cases these words give the finest shades of meaning, such as aglomerate and congzomerate, but in others they are extremely ambiguous, for instance black sand, which in some places means ilmenite, in others, chromite, tourmaline, cassiterite, in fact, any black mineral occurring in the form of sand. Then, again, much confusion is cansed by the same rock or mineral having different names, e.g, jlu01'spa'i', which is known as cand, cann, cauk, kawk, blue-John, Derbyshire spar, &c. The multiplicity of local names is of course chiefly found among the more common minerals, which are widely distributed some people have a propensity for using words the meanings of which they understand as little as' they do how to pronounce them. We have heard such persons speak 'of vughs as "bugs," and oxides as "ox hides," and to show that there was no mistake in their intentions, we have seen these and other words written in the same way as they were pronounced. Then, again, some persons, relying more on examples than definitions, get a very vague idea as to what the true meaning of a term may be the word dimite is an example in point, which we have frequently heard applied to any dyke rock that the miner was unable to recognise as granite in fact, he uses the word in a general sense, just as the field geologist provisionally employs the word " greenstone " for certain rocks, until he has an opportunity of thoroughly investigating their character.

By C J. Adams, H J. Campbell, A J. Tulloch, I J. Graham

New Zealand can be regarded as a rifted part of mineral-prospective eastern Australia. Geologically credible comparisons between selected trans-Tasman and SW Pacific geological provinces and units, especially those that contain significant mineralisation in Australia, can help provide a useful exploration framework for New Zealand. As part of a six-year Mineral Wealth of NZ and its EEZ (MWE) research programme, we have targeted selected geological units in eastern Australia for comparison and contrast with their potential New Zealand counterparts. In future years, the programme will focus on geological units in New Caledonia.

Jan 1, 2005

THE following notes, compiled in the first instance for the makers of rock-drIlls, were read by Mr. Hanton at a meeting of the Broken Hill Branch on 12th Septelnber, 1922. It was decided that all Broken Hill mines be asked to give their individual views on the subject, so that a comprehensive Broken Hill view could be published. Replies have been received from four (4), mines to date, and their'ideas fairly well coincide with those set out by Mr. Hapton. His notes were as follow:- "The Zinc Corporation Limited.NOTES ON ROCK-DRILL DEVELOPMENTSAs far as our present experience goes, the rock-drill developments on this mine will probably be something resembling the following. The programme is subject to modification or alteratian, according to circumstances. The results of further trials and improvements in present drills, and the design of new types, will, of course, affect any general scheme such as that outlined. It appears reasonably certain that the 3i-in. reciprocating drills which have done practically all the stoping up to date, will be gradually replaced by hammer drills of the internal water-feed type, and that the existing types of hammer drill on the mine will be converted into internal water-feed machines instead of being used as dry machine with outside jet.The ultimate types of machines will be four... Type 1 would be a machine equivalent to the Ingersoll Leyner: 248, Waugh Turbro, SullivaIi DX61, or Holman CH2. This would be used for driving, cross-cutting, and similar excavating work, and possiblyfor stoping also, and should be capable of efficiently working any class of ground. Features, apart from the general requirements set out later, would be the weight of the machine and mounting height of the machine above the seating (as this affects the convenience of boring back or bottom holes); absence of projections on the mounting which the air hose will foul as the machine is fed...

Jan 1, 1923