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By D L. Kennedy

Many aspects of the physical layout of manufacturing plants and storage facilities for explosives are governed by so-called quantity-distances tables. Both the British and the American tables were originally derived from an analysis of the injuries and the building damage documented by an early 20th century compilation of significant accidental explosions. However, progressive changes in explosive process technology and in building techniques have reduced the relevance of much of this historic data set. Extensive scientific research has been conducted over recent decades to characterise the potential injuries and damage from accidental explosions under more modern conditions. This presentation will showcase some of this research.**This is an abstract only. No paper was provided for this abstract**

Nov 8, 2011

This paper gives the background to the development of solvent extraction processes for the recovery of metals from aqueous solutions. Its growing importance in Australia for the recovery of both uranium and copper is dis- cussed, as well as the developments in mixer-settler design as applied to recent plants. The economic significance of solvent extraction as an alterna- tive to cementation is discussed and important features of each process are highlighted by comparison of costs for each process in a hypothetical situa- Tion.

Jan 1, 1971

The approvals process for a major cut-back is not a simple exercise when a mine is located alongside the community. Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) has been through an extensive process of government, JV owner and community consultation to ensure that necessary permitting processes and detailed studies have been completed to allow this six year extension to the open pit mine life to be achieved. With the Kalgoorlie Boulder community being on the doorstep of the mine, it is critical to ensure that the operation runs smoothly and complies to the license conditions to achieve the full value of the Golden Pike cut-back, and leave behind a sustainable legacy for the local community. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY no paper was prepared for this presentation.

Jun 1, 2010

In the last several years we have seen the demise of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy at the University of Melbourne, the removal of extraction metallurgy from the Department of Metallurgy and incorporation of it within a School of Mines at the University of New South Wales, and the joining of a small Department of Metallurgy with a Department of Chemical Engineering to form a Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Newcastle. Most of these changes have been forced by the logical application of the principles of accounting, the currency for such accounting being the Whole Student Unit (WSU). It is not my intent to address the problem of attracting young people into courses in metallurgy (including extraction metallurgy) which, at present, is the only way to introduce black ink into the WSU accounting ledger. Rather, I wish to express my disquiet over the trends, illustrated by some of the above occurrences, of separating out extractive metallurgy from METALLURGY by suggesting in broad terms how a course in metallurgy should be structured. I firmly believe that the mechanical metallurgist and materials engineer need an exposure to chemical and extractive metallurgy; similarly, the extractive and process metallurgist should, in my view, have a good grounding in the interrelationships between composition, structure, and properties, this topic being the core of the basic subject physical metallurgy.

Jan 1, 1987

Designing and constructing OxianaÆs Sepon gold and copper operations in one of the most remote areas in Laos has been a great achievement; one which was recognised by the engineering industryÆs highest accolade û the Australian Engineering Excellence Award in 2005. The developing nation of Laos has no previous mining or heavy industrial experience, but the support of the Lao Government and a remarkable Lao workforce has enabled the project to be developed and operate as well as it would anywhere else in the world.When making a decision to invest offshore, several geophysical and jurisdictional criteria need to be considered. Laos offers unparalleled prospectivity, a central location with growing infrastructure, a ready workforce and a developing but supportive regulatory regime. In addition, the Sepon copper project has exceptional characteristics, including its high grades, location near the surface, leachable qualities, access to hydropower and the ability to produce cathodes on site. These attributes and its location in the centre of a region hungry for resources contributes to the projectÆs excellent economics.

Jan 1, 2006

How do you initiate closure planning for a mine site that is on the doorstep of a major community without generating the extremes of panic or complacency? That is the question that is faced by Australia's largest gold mine, the Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) Super Pit in Kalgoorlie-Boulder. KCGM's Community Relations Manager, Danielle van Kampen, will reveal the lengthy closure planning process that is in train to alert yet not alarm the community about the future of the Super Pit and to generate discussion on issues of importance. What will happen to the 'big hole' that generates both mining and tourism dollars for the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder as its anticipated closure date of 2021 comes closer? How do you communicate a constantly evolving closure date? Although the process may generate more questions than answers, the project will be discussed at length and with the added benefit of independent community recent research in the form of the public 2009 Closure Consultation and the KCGM 2010 Social Impact Assessment. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY no paper was prepared for this presentation.

Jun 1, 2010

By D Connelly

The initial results for the cyanide leach gold recoveries were very poor on a high-grade primary sulphide ore of 6.2 g/t Au with no silver. Subsequent mineralogy showed the ore to be a characteristic pyrite, carbonaceous refractory gold ore (double refractory). This was a very disappointing finding. A small scale gravity and flotation test programme was developed to produce a concentrate with the majority of the gold. This also failed with most of the gold remaining in the tailings. An ICP scan also showed variable levels of antimony. A Desktop Study was undertaken with minimal laboratory test work looking at Pressure Oxidation (POX), roasting, ultra-fine grinding, graphite passivation and consideration of any new technologies that might be applicable to this type of ore. The subsequent Study highlighted how difficult these double refractory gold ores are to process and highlighted some recent technology developments may be applicable. CITATION: Connelly, D, 2018. Technology options for processing complex and double refractory gold ore, in Proceedings Complex Orebodies Conference 2018, p 94 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 21, 2018

By Armstrong M

The Clermont Coal Mine will export steaming coal from the Wolfang Basin in Central Queensland, Australia. It is expected to be developed in the mid-1990s.The majority of the reserves lie in the 30 m thick Wolfang Seam. Overburden depth varies from 80 m at the subcrop line to 190 m in the centre of the basin.

Jan 1, 1992

By Bigdy D. N

The paper describes a system for providing mine management with a continuous indication of the effectivness of longwall coalface powered supports in controlling roof-to-floor convergence. The system comprises on-face instrumentation monitoring convergence and support leg circuit pressures, a means of transmitting the output of that instrumentation to the surface for collection, and software which presents both a condensed analysis for rapid review of the current state, and extended analyses from which remedial action can be recommended if a problem is identified. The results of a field trial are presented showing that meaningful results can be obtained.

Jan 1, 1988

By A Dix

Fire suppression systems are but one of the many technologies currently available to manage operational tunnel risks. However, the actual reasons for their use are often shrouded in mischievous discussions of the marketing variety.The international tunnelling community still stands divided on the merits (or otherwise) of fire suppression systems. For some the debate focuses on their cost compared to the theoretical benefits they bring to human safety.Long standing concerns about their potential adverse effects in an emergency are often at odds with the experience from tunnels which use them. High installation and operational costs are cited as reasons not to use them, yet toll road operators and insurers increasingly use them as a risk mitigation strategy for toll revenue protection.Fact or fiction, myth or reality, should such systems be seriously entertained or are they just another expensive gadget in the escalating array of expensive toys for modern tunnels? Ultimately this presentation argues that they have their place as a risk mitigation measure to achieve a range of objectives. The exact circumstances for their use ultimately fashioning their design and operational characteristics. This is an abstract only. No paper was prepared for this abstract.

Mar 8, 2011

By S Gray

Based on the 2021 Volume 5 State of PlayTM mining survey of key executives and board members in the mining sector, the key responses to ‘Which of the following technologies will have the biggest impact on mining in the next 15 years?’, were ‘Sensing and Data’ followed by ‘AI and Analytics’. From the early 1970s it would have been unlikely to predict the level of sensing and automation introduced to the broad industrial sector. No better example is the automobile industry where the combination of technological advances and external drivers (such as emissions control) have driven an incredible rate of change. The introduction of sensing, data, AI, and automation in the mining industry is just ramping up. Until now our energy efficiency, environmental footprint, labour shortage, skills, and safety have not been challenged by stakeholders in the way we are seeing market forces develop today. In order to address these challenges, we need to look back to the automobile industry and learn their lessons to accelerate our application of digital capability, analysis, AI and automation This is critical, particularly as access to skilled human resources becomes more difficult. An example of how this can be achieved in a gold processing plant utilising the latest real-time sensing technologies is the ‘Carbon Scout’ developed by Curtin University, and OLGA developed by CSIRO, which are both online technologies, coupled together with Gekko’s ‘Neon’ digital platform to achieve a fully automated real-time gold processing system.

Aug 24, 2022

By K D. Tuckwell

The Treasurer, the Hon Wayne Swan, has nominated ‘maximising our advantages’ from ‘Mining Boom Mark II’ as the focus of the 2011/2012 Australian Budget. Australia therefore requires a bolder and better integrated economic reform agenda if it is to convert current strong demand for mineral commodities into lasting prosperity that benefits all Australians. Lasting prosperity, well past 2012, will only be achieved if Australia can effectively reverse a decade-long deterioration in the minerals industry productivity performance due largely to capacity constraints that inhibit growth. This requires improving the efficiency of energy networks, transport infrastructure, water markets, health and education services, access to skilled people and by streamlining costly, inefficient project approvals’ processes. The common thread that holds this economic fabric together is the importance of having the right people using the most appropriate technology within the correct policy framework.In December 2010, employment in the minerals sector stood at 187 200; 21 per cent higher than one year earlier, 15 per cent higher than the industry employment peak prior to the global financial crisis in 2008 and 14 per cent greater than anticipated by industry modelling published in 2008. Managers and professionals make up approximately 15 per cent of the total workforce, yet minerals-related higher education programs (mining engineering, metallurgy and geoscience) continue to be chronically underfunded, requiring direct industry subsidies of more than $25 M over the last decade. Also, the publicly-funded Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector continues to fail the industry in the delivery of quality training programs. Importantly, the industry is a key driver of economic activity in regional and remote Australia and is the largest source of private sector employment for Indigenous Australians who comprise up to a quarter of employees in certain locations.This presentation looks at what our industry and country need to achieve to ensure we have the right people for the challenges ahead. **This is an abstract only. No paper was provided for this abstract.**

Nov 22, 2011

By K Ehrig

Two irrefutable facts in geology and metallurgy are: ore deposits are comprised of variable mixtures of minerals which are systematically distributed throughout the deposit, and mineralogy exerts the primary control on metallurgical performance. If the distribution of process critical minerals can be quantified and mapped, then a logical assumption is that metallurgical performance can be predicted across the deposit.Olympic Dam is a +9 billion tonne Fe-oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit which is hosted entirely within a magmatic-hydrothermal breccia complex consisting of over seventy ore and gangue minerals. Each has a unique set of metallurgical performance properties. Fortunately, 15 of the 70 minerals accounts for >98 per cent of the total rock mass.The mineral mapping journey commenced in the early drilling days shortly after the discovery of Olympic Dam in 1975. Geologists quickly recognised that the copper-iron sulphides had a predictable zoned distribution. However, geological models reflected the presence or relative abundances, not quantitative concentrations, of the minerals. This type of mineral mapping remained relatively unchanged for ~20 years and was of limited use outside of geology.Several things changed during the mid-1990s: assaying costs decreased significantly, instruments capable of automatically measuring mineralogy became readily available, the recognition of two quantifiable relationships at OD (ie mineralogy is a function of chemical composition (ie assays), and metallurgical performance is a function of assays, mineralogy, texture and process conditions. The linkage of metallurgical performance to mineralogy and mineralogy back to assays allows for every assayed sample in the resource model to be assigned mineral concentrations and metallurgical performance predictors. At Olympic Dam, block models (ie 3D maps) are routinely produced for 27 elements, density, 15 process critical minerals and greater than 50 metallurgical performance variables. These geometallurgy-enabled resource models are used for mine planning, process plant design and process optimisation studies. *This is an abstract only. No paper was prepared for this abstract.*

Sep 5, 2011

The Sao Chico gold project is located on the Tocantinzinho trend which is the most mineralised zone in the Tapajos Mineral Field of Brazil (see Figure 1). The Tapajos goldfi eld was the site of the biggest gold rush in Brazilian history in the late 1970s and 1980s when approximately 500 000 garimpeiros (artisanal miners) rushed to the area to exploit extensive areas of newly discovered alluvial gold. Approximately 20 - 30 million ounces of gold were produced from these operations before the easily won alluvial gold deposits were largely depleted. The Tapajos region has had little exploration by modern exploration methods compared to any other equivalent gold fields in the world. The gold occurs in sulfide veins developed in shear zones within Proterozoic granites. Gold grades vary from approximately 15 g/t in the hard rock veins, to up to several ounces per tonne in the supergene weathered upper portions of the veins. Goldbearing vein zones in the weathered profile are free digging. In addition, tailings dumps from previous mining operations contain gold grades of approximately 1 g/t. Metallurgical test work conducted to date indicates that gold recoveries of at least 70 per cent can be achieved via gravity concentration. Gold Anomaly, via its 100 per cent owned Brazilian subsidiary, Gold Aura Do Brasil Mineracao Ltda (GOAB), plans to mine the tailings and weathered vein material by open cut methods to generate a quick cash fl ow and to provide a better understanding of the mineralisation as part of a feasibility study for mining the underlying sulfide zone mineralisation (see Figure 2). Mining will utilise locally hired excavators and trucks and ramp up to a rate of 100 tonnes per day. To treat the gold-bearing material, GOAB has purchased an integrated 'state of the art' gravity concentration processing plant from Gekko Systems of Australia. The processing plant includes a scrubber for clay and oversize removal, coarse gold gravity separation via an inline pressure jig and an inline spinner; and fine gold gravity separation via a Falcon Concentrator. The plant is expected to be operational by late 2010. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY. No paper was prepared for this presentation. 

Aug 1, 2010

By S Doyle

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Macraes gold mine in Otago, New Zealand, is developed along the central portion of the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone (HMSZ), which dips gently to the NE, and is traceable over 30 km of strike, before disappearing under tertiary cover. Mineralisation is most intensely developed along the hanging wall shear, which defines the upper limit of the shear zone, although significant packages of quartz vein arrays and mineralised shears occur sporadically beneath the hanging wall shear.The Macraes gold mine is now in its 25th year of operation, well beyond the projected mine life at the time of commissioning in 1990, and currently contains over triple the measured and indicated resource inventory that was defined at start up. The extended mine life and resource growth has been driven by exploration and resource development success, efficient low-cost mining and processing, improving gold price, as well as an ethos of continuous improvement.The emphasis of Oceanagold’s exploration and resource development has shifted over time; from hanging-wall-focused mapping, soil sampling and step-out drilling, through exploitation of previously drilled stockwork mineralisation, to the pursuit of blind, higher-grade underground targets.Mineralisation within the HMSZ remains open at depth, and the regional potential has not been fully tested. Given the relatively low-grade of gold mineralisation at Macraes, the consideration of tungsten as a supplementary co-product provides an exciting opportunity.CITATION:Moore, J and Doyle, S, 2015. Resource definition in the world-class Macraes gold mine, New Zealand, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 557–564 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

With the next mining boom looming, the industry will once again struggle to meet skills needed as the current generation boomers are set to retire. In order to meet these needs it is going to need to focus on what underutilised human resources - in particular women - want!   Women comprise around 14 per cent of the mining workforce, compared with a 45 per cent participation rate in the work force overall. Within the industry, women still make up only one per cent of trades people, eight per cent of operators/production employees, 12 per cent of engineers and 11 per cent of executive management.   It may be worth pointing out that mining has an age profile skewed towards the older end of the spectrum. When it comes to employee retention, what women want may be a good starting point to examine, more broadly, what all employees might want (but are too afraid to ask!).   Women in mining want the following: To be scrutinised for their work and performance, not their personal lives, appearance or relationships. True pay equity. This is addressed at lower levels between companies but at professional levels the salary differentials begin to appear and little is done to identify why this continues to be the case. Recognition and acceptance that women can have different work-styles, and that diversity of work-styles is an asset to be nurtured not a threat to be neutralised! Recognition that a more diverse workforce demographic that better reflects society at large will assist the company in its dealings with many diverse stakeholders from society at large. For employers to recognise that a career break to accommodate caring responsibilities does not mean that an employee's commitment to progressing their career is any less than that of someone who has not taken a career break. Similarly, for employers to recognise that working part-time for to accommodate caring responsibilities does not mean that an employee's commitment to progressing their career is any less than someone who works a more traditional roster. Access to affordable and quality child care compatible with mining rosters in mining towns. Zero tolerance for bullying and harassment, and workplace cultures that promote respect and safety. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY no paper was prepared for this presentation.

Jun 1, 2010

Energy is central to respond to critical stakes on human and industrial development requirements as well as on climate change. The increase of the share of carbon-free energy sources in the global supply mix will help to reduce significantly greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) as power generation accounts currently for 41 per cent of these emissions from the energy sector. In this energetic mix, nuclear and renewable energies are complementary, the first more focused in the baseload power generation whilst the second is well suited for decentralised power generation. In this context, AREVA's goal is to enable everyone to have access to a cleaner, safer and more economical energy. Regarding nuclear energy, AREVA's strategy is to capitalise on its integrated operation model, which groups together fuel cycle and nuclear power plant construction, aiming at building one third of the new nuclear capacities and securing the fuel cycle supply chain for its existing and future customers. Therefore, the front end of the uranium fuel cycle, from mining to the fabrication of fuel assemblies, has a key role in the sustainability of the nuclear industry. The replacement of the current capacity and the entrance of new countries on the nuclear power generation might lead to a significant rise of uranium demand by 2020. In order to be prepared in time, AREVA defined an ambitious industrial program to expand mineral reserves, increase the production of uranium concentrates, replace the conversion capacity, build two new uranium enrichment plants, one in France and one in the United States and upgrade its fuel manufacturing plants. To support the front-end industrial activities in the short and long term, AREVA invests on a portfolio of R&D projects to find out solutions to meet customers' needs, to improve its competitiveness and to develop new concepts and solutions to anticipate future market evolutions. In particular, some important technological challenges in mining must be surmounted to develop cost-effective methods to explore and exploit low grade deposits while creating sustainable solutions for reducing reagent, water and energy consumptions. In this lecture, an overview of the industrial investments of AREVA in the front end of the uranium fuel cycle and some highlights on its R&D major axis will be presented. This is an abstract only. No full paper was prepared for this abstract.  

Sep 13, 2010

The celebrations which took place in 1986 to mark South Australia's Jubilee 150 served to focus attention on all aspects of the State's heritage. Until that time the sites and relics of South Aus- tralia's early mines had been generally neglected. Marked by the ruins of enginehouses and littered with the remains of the massive technology of the Industrial Revolution, these sites have now been recognised as containing the threads of a fascinat- ing story. In the early days of settlement the economy of the Colony was based on land and farming. Droughts caused periods of economic depression which were alleviated by chance discoveries of gold, lead, silver, and copper ore. Some of the mines which were opened on the copper deposits were the largest in the world at that time and their names well-known throughout mining circles. Working by hand with primitive equipment, the early miners excavated vast networks of shafts and stopes often extending to great depths: at Moonta- Wallaroo Mines for example workings extended to 860 m below ground. Because of the presence of underground water, mining to these depths would not have been possible without the Cornish pumping engine. Operated by steam power these massive engines and their associated equipment were transported from Cornwall by clipper and delivered to the mines by bullock cart. At this time the engines were at the peak of their devel- opment and, although expensive to import and install, they were highly reliable: the engine oper- ating Hughes pump at Moonta worked continu- ously for sixty years without a major breakdown.

Jan 1, 1987

By C Young

The identification of Critical Risks, their associated Critical Controls, and the implementation of processes to ensure their ongoing management can be difficult and resource intensive. Answering the following Critical Risk Management related questions can be challenging: • What is a Critical Risk? • What is a Bow-tie Analysis and when should it be used? • What is Critical Control? • How is the effectiveness of a Critical Control assured, and how is this measured? • Who is responsible for managing Critical Controls? • What are the implications if a Critical Control is not effective? It appears that in the mining industry’s efforts to implement the Critical Control Management Process outlined by the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), instead of embedding an integrated, well understood, value adding process, we have instead created a resource hungry monster that is poorly understood by numerous layers of the organisation.

May 5, 2022

We outline a first version of an ambitious goal: The world's first horizontal (matrix-independent) generic sampling standard. The specific needs and requirements are overwhelming, as all the world's analytical standards follow strict matrix or material type classification pigeonholes, leading to a plethora of analytical standards. One could rightly expect a similar multiplication regarding sampling standards, yet the singular HORIZONTAL is aimed at being truly generic. Also the existing style of standards writing is cumbersome and partly contradictory. The current work is presently being pursued in CEN and European Union standardisation regimens, for which reason full disclosure and publication is not allowed. Respecting this constraint, we unofficially present selected key issues involved in developing HORIZONTAL: The objective and scope of a horizontal sampling standard is to delineate the minimum set of principles and procedures needed to guarantee documented representative sampling for all types of materials. The horizontal standard is designed for two types of use: 1. auditing/assessing/ improving the reliability of an existing sampling procedure, and 2. design and implementation of a new sampling procedure (new lot type). The principles in this standard are all derived from the Theory of Sampling (TOS), but the standard is far from a mere collection of TOS principles. Representativeness is a characteristic of the sampling process, not of samples themselves. For practical purposes, the horizontal standard follows the fundamental distinction between 'stationary lots' (0-D, 2-D, 3-D lots) and 'dynamic lots' (within TOS aka process sampling - including extended, non-moving 1-D lots). TOS' principles of 'correctness' must never be broken at any stage, lest representativeness is irretrievably lost. The horizontal standard is not written in the mandatory fashion for legally binding matrix-specific standards, eg ISO - for the present overarching purpose a different style had to be developed. The standard must be immediately understandable in full, which merits special demands, eg extensive use of didactic illustrations. HORIZONTAL introduces an all-inclusive sampling variability measure, Relative Sampling Variance (RSV) which is for sampling of stationary lots as variographics is for process sampling - RSV is to be used as a quality criterion for any stationary sampling procedure as applied to a specific heterogeneity (lot/material). The target for this standard is all individuals, companies, organisations and regulatory bodies who are responsible for sampling: technicians, process engineers, laboratory personal, academic and industrial scientists as well as project leaders, technical managers/directors and top managers. Based on current R&D we illustrate the principles promulgated by HORIZONTAL with cases from exploration and mining of minerals commodities, a Finnsh 'Autosampler' at work in the mining context (RSV) as well as sampling equipment for use in the cement and mineral commodities industries. This is an ABSTRACT ONLY. No paper was prepared for this presentation.

Mar 1, 2010