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By Baohua Guo, Xuelin Yang, Tingkan Lu, Hailin Sun

The work presented in this paper mainly involves two parts. Firstly, the fundamental characteristics of the high pressure carbon dioxide gas fracturing technique (CO2 technique), including, a proposed method of TNT equivalence calculation, which is used to calculate the TNT equivalence of discharge of CO2 technique, and the comparison of the explosion volume generated by dynamite and expansion volume of liquid carbon dioxide is conducted to show the differences of fragmentation capacity between the two of them. Secondly, the coal seam fragmentation mechanisms of CO2 technique are proposed, including, 1) Gas jet cutting and penetration by shaped charge, 2) Gas volume expansion by changing phases of carbon dioxide, 3) Coal seam softening by destress blasting and 4) Coal seam fragmentation by discharge vibration, associating with the mechanisms, the equations for calculating fragmentation radius are developed and verified.

Jan 1, 2017

By Orica

Unlicking the Possibilities ISEE Digital Detonator Workshop New Orleans, LA Wednesday, February 4, 2004

Jan 1, 2004

By Amos Bryant, Jesse Davis

This paper compares the predictions of the latest Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) model versus physical test data recovered from ISO-1 and ISO-2 tests in Woomera, SA. ISO-1 testing included placing 1054 kg (2324 lbs) of ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil) inside an ISO container on a flat bed truck. ISO-2 testing was identical except the NEW was 4000 kg (8818 lbs). The IMESAFR predictions are based on model runs using the best match available to the actual donor type involved in the test. This type of debris analysis is not the standard output of IMESAFR, as the program is designed to assess the probability of human fatality. However, all of the IMESAFR predictions presented were obtained from the use of the actual model equations and algorithms without adjustment. Test results from ISO-1 and ISO-2 will be presented as well as findings from the comparison between model results and actual explosive results from the ISO testing efforts.

Jan 1, 2010

By Lawrence Mirabelli, AngloGold Ashanti, Greg Gibson

Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mining Company (CC&V) operates the largest surface gold mine operation in Colorado and is located west of Colorado Springs in Teller County between the towns of Cripple Creek and Victor. Gold was first discovered in the Cripple Creek mining district in the 1890s. CC&V has been conducting gold mining and precious metal extraction operations in the Cripple Creek Mining District since 1976. Current reserves are only amiable to surface mining since previous underground mining has depleted near surface ore rich veins.

Jan 1, 2014

By Joseph A. Meyers

Explosives techniques and technology are constantly evolving and improving, yet basic communication and business skills are not being used regularly. Many potential blasting projects never occur due to simplistic, basic factors, such as a lack of communication. Articulate communication is the key component in the blast approval process, which has changed remarkably from how business was conducted fifty years ago. Imperative to the approval process is communication outlining the safety and benefits of the blasting project.

Feb 1, 2020

By Dominic C, Gregory B. Poole

On December 12, 2018 at 4:14 AM EST, an earthquake registering a 4.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale occurred in central Tennessee. According to a survey posted on the USGS website, this earthquake was felt throughout the southeast and even as far away as Arnold Nebraska. That’s over 900 miles (1,448 kilometers) from the epicenter. We recorded the vibrations from this earthquake on 44 different seismographs that were set up with remote access to continuously monitor vibrations from blasting activities. Having this data gave us an opportunity to compare the vibrations caused by earthquakes and blasting. A simple observation of the amplitudes, frequencies, and durations is enough to notice that vibrations from earthquakes are very different than vibrations caused by blasting in mining and construction

Feb 1, 2020

By Ryan Brogden

On the 5 September 2014 a road train (tractor-trailer) with two trailers carrying ammonium nitrate was involved in a single vehicle accident on the Mitchell Highway, 30 kilometers (18 miles) south of Charleville in Central Queensland, Australia. The ammonium nitrate was being transported to a mine site for use as a blasting explosive. The truck came to rest in the creek bed adjacent to a road bridge and caught fire. The vehicle burnt for over one hour before the load of ammonium nitrate exploded. Miraculously there were no fatalities; however eight people nearby sustained injuries, some seriously. The road and rail bridge over Angellala Creek were destroyed and vehicles in the nearby vicinity were seriously damaged. The truck carrying the ammonium nitrate was completely destroyed with over 2500 pieces of debris scattered up to one thousand yards (one kilometer) from the blast site.

Jan 1, 2018

By Sandra Penttinen

To assist blasting professionals with the creation, documentation, and appropriate methodology to standardize the data collection of the pre and post blast investigation process. Penttinen Associates will present a logical non-technical presentation focusing on: Why pre-blast surveys SAVE How to prepare for pre-blast inspections What to do in preparation of pre-blast inspections The creation of an industry standard all-inclusive pre-blast document Establishing pre-blast inspection operational standards Preserving the data.

Jan 1, 2001

By Eduardo Lozano, Vilem Petr

The use of explosives bring countless benefits to our everyday lives in areas such as mining, oil and gas exploration, demolition or avalanche control. However, because of the potential destructive power of explosives, strict safety procedures must be an integral part of any explosives operation. The goal of this paper is to provide a solution against the hazards which unfortunately accompany the use of explosives. For this reason, a blast shield is specifically designed and tested for protecting personnel against these unpredictable effects. This document will develop a complete analysis answering the following questions: what are the potential hazards from an air blast; what are their effects; and how can we be protected against them. In order to answer these questions, theoretical, analytical, and numerical calculations are performed. Finally, a full blast shield prototype is tested under blasting conditions proving its effectiveness as a safety device while explosives are used.

Jan 1, 2015

By Charles Zdazinsky

"The Multiple Seed Waveform (MSW) blast vibration model, a type of waveform superpositionmodeling developed by Orica Inc., uses vibration data that is collected from a signature hole blast tocharacterize the ground’s seismic properties and determines the ground resonant frequency andfrequency range that is well supported by the ground. Additionally, the MSW model uses thisvibration data as input parameters to predict the resultant dominant frequency of a production blast. This information may in turn be used in conjunction with precise timing control to target theoptimum dominant frequency which promotes ground control."

Jan 1, 2016

By Tom Watts

This paper will focus on the design, manufacture and use of pump safety systems on MMUs (Mobile Manufacturing Units – Bulk Trucks) with progressive cavity pumps. The practice of pumping bulk blasting agents is highly regulated and the explosives manufactures have done an excellent job of hazard and operability studies allowing criteria to be established for the safe pumping.

Jan 1, 2009

By Andrew F. McKown, Robert A. McClure

This paper will describe a trench blasting case history in close proximity to several adjacent structures, including a bridge abutment, railroad tracks, and utility pipes. Some design considerations involved in close-in blasting will be discussed, including allowable peak particle velocities and prevention of rock block movement. The importance of several trench blast round design factors is pointed out, including choice of explo sive to prevent propagation, maintaining a sufficiently high powder factor, and mucking out for maximum relief after every round. Vibration monitoring and good record keeping are shown to be important in order to evaluate blast problems and make modifications to round designs.

Jan 1, 1988

The quiet banks of the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio, received a wake-up call July 16 as two smokestacks in the Marina District were leveled with dynamite. B&B Wrecking, Inc. of Cleveland contracted the project with the city to bring down the twin stacks, both measuring over 250 feet tall. The structures were part of the Toledo Edison Steam Plant and were erected nearly a hundred years ago. A week’s worth of preparation went into final planning, drilling and loading holes with over 80 pounds of explosives. The felling went precisely as planned as onlookers cheered as the stacks were reduced to rubble.

Jan 1, 2015

By Shonn K. McNeill, Joshua Micah Hoffman

Security engineering is similar to other forms of engineering – the design is guided by the loads, materials, and desired function. For facility design, the load is the threat. Facilities that are designed with considerations for explosive hazards are designed with a shot, or series of shots, of a given size and distance from key locations. These facilities range from office buildings and industrial sites in developed nations to military and police stations in contingency areas. The challenge is the design shots are not often communicated to facility owners and managers. If the hazards change, whether it’s due to an increased capacity to cause damage by a threat or a decrease in capacity by a structure, not knowing the design shot means not knowing if security design needs to change. Blast modeling is an engineering tool that can be used to reverse engineer what a facility is suitable for, as well as be a tool for modifying security design for new conditions. This paper will examine military and civilian examples, including a case study of a military facility that did not know their as-built conditions and had to be rapidly closed; due to the determination their security engineering shortcomings could not be mitigated.

Jan 1, 2019

By Kush Patel

This paper presents methods currently available for the evaluation of bulk explosives and discusses the results of the evaluation of bulk explosives using each of the methods. Through the preliminary experimental analysis, wet chemistry and the Bulk Explosive Analyser were found as methods most suitable for the evaluation of bulk explosives. This paper also presents data obtained from the experimental comparison of the wet chemistry method and the Bulk Explosive Analyser.

Feb 1, 2020

By Joshua Hoffman, Braden Lusk, Kyle Perry

Shock tubes are used to simulate large-scale arena explosions without the use of full-scale arena sites that utilize large quantities of explosives. Instead, small explosive charges can be used to drive shock tubes. When this is done, the geometries of the explosive charges can alter the resulting pressure time curve. A common geometry chosen for the explosive charge is a sphere in order to be congruent with the spherical shockwave that emanates symmetrically in three dimensions from the detonation point. This paper reports on the findings from experiments that study the effects of altering the charge geometries and explosive types while keeping the TNT equivalency constant. Peak pressures and durations were affected by these changes. Directional phenomena are exaggerated by the use of certain charge shapes and detonation points. The speed of the detonation front in the explosive being greater than the speed of the shockwave in air played a critical role in the resulting pressure time waveforms. Waveform manipulation can be used to generate job specific waveforms that ultimately benefit the shock tube operators and their clients.

Jan 1, 2010

By Rachel E. Gooding, George C. Emmett, David R. Bradley

The United States (U.S.) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) is using a probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) approach to evaluate the risks from terrorist use of explosive materials against the Homeland. A similar approach is currently being used to evaluate the risk from terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials.

Jan 1, 2017

By Charles D. Sutton

Safety is an important part of the everyday activity for the explosives industry. The overall accident experience has not been adverse, however, many insurance companies have eliminated coverage for explosive related activities. The Nobel Insurance Group has responded to this insurance problem for our explosives customers. It is vital that safety efforts continue for all aspects of the business. The continuation of insurance policies for explosives, clearly depends on safety.

Jan 1, 1987

By Douglas R. Burns

During the summer of 1989, Maine Drilling and Blasting of Gardiner, Maine was contracted by Cayer Corporation of Harvard, Massachusetts to drill and blast an interceptor trench at the Nyanza Chemical Superfund Site in Ashland, Massachusetts.

Jan 1, 1991

By Catherine L. VanOmmeren

Emulsion quality characteristics such as shelf life, handling, and sensitivity are critical to the end-user. It is therefore important that the consumer be prepared to ask his suppher specific questions. To do so, he needs to have a basic understanding of what an emulsion is and how emulsion properties can affect safety, performance, and environmental impact. The criteria to be covered include: energy, velocity, sensitivity, minimum priming, shelf life, pumpability, effect of AN quality, over-the-road handling, and formulation. The consumer will learn how each of these properties can directly affect him. The information will enable him to set minimum standards in product selection, blending, and application.

Jan 1, 1992