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By William L. Zeller

IN the past 75 years industrial engineering has been highly developed in many fields, but the coal mining industry has just begun to realize its potential for cutting costs. To receive the maximum benefit, a company should apply industrial engineering from the time a new installation is contemplated, but the principles can also be used to reduce and control the costs of an established operation. One company that had been mechanized for seven years reduced its total labor cost 57 pct by industrial engineering. Of this reduction, 20 pct was brought about by a preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and scheduled lubrication program that eliminated 80 pct of the delay caused by mechanical and electrical failures. Thirty percent of the cost reduction was attributed to rearranging the work force into crews of the most effective size, changing working methods, and training all mine supervision in the principles of the cost reduction program. The remaining 7 pct reduction was brought about by a wage incentive program for all the men in the mine. The productivity of this coal mining operation was increased from less than 8 tons per payroll man to 20 tons. This increased productivity was brought about while using the same equipment, men, and supervision.

Jan 12, 1957

By A. B. Parsons

Not so many years ago the interest of the average mining engineer in money matters-aside from his pay check or his consulting fees-was confined to the per-ton cost of mining and beneficiating ore and to the amount of capital that would be required to erect the plant necessary to carry out such operations on a prescribed scale. The so-called "business men" assumed that questions of marketing the products, of profits, and of dividends were in their exclusive sphere-matters too intricate or, perhaps, too practical for the mere engineer! In the case of a new enterprise, the promoter shouldered the entire responsibility for raising the necessary funds, and incidentally he got the lion's share of profits. In fact, he frequently profited handsomely even though the mine earned little or nothing. Occasionally the engineer turned promoter or entrepreneur--conspicuous examples are Herbert Hoover, D. C. Jackling, William Braden and F. W. Bradley- but by and large he remained in a sphere of his own. To what extent this condition of affairs has changed is difficult to say. It might be argued that it were better that it be not changed; and yet I cannot help feeling that in mine promotion lies a distinct opportunity for the

Jan 1, 1932

By R. D. Vaughn

The analysis of laminar flow of power-law non-Newtonian fluids in narrow, eccentric annuli is employed in this paper to discuss the problems of lubricant flow in journa! bearings and of errors introduced by eccentricity in experimental studies with concentric annuli on extruders and wellbore annuli. The velocity profile and pressure loss-flow rate equations are developed for the laminar flow region. In addition, the expected error in flow rate and pressure-loss measurements for concentric annuli as a result of eccentricity is determined. For example, a 10 per cent displacement of the core of an almost concentric annul us would cause a 1.8 per cent decrease in the observed pressure loss for a fluid with a power-law exponent n of 0.25. The corresponding increase in the observed volumetric flow rate would be 7. 5 per cent. INTRODUCTION Non-Newtonianism and eccentricity occur simultaneously in two engineering problems: (1) flow of lubricants in journal-bearings and pressure-reducing bushings, and (2) flow of non-Newtonian fluids in plastic extruders and wellbore annuli. The lubricants used for moving parts are often non-Newtonian in character — often they are plastic in behavior. A solution to the problem of flow of non-Newtonian fluids in narrow eccentric annuli is particularly pertinent to this problem. In all experimental studies of laminar flow of fluids in concentric annuli, such as in extruders and well casings, the error due to eccentricity must be estimated or studied. A number of publicationsl-4,6,7 have dealt with this problem for Newtonian fluids; however, I am not aware of work for non-Newtonian fluids. This work is directed to the non-Newtonian problem. Before the solution to the problem is given, the pertinent conclusions from the work on Newtonian fluids will be reviewed. Heyda 1 and Redberger and Charles 2 have published general solutions to the problem of the laminar flow of Newtonian fluids in eccentric annuli, apparently without knowing of the earlier work of Ca ld well 3 and Bairstow and Berry,4 which is reported by Dryden, et al. 5 Although several mathematical routes are encompassed by the work of these authors, the results appear to be equivalent. Redberger and Charles2 show that the error caused by eccentricity in concentric annuli is negligible for small diameter ratios (k < 0.5); however, for large diameter ratios (k + l), the error in the predicted flow rate can be as great as 100 per cent or more. Partial solutions to the problem are available from the work of Dryden,5 Tao and Donovan6 and Piercy, et a1.7 Tao and Donovan examined the case of flow in narrow, eccentric annuli (k + 1) with and without rotation of the annular core. These authors also reviewed previous work on this subject and verified their approach with experimental data. Dryden gives the solution for the limiting case of complete eccentricity or tangency. Piercy, et a l. published an early solution to the problem of narrow eccentric annular flow. The conclusions of Redberger and Charles2 and the experimental proof of Tao and Donovan6 both suggest that the region of large diameter ratios (k + 1) is of main interest and that the parallel planes approximation to the solution in this region is satisfactory. This method will now be extended to the laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids in narrow eccentric annuli. THEORETICAL SOLUTION The geometrical aspects of the problem are illustrated in Fig. 1. To represent the non-Newtonian fluid the power-law model was selected. This model has many disadvantages which have been pointed out; nevertheless, its simplicity, its frequent and wide applicability justify its use in this work. Fredrickson and Bird8 and Savins9 have used it as a basis for a theoretical study of laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids in concentric annuli.

Jan 1, 1966

By Thomas V. Falkie, Robert Stefanko

Previous articles in this column have defined the manpower situation as it. applies to the coal industry. There is at present a shortage of experienced managers, mining engineers, technicians and skilled workers. The extent of this shortage is controversial, but it is sufficiently important to have received the serious attention of coal industry people at all levels. It has also been discussed by union officials, educators, government agencies and trade publications as well as other communications media. Discussion is not enough, however. A plan of action is needed. Some suggestions for such a plan are presented here. First, the coal industry must interest itself in government training programs. The U.S. Government (primarily the Bureau of Mines and HEW) is planning to spend or is spending millions of dollars to educate and train technicians, inspectors, engineers and miners. The new Federal Health and Safety Academy at Beckley, W. Va., for example, will involve an expenditure of $20-30 million for the physical plant alone. There are encouraging signs that the present hierarchy in the Bureau of Mines intends to seek the advice of mining educators on some of these projects, but industry should also demand a voice in the policy to be followed in making these expenditures.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. W. Raymond

By the death of Prof. Pettee the Institute has lost one of its earliest, most distinguished, most useful and most beloved members. Among those who survive him there are few who have rendered services of equal professional value or unselfish devotion. The warrant for this statement will be amply furnished in the present brief notice of his life and work. William Henry Pettee was born, January 13,1838, at Newton Upper Falls, Mass., where hie childhood and youth were spent. His father, Otis Pettee, a manufacturer of cotton cloth and of cotton-mill machinery, died in 1853. Up to that time, the son had been educated mainly in the district school; but, being inclined by temperament and constitution rather to books and study than to physical exertion, he had been wisely rest,rained in mental activity, and required, for a season, to work regularly in the foundry and machine-shop of his father. Unquestionably, this discipline not only benefited his health, but also constituted a valoable preparation for his subsequent professional career. In 1857, after suitable preliminary study at various New England academies, he entered Harvard College, where he took high rank in the classical course then required, was selected in his Junior gear to deliver a Latin oration; was elected a mem-

Jan 1, 1905

By S. P. Kinney, A. J. Boynton

This paper states that progress in blast-furnace engineering during the past five years is unimportant except for the advent of the electric precipitator for gas cleaning. It describes improvements in certain furnace details and in materials of construction. The paper is largely given over to a discussion of difficulties in operation due to disproportion between the diameter of the present-day furnace at the bosh and at the stock line. It is proposed to remedy this disproportion, and to restore relations in the diameter of stock line and bosh as they formerly existed, by a new method of filling. This method requires a double bell arranged to discharge towards the periphery or towards the center of the furnace. Coke is classified into two sizes, the small size going to the middle of the furnace, and the larger to the periphery along with the ore. By this means the resistance of the center of the furnace is increased, and the stock line diameter may be greatly increased. The writer believes that these modifications will result in a somewhat improved fuel economy and regularity of operation and also in a very greatly reduced production of flue dust.

Jan 1, 1935

By S. P. Kinney, A. J. Boynton

This paper states that progress in blast-furnace engineering during the past five years is unimportant except for the advent of the electric precipitator for gas cleaning. It describes improvements in certain furnace details and in materials of construction. The paper is largely given over to a discussion of difficulties in operation due to disproportion between the diameter of the present-day furnace at the bosh and at the stock line. It is proposed to remedy this disproportion, and to restore relations in the diameter of stock line and bosh as they formerly existed, by a new method of filling. This method requires a double bell arranged to discharge towards the periphery or towards the center of the furnace. Coke is classified into two sizes, the small size going to the middle of the furnace, and the larger to the periphery along with the ore. By this means the resistance of the center of the furnace is increased, and the stock line diameter may be greatly increased. The writer believes that these modifications will result in a somewhat improved fuel economy and regularity of operation and also in a very greatly reduced production of flue dust.

Jan 1, 1935

Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field.—During the past year, drilling activities have been limited to repair work. No new developments of importance can be recorded in production technique. Fall of dome pressure is maintained at the 1 lb. per sq. in. per annum rate mentioned in previous reports. Acid treatment of wells is being increasingly used and for wells in fissured areas has been very successful. Such wells have been converted into first-grade producers with substantial drops in bottom-hole differential pressures. The effect of acid treatment has been to increase the flowing lives of wells so treated. The normal procedure consists of threo treatments of 500 gal. commercial acid diluted 100 per cent but success has been met with fewer applications. The policy of returning products to the resorvoir has been continued. The total quantity of products returned since the policy was commenced in 1929 now amounts to approximately 30 million barrels. Haft Kel Field.—The drilling of the main Haft Kel structure for production purposes has now been completed. Production and control wells have been completed to meet the rate of production anticipated over the next few years.

Jan 1, 1937

Discussion of the paper of JOEL H. WATKINS, presented at the New Fork meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 391 to 411. H. Rims, Ithaca, N. Y.-It is interesting to contemplate to what extent the American pottery industry would be affected in case the English supply of china clay were shut off for a considerable period of time. The English deposits are very large, and are worked on a most extensive scale. They are more easily and probably more cheaply worked than our American deposits, which are of vein-like nature. The American producer of washed clay is not always as careful as the foreign miner and washer of this material, although he has improved in recent years. Our American washing plants are, furthermore, not as economical of material as it seems to me they might be, for the reason that more or less of the finest clay is often allowed to overflow, due to insufficient settling tank capacity. This fact is often shown by the milky character, of the streams into which the waste water is discharged.

Jan 5, 1915

By Robert Glass Cleland

THIS IS a history of a company whose roots run deep into the nation&apos;s past and whose field of operations has never been narrowly confined. The men who founded Phelps Dodge were men of initiative and imagination. They were men of strong convictions and upright character. They held fast to the simple virtues and traditions of the days when America was young. This heritage they passed on to their successors. From the very beginning, under such leadership, Phelps Dodge became a company of large affairs. It bought and sold, exported and imported, built factories and organized railroads, converted great forests into lumber, and operated coal and iron mines. Much of the iron, copper, and tin plate used in the United States for a generation was under its control. Its business abroad was extensive enough to warrant the organization of a separate partnership in England. Then, almost half a century after its foundation, the company began to substitute new activities for old and eventually transferred its major operations to the West, primarily to Arizona. The family partnership became a corporation. Exporting and importing gave place to mining and metallurgy. Phelps Dodge became one of the largest

Jan 1, 1952

R. W. NEWCOMB, New York, N. Y. (written discussion *).-This paper is particularly interesting to me, because it gives data on a much mooted question, viz., the serviceability of Le Chatelier (platinum-platinum-rhodium) thermocouples under severe industrial conditions. It has always been supposed that platinum-platinum-rhodium thermo-couples, used at high temperatures under strong reducing conditions, would not give long service and were subject to rapid volatilization. The fact, however, that the carefully kept records indicate that a little more than 3 gm. out of more than 830 gm. was lost over this considerable period, shows what kind of service can -be obtained from platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples,, when properly installed, and well cared for. While the writer has no actual figures on the loss of weight, etc. of platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples under service, he was told, by the man in charge of pyrometers at a large industrial plant in which over 400 platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples were installed in furnaces doing various kinds of heat-treating work, that the average maintenance cost, for materials alone, including platinum-platinum-rhodium wires and protecting tubes, was 27 c. per furnace, per month:

Jan 12, 1919

By James N. Gundersen

Geological Engineering can be all-encompassing and it necessarily overlaps many applications of economic and applied geology. Other review articles will cover specific developments in rock mechanics, open-pit and underground mining, geology, geochemistry, geophysics and geohydrology- all of which overlap many fields of economic and applied geology. Nevertheless, there still remains a diversity of new and innovative applications of geology to engineering works through the activities of federal and state agencies, college and university departments, and industrial or consultant firms-particularly with respect to the properties of earth materials and their behavior "as-is" in nature or under the stress of engineering works. Governmental Agencies: Federal John T. McGill (Chief: Engineering Geology Branch; USGS, Denver) relates that recently the Engineering Geology Branch, together with several other branches of the Office of Environmental Geology, has undertaken the production of interpretive maps of unusual character. These maps are commonly called special-purpose or single concept maps. A folio, or series of maps, is prepared for each topographic quadrangle or area selected for study. The individual maps in a given series are printed on standard-size sheets so that they can be bound together if desired.

Jan 3, 1974

[ ] ST. JOSEPH Lead Co., is entering the oil business. Andrew Fletcher, St. Joseph president, stated that plans call for a contract with the Continental Oil Co., to drill 11 exploratory wells. Six will be in Texas, one in southern Louisiana, one in northern Louisiana, and one each in California, Oklahoma, and Montana. St. Joseph is also negotiating a contract with the Zephyr Drilling Co., for wells in Wyoming and Colorado. St. Joseph is planning to drill another well on a 6000 acre plot in southern Illinois. Proxies issued before a special meeting of the board, said the new venture is not intended to change the general character of the company&apos;s business, or to involve a significant part of its resources. If gas, oil, or minerals are discovered in paying quantities, the company will develop and operate the deposits and dispose of the products for the joint account of Continental Oil and St. Joseph Lead. The mining company will contribute a proportionate share of the cost, but will have definite limitation of its obligation. The amendment to St. Joseph&apos;s certificate of corporation, passed by the board meeting, also extended the power of the company to include mining operations of all kinds.

Jan 1, 1952

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1932

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi¬neers, Incorporated, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. II. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the undersigned are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December. 1904.

Jan 1, 1938

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1941

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 6 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and 6le this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. 11. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under- signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1944

WE the undersigned, being all persons of full age and citizens of the United States, and a majority residents of the State of New York, desiring to form a corporation pursuant to the provisions of the Membership Corporations Law for the purpose of incorporating, as provided in Section 5 of Article I. of said law, the existing unincorporated association known as American Institute of Mining Engineers, do hereby make, acknowledge and file this Certificate for that purpose, and do Certify as follows: I. That the American Institute of Mining Engineers is an unincorporated association organized and existing with the object of promoting the arts and sciences connected with the economic production of the useful minerals and metals and the welfare of those employed in these industries by means of meetings for social intercourse and the reading and discussion of professional papers, and to circulate by means of publications among its members and associates the information thus obtained. II. That the persons duly appointed or designated to manage the affairs of said association are designated by the rules thereof Members of its Council; that the under-signed are all members of said Council as the same was constituted on the 29th day of December, 1904.

Jan 1, 1934

By W. F. White, W. R. Beloff, B. C. Dorwart, G. W. Jaworski

INTRODUCTION The rigid inclusion stressmeter is a relatively low-cost instrument developed by Hawkes and Bailey (1973) and was originally intended to monitor stress changes in mine pillars subjected to uniaxial stress changes. In this regard, this instrument has found considerable use by the mining industry. More recently, there have been attempts to use the stressmeter for determination of more general changes of the in situ rock stress. This paper reports on a study to characterize the performance of the rigid inclusion stressmeter for this application and presents results on the effect of anisotropic stress changes. These stress changes must be accounted for to properly analyze general changes of the in situ rock stress. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The rigid inclusion stressmeter is an instrument designed to measure variations of the in situ stress around a borehole. The stressmeter studied in this work, is manufactured by Irad Gage, Div. Creare Products, Inc. Lebanon, New Hampshire. It consists of a stiff hollow steel gage body that is preloaded across a borehole diameter. The preloading is activated by sliding a wedge between an upper platen and the gage body. Changes in the in situ stress result in slight deformations of the gage body. These deformations affect the stress in a highly tensioned wire that

Jan 1, 1982

By A. Springer

Chemists, physicists and others, whose occupations necessitate the use of fine scales, have heretofore regretted their inability to obtain any which would remain uniformly accurate. The difference between the theoretical and the actual results obtained in the ordinary balance (provided the pivot-distances are exact) is mainly due to the frictional resistance between the knifeedges and their bearings. This frictional resistance, although reduced to a minimum in the finest scales when new, constantly increases, thereby decreasing the sensitiveness proportionately. When examined under the microscope, neither the surface of the knife-edge nor that of&apos; its hearings ever appears perfectly smooth. Soft kunife-edges are easily blunted, whereas hard ones are brittle and liable to crumble under the effects of over-load or shock. Prof. Frederick A. Roeder for many years attempted to discover some means by ,which the knife-edge could be replaced with some device free from the above-mentioned objections. His experiments convinced him that a torsion-joint was best suited for that purpose. After he had communicated his conclusion to me, we jointly developed the system to its present form. A torsion-wire had been used for the centre of rotation, prior to Prof. Roeder&apos;s invention, but it was found impossible to replace the terminal knife-edges with torsion-joints.

Jan 1, 1884