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COUNCIL OF EDUCATION OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division) Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman 0 Cutler Shepard, Vice-Chairman Thomas A Read, Secretary-Treasurer Dept of Mining & Metallurgical Engrg University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Economics Division) Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Louis C Raymond, Chairman Lorin A Cranson, Vice-Chairman Henry T Mudd, Vice-Chairman Adam K Stricker, Jr, Vice-Chairman Paul F Yopes, Secretary-Treasurer U S Bureau of Mines Albany, Oregon

Jan 1, 1957

Organization Place Date 1917 American Electro-Chemical Society Detroit; Mich. May 2-5 American Waterworks Association Richmond, Va. May 7-11 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York City May 18 America' Society of, Mechanical Engineers Cincinnati, Ohio May 22-25 American Iron and Steel Institute New York City May 25-26 ' Interstate Oil Mill Superintendents Association. Augusta, Ga. May (last wk.) Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education .... Evansville, Ind. June 19-22. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30

Jan 5, 1917

Organization Place Date 1919 National Drainage Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 11-13 American Mining Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 1.7-21 Canadian Mining Institute Vancouver, B. C. Nov.. 26-28 American Society of Mechanical Engineers:.... New York, N. Y. Dec. 2-5 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Savannah, Ga. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America...; Boston, Mass. Dec. 29-31. American Society of Heating and Ventilating 1920 Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ... New York, N. Y. Jan. 13. American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers... New York, N. Y. Feb. 16-19 American Ceramic Society Philadelphia, Pa. Feb. 23-26

Jan 11, 1919

By Chikao Nishiwaki

INTRODUCTION The Japanese dependency for mineral raw materials from foreign sources increased rapidly within the 20 years since the Korean war. During this 20 year period Japan has attempted to industrialize and develop her economy while depending mostly on heavy import of nearly all kinds of mineral raw materials. She has fabricated them using energy generated mostly by mineral fuel that are also imported. Fabricated goods are either used domestically to accelerate more fabrication industry or exported after adding more refinement or fabrication. In this paper iron ore as a major raw material for the Iron and Steel industry, three major base metals, copper, zinc and lead, and petroleum as a major energy source have been selected as examples to represent the general features of various kinds of mineral raw materials that are imported. Among other important mineral commodities for which Japan dependa upon foreign sources are: Aluminium, nickel and cobalt, potash and phosphorous 100 percent dependent and tin, tungusten, chromium and molybdenum over 95 percent dependent. IRON ORE Statistics for the important iron and steel raw materials, namely iron ore, coal and scrap iron are shown in Tables 1, 2 and Fig. 1. Iron ore is by far the most important and basic among these three commodities. There has been practically no steel or iron imported as a metal into Japan during this period. Iron ore, including aggregate such as pellets, and metallurgical coal are mostly transported in large ore cargo boats to the port where very efficient port facilities unload them directly at the steel mill site. As a result

Jan 1, 1976

ANNUAL meeting of the Woman's Auxiliary of the American Institute of Mining and Metal-lurgical Engineers convened on Tuesday morn-ing, Feb. 20, the president, Mrs. H. W. Hardinge, presiding. President Hardinge, in opening the meet-ing, said: "I have the honor and great pleasure to welcome you to our seventh annual meeting. It has been a happy year, though I started in fear and trembling. My fear is partly gone and my trembling becomes less as time goes on. Never has a chairman had such splendid cooperation and harmony in her work; no. matter how much was asked nor what the task, I have always received the same answer, `We are with you, of course we can do it.' Often the road has been untried and the way full of snares, but we have all pulled together. Is it any wonder we have had a prosperous year? I cannot thank the governing -board and officers enough for their help." Mrs. Hardinge described her trip through the West last summer, during which she visited many of the local sections of the Auxiliary. She also spoke of the work of the Rossiter Raymond memorial library which has been started as an activity of the Woman's Auxiliary. Mrs. Reynders read the minutes of the last annual meeting, and Mrs. Kemp read the treasurer's report. The latter showed that on Feb. 1, 1922, there was a bank balance of $683.61 and on Feb. 10, 1923, the bal-ance was $947.93. Mrs. Westervelt expressed the sorrow of the Auxiliary for the death -of Mrs. Florence Howe Hall and of Mrs. Levi P. Holbrook.

Jan 4, 1923

By P. E. Fitzgerald

ACIDIZING, as the terns is used in the petroleum production industry, involves the use of hydrochloric acid in predominantly limestone formations, resulting in the lowering of resistance offered to the flow of oil and gas through the oil-bearing formation, usually with resultant increased production. A number of articles have been written on the chemical treatment of oil and gas wells; a bibliography of these works will appear in Volume 123 of the Institute's TRANSACTIONS (1937), and a few other references are appended to this paper.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. G. Hall

WHEN we want to interpret some problem which faces us at the present, if that problem be a social or political movement, we turn to the pages of history for 'information. If the problem be one of science or of industry we turn to the library of the subject and endeavor to translate the present from the experience of the past. I wonder if you would bear with me for a few minutes as I look back to the time when I was going through mining school and looking forward with hope, it is true and with confidence also, but still with some trepidation and an occasional qualm, to the month of June when the class of 1897 would be hunting jobs. Those were the years 1893 to 1897. Those years saw the Treasury of the United States so empty of gold that the President had to appeal to financiers to accept the country's promises to pay in return for $100,000,000 in gold. And the invectives that were hurled at both their heads for such a betrayal of the people sound strangely similar to those you read today being daily written and screamed at another President for taking us into the League of Nations or for not issuing bonds in huge amounts for unemployment relief, or for not adopting somebody else's particular specific for the relief of hard times.

Jan 1, 1931

By Morris M. Fine, Norwood B. Melcher

It is out of the question, at this time, to select any one prereduction process as superior to the others. It is apparent that several share a basic similarity and that within the groups listed in Part 1, the reduction vessel is sometimes the only significant variable. Claims as to the virtues of one machine over another are difficult to substantiate: one may be rapid, another thermally frugal. Based on published data, however, all seem to be performing adequately. It would appear that processes based on carbonized pellets are most applicable to foundry iron at low production rates. Adaptation to large scale manufacture of blast furnace hot metal or to agglomeration of fine concentrates at the mine site is much less likely.

Jan 8, 1966

By F. W. Jessen, C. A. Johnson

The effect of treatment with ferrochrome lignosul-fonate on both sodium and calcium bentonites has been examined. In the early stages of treatment it appears that some base exchange of iron and chromium for sodium may occur with the sodium bentonite. Such exchange appears specific for exchange of sodium ions when the calcium ion concentration represents 40-5.5 per cent of the total exchangeable cations, and when additions of lignosulfonate are less than 1 lb per bbl. Adsorption appears entirely physical above 1 lb per bbl treatment level for all concentrations of calcium studied. Gel strength and plastic viscosity of both calcium and sodium bentonite systems were reduced with treatments of ferrochrome lignosulfonate up to 2 Ib per bbl, the greatest reduction occurring within a range of calcium concentration of 40-5.5 per cent of the total exchange capacity of the clay. INTRODUCTION The problem of control of viscosity and gel strength of drilling fluids by the action of thinners or dispersants has been studied by many investigators.1-7 In addition, much work has been done on formation of gel structure in clay suspensions. However, gel formation and structure still are incompletely understood, and the use of the various dispersing chemicals is based, to a large extent, on data almost entirely empirical in nature. In recent years the lignosulfonates have become increasingly important in the treatment and control of drilling fluids. More specifically, ferrochrome lignosulfonate has found rather wide acceptance, particularly in calcium systems.5-7 Lignosulfonates are refined lignin products made from spent sulfite liquor from which the fermentable sugars have been removed.15 The exact structure of lignin is not known; however, it is believed to be a phenolic propane type polymer which may exist as a branched chain or cross linked structure. The molecular weights of lignosulfonates probably range from 300 to 100,000 or more.15 A better understanding of the mechanism of adsorption of dispersants is essential before improvement and development of characteristics of drilling fluids and drilling fluid control is possible. This investigation was undertaken to determine the action of ferrochrome lignosulfonate on sodium and calcium montmOrillonite' LABORATORY INVESTIGATION A Stormer viscosimeter and Fann V-G meter were used to measure viscosity and gel strength. A Zeiss spectrophotometer was used for analysis of Fe and Cr and the flame attachment was employed in the analysis of Na, Ca and Mg. A General Electric X-ray diffraction unit utilizing Copper Ka radiation and a Ni-filter was utilized in the X-ray studies. PROCEDURE Two systems were studied. Predominately sodium clay, obtained from Wyoming, and a predominately calcium clay from Texas were used. These particular samples were chosen because of the extensive work of characterization completed by Mungan. Ionic base exchange capacity determined by flame photometry and total exchange capacity by the Kjehldahl method were obtained experimentally. A 7-per cent suspension of the sodium clay and a 20-per cent suspension of the calcium clay in distilled water were prepared by mixing with a high-speed mixer. The suspensions were allowed to stand for two weeks for complete hydration. Calcium chloride was added to portions of the sodium and calcium cla suspensions to obtain suspensions varying in Ca++ concentration as shown in Table I. A series of treatments was run with 500-ml portions of the original suspensions using a ferrochrome lignosulfonate. Treatment was carried out in the same way with each of the suspensions of varying Ca concentration. Viscosity and gel strength were measured and a filtrate obtained at each treatment level. Ten ml of filtrate were diluted to 50 ml, and aliquot portions of the 50 ml were taken for the Na, Ca, and Mg analysis by the flame photometer. The pH of these filtrates ranged from 7 to 7.3. Standard

By MAURICE ALTMAYER

M Y DUTIES, as a member of the Department of Franco-American War Cooperation of the French High Commission were to study the copper and brass industries of America from the mining of the various non-ferrous metals to the semi-finished, or finished materials. In the pursuit of these studies, it was my privilege to visit a number of industries and organizations in different parts of the country. I first visited most of the Eastern copper refineries that were supplying the Allies with vast amounts of metal. These works are producing their material by the multiple or the series process, although the first method predominates. But, regardless of the process employed all the plants attain an exceptionally high standard of quality in their production. One of the points that particularly attracted attention was the manner in which improvements could be traced from the older worlds to the more recent ones. The impression was that, thanks to a spirit of broad-minded cooperation between the principals of the companies and frequent exchanges of views between members of the staffs, all persons interested benefitted by the experience thus gained, to the advantage of the community at large.

Jan 1, 1920

By P. S. Bagga, P. T. Luckie

Liberation (the process of destroying the interlock between unwanted materials, such as mineral matter and pyrite, and coal) is one of the most important precursors to the benefication of raw coal in order to produce high grade marketable coals at economical recovery levels. Liberation is achieved usually by comminuting the raw coal. However, because of the significant interaction between the production of fine particles to achieve liberation and the cost of separating fine particles, the coal industry needs a method projecting the change in washability with size reduction. Such a projection can be combined with size reduction and separation simulators in order to examine completely beneficiation circuitry to produce coals of stringent specification. This paper presents the development of an appropriate liberation model for coal and its solution by Monte Carlo simulation to predict the expected washability of the raw coal as a function of comminution. It includes model validation with a known binary mixture as well as with a known teritary mixture.

Jan 1, 1983

By GEORGE ROBERT DE BEQUE

WHAT is wrong with oil shale? The answer is of interest to the public, to the oil refiner, and to the engineer. Many people have invested in shale land or shale securities, and others would invest if early development of the industry were certain. In the face of increasing demands for oil products, oil refiners are threatened with inability to maintain present output unless the supply of domestic petroleum is supplemented. Development of the oil shale industry would open a new field for engineering services. The object of this paper is to suggest reasons why there is but one shale plant in operation in the United States, and to discuss the probable time when the business will be firmly established in Colorado. As the Colorado deposits are the richest and largest in the world, ample supply of material is assured, consequently, this discussion will be confined principally to technical problems and economic problems affecting shale development.

Jan 1, 1924

By H. O. Hofman

WITH the exception of lead sulphate, all common metallic sulphates are completely decomposed upon heating into metallic oxide, sulphur trioxide, sulphur dioxide and oxygen. Some give up their trioxide readily at a low temperature, others require considerable heat and much time to be completely freed from sulphur. Kerl in 1881 arranged the principal metallic sulphates as they are decomposed by a rising temperature in the following order: silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, manganese and lead, lead sulphate being decomposed only slightly at a white heat. The researches of Bradford, published in 1903, show, however, that ferrous sulphate is decom¬posed at 590° C., cupric sulphate at G53° C. and argentic sulphate at 1,095° C. By the present investigation it will be seen that zinc sulphate is decomposed at 739° C. As far then as our present knowledge goes, the order in which the decomposition of the leading metallic sulphates takes place is the one given in Table I.

Jan 1, 1905

Jan 1, 1957

By Haley, D. F.

WHEN operations were first started at Climax in 1917 by the Climax Molybdenum Co., they were pioneering in the molybdenum industry for little was known relative to the uses of molybdenum or the metallurgy of molybdenite concentration. Concentration of molybdenite is relatively simple today but in 1916, when the Climax deposit first attracted attention, it presented serious difficulties. Little was known, in fact, even about the assaying of such low-grade molybdenum ores. Mine samples were sent to at least a dozen of the best laboratories in the United States and average values reported varied from 0.4 per cent to 1.0 per cent MOS2. Owing to the wide variations in MoS2 content obtained from reliable chemists, the actual value of the ore was most uncertain. This variation occurred repeat¬edly over a period of six months in 1917. It was finally decided, as a last resort, to cut several tons of sample from the tunnel and have a mill test made, using the recovered MoS2 per ton as the grade of the ore, for a small error in the assaying of the concentrate would not materially affect the results. These mill tests were made by the General Engineering Co. (Callow) at Salt Lake City. The results proved an ore of commercial grade and indicated the flotation process for the best metallurgy. Based upon these tests, the decision was made to build a 200-ton flotation plant. At this time, the art of flotation was

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert P. Koenig

FOR the first time other than on occasion of war the people of the United States are experiencing full-scale participation in world affairs. Public concern has seldom been so involved with conditions and events beyond our own continental limits. Our interest is not wholly of recent origin. Over the years the activity of the United States as a world power and an important trading nation brought about the widening of our political interests and the progressive interrelation of our economy with that of the rest of the world. Some may see in our present phase of world-wide activity the natural consequence of our continued growth. Such observers must also be aware that within recent years our importance in world affairs has been considerably increased. For within the space of an extremely short period events have occurred that have literally jet-propelled the United States into the role of a leading participant in the conduct of world affairs. Little of the choice of this role was left to us. The decline of power in western Europe, the ascendancy between the Elbe and the Pacific shore of an obviously antagonistic force, our earnest endeavor to secure international control of atomic energy, the necessity of providing relief and rehabilitation to war-ravaged areas, and the police work that must be done in occupied territories are problems which have risen in great measure without our help-but they cannot be solved without it.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. F. Durfee

In the year 1862 the author of this paper was called upon to design and superintend the erection and working of the machinery of an experimental works for the production of steel by a process

Jan 1, 1884

By HENRY M. HOWEL

1. Introduction.-The first part of this papers treats of the causes and the restraining of piping in steel ingots; the second& considers the causes and the restraining of -segregation; and the third proposes certain precautions in engineering specifications concerning these two defects. Into their causes I have looked carefully, with the purpose of arriving at rational methods of restraining them, and at efficient ways of detecting. and measuring the harm which they cause, so as to benefit the public by reducing this harm at once effectively and with the least expense to the manufacturer, and therefore in the end with the least expense to the consumer. In Part I., I infer that the pipe is chiefly due to what I, call the virtual expansion of the outer walls of the ingot in the early part of the freezing. I find that the upper and smooth-faced part of the pipe probably forms while the interior is still molten, but that the lower, steep, and crystal-faced part probably forms in metal which is already firm. Of the five causes which may co-operate to limit the depth of the pipe, I find that three-blow-holes, sagging, and the progress of freezing from below upwards-are usually effective. I find that the pipe may be lessened by casting (1) in wide ingots,; (2) in sand molds, especially if these are pre-heated (this is rarely expedient); (3) at the tops instead of at the bottom; (4) slowly; (5) and with the large end up; (6) by the use of a sinking-head or other means of retarding the cooling of the top; (7) by permitting blow-holes to form; and (8) by liquid compression.) Most of these I consider in some detail, and in particular I dwell on the advantages of casting with the large end up, and I propose certain administrative arrangements to permit this.

Mar 1, 1907