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By Laura E. Beverage

The Changes 2008 Brought -MSHA recently posted a PowerPoint to its website which shows statistical performance information for fiscal years 2000 to 2008. -Interesting statistics: Fatality rate in Coal dropped by nearly 30% (.0348 to .0246 per 10,000 workers)

Jan 1, 2009

Since early July, domestic producer listings in primary aluminum ingot have been at 53¢ per pound. Dealers, however, lowered their August quotes by 1.8¢-2¢ to 47.5¢-48¢ per pound. BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE -The wildcat strike of UMWA coal miners which began on June 23 in protest of cutbacks in medical benefits appears to have ended. According to the West Virginia Coal Association on September 7, 1977, all mines in West Virginia were back in operation on September 6 and again on September 7. The Kentucky Coal Association reported approximately 2,500 miners were on strike in eastern Kentucky on September 6, but there was full employment on September 7.

Jan 1, 1977

By C. M. Wright

Siendo la veta principal San Cristóbal, una de las estructuras que atraviesan el Anticlinal Chumpe en la provincia de Yauli, su explotación ha sido limitada a las rocas volcánicas y filitas en el flanco sur-oeste del anticlinal. Por tal motivo, el texto señala que el análisis de la distribución de los metales y minerales dentro de la veta, revela un zoneamiento horizontal bien definido, que es compatible con el origen de las soluciones hidrotermales en el centro del anticlinal. Asimismo, este estudio cuantitativo determina las características de las partes ricas de la veta, trazando líneas de contornos de los cuatro tipos de metal en secciones longitudinales, como los controles de la distribución de metal y relaciona las áreas ricas de la veta con su medio geológico. De otro lado, en San Cristóbal, la distribución del metal presenta una característica zonal donde la paragénesis y el zoneamiento están íntimamente relacionados. Concluyéndose que con la aplicación de los resultados de este estudio, se permitirá una mejor exploración y desarrollo de las áreas ricas de la Veta Principal San Cristóbal y se proporcionará una guía útil para la exploración y desarrollo de vetas paralelas en esta área.

Aug 20, 1963

Mercury has been used by mankind since prehistoric times. It has been, and is now, widely used in industry and medicine and has unique properties which make direct substitution difficult or impossible. At present its principal uses are for electrical apparatus, control instruments, electrolytic soda preparation, mildew-proofing paints, pesticides, and medical and dental preparations. Deposits of mercury are less common than those of other base and precious metals, but some of the deposits are very large and have been ample to meet the world's past demands. The price of mercury has had many sharp fluctuations, but in general, the limited number of producers has resulted in a more stable price structure than that of many other commodities. The United States has been one of the main producers of mercury, and from 1850 to 1961 produced 3,247,704 flasks. Yearly production since World War II has varied from 4,535 to 38,067 flasks. An estimate of domestic resources of mercury producible at various price ranges was prepared for each mercury mine by combining specific knowledge of mercury mineralization with estimates of potential, based on geologic information and past production history. The sum of the individual estimates for each price range is shown in a table. A parallel estimate of nationwide production potential was made from a study of past price and production relationships. These were analyzed by plotting yearly production figures against the previous year's price, expressed in dollars of constant purchasing power. An equation was fitted to the data by mathematical means and was used to extend the curve into areas of higher than historic prices. Potential production rates at various price levels were taken from this graph. The estimated yearly production rates were used to make an estimate of total potential based on the premise that production rates and reserves have a proportionate relationship. The rate of developing mercury reserves during the period from January 1944 to January 1962 is considered, and it is shown that if this rate can be continued, the mercury resources of the United States, at a constant dollar price of $500 per flask, are adequate to support a production of 60,000 flasks per year for 30 or more years. This publication contains a history and description of the mercury industry in every State which has had production and individual descriptions of all mercury properties which have reported significant production. Accompanying tables give the important facts about all known mercury occurrences.

Jan 1, 1965

Mercury has been used by mankind since prehistoric times. It has been, and is now, widely used in industry and medicine and has unique properties which make direct substitution difficult or impossible. At present its principal uses are for electrical apparatus, control instruments, electrolytic soda preparation, mildew-proofing paints, pesticides, and medical and dental preparations. Deposits of mercury are less common than those of other base and precious metals, but some of the deposits are very large and have been ample to meet the world's past demands. The price of mercury has had many sharp fluctuations, but in general, the limited number of producers has resulted in a more stable price structure than that of many other commodities. The United States has been one of the main producers of mercury, and from 1850 to 1961 produced 3,247,704 flasks. Yearly production since World War I1 has varied from 4,535 to 38,067 flasks. An estimate of domestic resources of mercury producible at various price ranges was prepared for each mercury mine by combining specific knowledge of mercury mineralization with estimates of potential, based on geologic information and past production history. The sum of the individual estimates for each price range is shown in a table. A parallel estimate of nationwide production potential was made from a study of past price and production relationships. These were analyzed by plotting yearly production figures against the previous year's price, expressed in dollars of constant purchasing power. An equation was fitted to the data by mathematical means and was used to extend the curve into areas of higher than historic prices. Potential production rates at various price levels were taken from this graph. The estimated yearly production rates were used to make an estimate of total potential based on the premise that production rates and reserves have a proportionate relationship. The rate of developing mercury reserves during the period from January 1944 to January 1962 is considered, and it is shown that if this rate can be continued, the mercury resources of the United States, at a constant dollar price of $500 per flask, are adequate to support a production of 60,000 flasks per year for 30 or more years. This publication contains a history and description of the mercury industry in every State which has had production and individual descriptions of all mercury properties which have reported significant production. Accompanying tables give the important facts about all known mercury occurrences.

Jan 1, 1965

By Jim Owens

The methodology of quarrying changed significantly in the Indiana limestone industry in the 60 years between Sept. 11, 1941 and Sept. 11, 2001. The former was the date of the Pentagon groundbreaking ceremony, while the latter was when the building was damaged by American Airlines Flight 77. So too, though to a lesser degree, did the machinery and methods used to fabricate the stone. The rededication ceremony on Sept. 11, 2002 marked the end of the Phoenix Project, as the rebuilding effort was named. The story of this remarkable project illustrates what the American construction(and Indiana limestone) industry can accomplish when working toward a common goal.

Jan 1, 2005

By Elisa Alonso

Manufacturing firms that rely on finite resources have a stake in ensuring sustainable materials use. Higher material prices and uncertain material supply, consequences associated with scarcity, can be damaging to firms. Firms have a number of options to improve material sustainability including dematerialization, material substitution and recycling. However, these options require technological capability, capital investments and supply-chain infrastructure; firms may decide to make such investments only if material prices increase. Once decisions are made, the barriers and delays to implementing changes may harm firms. The impact of not reacting to changes in material supply on firms was examined for the case of different platinum-using industries. It was found that taking action is particularly important for firms when limited material availability leads to volatile market conditions. Industries can benefit especially if they ensure process flexibility and have options for changing their material use patterns.

Jan 1, 2010

VOLUME III The objective of Volume III of this report is to provide a concise review of six major types of legal constraints, controls, and regulations on surface coal mining in the United States, as of January, 1976. At the same time, an attempt is made to format the details of federal and state exploration, mining, and reclamation regulations such that point-by-point comparisons can be made and updated as revisions occur. Thus, Volume III should provide both an executive overview and a user's manual of legal controls of surface coal mining.

Jan 1, 1976

By P. M. Ambrose, C. Travis Anderson, Cresap Moss, R. S. Dean

"MANGANESE METALMethods of PreparationMethods of preparing the manganese metal that has been used in chemical and metallurgical investigations have passed through a cycle. Most of the investigations made before the turn of the century used Moissan's pyrophoric manganese. 5/ This material was made by electrolysis into a mercury cathode and distillation in vacuo. It was essentially a pure material, and investigations in which it was employed (with proper precautions against oxida¬tion) led to accurate results concerning the intrinsic behavior of metallic manganese.An early investigation of the properties of ""Manganese-by-Mercury"" was made by M. Guntz. 6/ He prepared manganese by electrolysis of a concentrated MnCl2 solution with a mercury cathode. The manganese amalgam was pressed through chamois and distilled in vacuo (2 to 3 cm. of mercury) at 200°0., slowly rising to 250°0. Guntz recognized especially the decreased reactivity of manganese with increased temperature of mercury distillation. The most careful and com¬prehensive study of manganese made by this method is that of Kuh 7/ whose work unfortunately was never published in an accessible journal.Royce and Kahlenberg 8/ studied the electrode potential of manganese made by this method."

Nov 1, 1939

By R Adamian, F. T. Da Silva, D. H. Gameiro

Schytill and Geldart diagrams were developed for the TiO2-C-Cl2 system at 1 073 and 1 273 K, so as to define the hypothetical relations between particle sizes and chlorine velocity for simultaneous fluidisation of mixtures of anatase concentrate and charcoal for carbochlorination. It was concluded that the operating limits on chlorine gas velocity will be controlled by the behaviour of the reducing agent, mainly because of its lower density. An increase in temperature from 1 073 to 1 273 K will have only a small influence on the fluid-dynamic behaviour of the mixture. For bubble fluidisation, the maximum sizes 0.413-0.478 mm for anatase and 0.529-0.611 mm for charcoal will be adequate. When the particle size distribution is large, fluidisation will be feasible only if conducted in two stages, otherwise the residence time of the small particles in the reactor will be very short. New diagrams will be needed for the gaseous chlorides in the second stage

Jun 21, 1905

By G. C. McLachlan

Two papers dealing with Noranda's milling operations have already been presented. The first1 of these covered the initial metallurgical problems connected with the treatment of the ore, while the second2 described the development of the mill from a 500-ton unit in 1928 to one with a daily capacity of 3000 tons less than six years later. At the time the second paper was written the equipment whirh had been installed to bring the mill capacity up to 3000 tons was being tuned into production and for this reason, though each step had previously been tested by a large-scale pilot operation, it was thought advisable to withhold metallurgical data until any starting-up difficulties had been overcome and anticipated requirements fulfilled. These requirements called for an improvement in gold recovery without any lowering of the previous ratio of concentration, and the pages that follow deal with the methods by which this result was obtained. An idea of the character of Noranda concentrating ore will be gained from an inspection of the following mineralogical analysis of the ore treated by the mill during 1933: MineRal Content Mineral ConteNt Chalcopyrite, per cent..... 6.8 Silica and silicates, per cent............ 18.3 Pyrite, per cent........... 22.1 Gold, native and as telluride, oz. per ton 0.15 Pyrrhotite, per cent....... 51.5 Silver, probably as argentite, oz. per tou 0.35 Magnetite, per cent....... 0.5 Thesr figures, which are typical, show that over 73 per cent of the ore treated consists of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Determirnation of the proportion of unrecovered gold associated with each of these minerals was therefore of primary importance in developing a suitable method for improving gold recovery. As pyrrhotite is magnetic, this information was obtained by making magnetic sorting tests on samples of the mill tailing and screening the material thus segregated. This showed that the magnebtic material finer

Jan 1, 1935

By S Winter, G Klenowski

During longwall mining in the Bowen Basin, open tension cracks formed by overburden subsidence occur to a height of about 175 m above the mining horizon. Within this zone, water in aquifers or inundated workings will flow into the mine.At the Oaky Creek mines Aquila seam, open cut pits containing pit water overlie German Creek seam longwall panels at a height of about 105 m. The highly saline water is classified as contaminated and cannot be discharged off-site. Because alternative water storage facilities were not available, innovative water management solutions were needed to allow longwall mining to proceed without underground flooding.Computer modelling and underground inflow measurements have been completed to accurately determine inflow rates into longwall mines from overlying water sources at increasing overburden heights. Research work has also included determining cost-effective blanket treatment of final voids and reshaping spoil piles to minimise downward seepage.Ponded water overlying the Aquila low, Grasstree south and A6 pits required remedial works prior to longwall undermining to prevent flooding. In the Aquila low pit it was necessary to partition the pit and remove water overlying longwall 32. Two in-pit bridges were constructed by dozing and track compacting low wall spoil. The final void above the longwall panel was kept dry during undermining. Maximum recorded underground inflow rate was 30.0 L/s.The Grasstree south pit final void, part of the ramp and much of the spoil piles were inundated prior to undermining of 308 panel. A bridge and blanket were required to prevent ponding above the longwall. Maximum recorded inflow during undermining was 23.2 L/s.The pit A6 south final void, which contained dumped, saturated rejects and inundated highwall mining entries was undermined by longwall 36 at the Oaky No 1 underground mine. Because mapping of highwall entries was not available, the maximum calculated inflow rate of 73.0 L/s was based on all design entries being fully inundated. The actual inflow rate during longwall mining ranged up to 20.0 L/s.Water management improvements that have been implemented include greater use of contaminated pit water to wash coal, use of evaporation fans, and installation of a 6 ML/day reverse osmosis plant for water purification.CITATION:Klenowski, G and Winter, S, 2017. Inflows into longwall mines from inundated overlying workings, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 183–190 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By William O. Vanderburg

This report3/ gives the reconnaissance of a reconnaissance of the mining districts in Churchill County, Nev., made in the fall of 1938 and spring of 1938 All of the mining districts in the county were visited, but no attempt has been made to include all the mines and prospects within the area; inclusion or omission of a property in this paper has no bearing on its merits, The report gives the situation of the various districts, mineral production, and ownership of properties; describes the ore deposit, mines, and prospects; contains information on past and current activity; and includes other data likely to be useful to those interested in the development of our mineral resources. The various district, were named when they were organized for purposes of record and regulation. When established, the districts embraced large areas n without well- defined borders, so that the names have little geographical significance.

Jan 1, 1940

One of the critical challenges facing the mining industry ? and not just in the United States ? is the looming labor shortage. A significant percentage of the industry?s professional workforce is, well, getting old, and many will be retiring in the next 10 years or so. This is not a new issue to the industry. It has been discussed at various industry meetings and conferences for many years. How does mining, with its largely negative public image, attract young people to mining schools? And, equally important, who is going to teach them? Mining schools, what?s left of them in the United States, are beginning to lose qualified faculty to retirements, and no one is available to replace them. SME addressed this issue during the keynote session at its annual meeting in February in Denver, CO. This year?s theme was ?Mining: It?s About the People.? Despite a blizzard that blanketed the city on the day most attendees were to have arrived, the meeting still attracted a record 7,202 people. And the accompanying exhibit sold 822 booths, also a record. The U.S. Department of Energy?s National Energy Technology Laboratory contracted with the National Academies? National Research Council to complete a study concerning the availability of skilled workers to meet the energy and mineral security requirements for the United States. The National Research Council, in turn, asked SME to collect and analyze workforce trends in these industries. The result of SME?s analysis is the report ?Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Minerals Industries.? It is available on the SME website, www.smenet.org. Click on Government Affairs. While the report did not paint a completely dismal picture, there were some disturbing results. It concluded that within 20 years there will not be a sufficient number of skilled professionals to satisfy the labor demand. That said, the report said that most of those positions would likely be filled. However, the U.S. mining will go through a period of time when the workforce will be made up of very young and senior workers.

Jun 1, 2013

By William P. Stroud

Chemical alteration of the compressive strength of sandstone has been investigated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM). Successful development of this technology would offer an attractive alternative to the methods now used for stress control in mines. Sandstone cores were stressed to failure under uniaxial compression at two different strain rates. Specimens saturated with either distilled or tap water showed an average 14% reduction in stress at failure compared with those dried in vacuum. Samples saturated with dilute solutions of aluminum chloride, hydrochloric acid, and polyethylene oxide showed no statistically significant difference in failure stress compared with those saturated with water. By contrast, compressive strength of the cores was increased some 7% by saturation with the nonpolar solvent carbon tetrachloride. No correlation was found between zeta potential and compressive strength.

Jan 1, 2010

This paper discusses the social and economic impact of mining, and in particular goldmining, on New Zealand. The range of topics covered and their complexity has confined us in this paper to highlighting the main points of concern û a detailed report is under preparation. A major problem in undertaking this study was the lack of hard data on important environmental, economic and social issues and if there is to be effective planning in the area of natural resource use this situation must be rectified. The following conclusions were drawn: Goldmining was very important in shaping New Zealand's early social and economic development, providing wealth, employment and impetus for social change.Foreign investment and technology has been an essential element in New ZealandÆs economic development.Mining is a small industry at present by this must not be allowed to obscure its potential to broaden New Zealand's economic base and provide foreign exchange.With modern methods, development of mineral resources and environmental protection are not incompatible but certain unique and irreplaceable areas must be preserved.There are problems in evaluating mining and other projects because different groups hold different values, and arguments often hinge on the valuation of costs and benefits rather than the technical aspects of the analysis.Mineral exploration is a high risk business and the potential returns must be sufficient to attract capital if New Zealand's mineral resources are to be developed.A resurgence of goldmining will clearly have obvious benefits for Waihi but the local community must plan carefully for their future. New Zealand will also gain valuable foreign exchange required for higher levels of economic activity.

Jan 1, 1981

Wildcat strikes in the Appalachian coal fields, primarily in West Virginia, have resulted in an estimated 4.5 million ton loss in coal production during July and through the first week in August. Since then, the strike intensified further, and on August 9, nearly all of West Virginia's 60,000 miners were off the job with another 10,000 miners on strike in eastern Kentucky. The Bureau of Mines estimates that West Virginia's coal output is currently (8/9) eight million tons below last year when the state produced 108 million tons. West Virginia, the Nation's second largest coal producer of coal behind Kentucky, has not failed to mine over 100 million tons a year since 1938. At the end of the second week in August, nearly all coal miners in West Virginia remained out. The strike is a protest against a cutback in union health and retirement benefits. An announcement June 23 about the United Mine Worker's health and retirement fund precipitated the strike, Fund directors said that because of inflation and production losses caused by earlier wildcat strikes and the severe winter, miners would have to pay the first $250 of hospital costs and 40 percent of doctor bills, up to $500 a year. Previously, the funds paid all hospital and doctor bills. According to the West Virginia Coal Association each day of the strike in West Virginia results in a loss of coal production of 500,000 tons, a loss of $3.8 million in miners wages and $1 million in contributions to the UMWA's health and retirement fund.

Jan 1, 1977

INTERNATIONAL conferences on safety in mines originated in 1912 when, in response to an invitation issued by the United States, representatives of Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, and Germany participated in a conference held in Pittsburgh, Pa The record shows that a permanent organization was proposed to be developed through. diplomatic channels. However, the advent of war 2 years later prevented this proposal from coming to fruition. No further cooperation between the Bureau of Mines and a group having: similar interests in a foreign country took place until 1924, when formal cooperation with the Safety in Mines Research Board of Great Britain was established. Interchange of personnel and results of research under that arrangement have resulted in a number of publications in both countries and more rapid advance in knowledge than could have been obtained through the same efforts exerted independently.

Jan 1, 1950

By F. Habashi

The pioneer work on pressure hydrometallurgy was conducted in Russia at the end of the nineteenth, and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, by Karl Josef Bayer (1847-1904) and Vladimir Nikolyevitch Ipatieff (1867-1952), both working independently in Saint Petersburg. Bayer was studying pressure leaching while Ipatieff was studying the precipitation of metals and their compounds by hydrogen under pressure. Gradually, industrial applications took place first in the aluminium and later in the nickel industry. Today, the technology is well established in a large number of industries, such as uranium, gold, zinc, titanium, tungsten, and more recently copper.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. S. Handy

This paper describing the milling practices at tae concentrators of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co. is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on milling methods and costs in the United States. The possibility of useful comparisons has prompted the description of all five of the mills operated by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company in northern Idaho. The general features of these mills are tabulated below: [ ]

Jan 1, 1930