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By A. C. Fieldner

THE older coal chemist had a much simpler conception of coal than we have today. To him coal was a mineral composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and water, in various proportions. His studies on the constitution of coal were directed along the conventional lines of proximate and ultimate chemical analyses and making deductions from these data without any real appreciation of the fact that coal is a conglomerate of various chemical compounds, including many of the most complex structures known to organic chemistry. The view of the modern coal chemist is well expressed by Franz Fischer, I who says that while proximate and ultimate analyses are important both from the scientific and technical point of view, they tell the chemist no more concerning the number and kinds of chemical compounds that constitute coal than the reader would learn of the contents of a book if told that the printed contents consisted of 15 per cent. of the letter "e," 5 per cent. of the letter "n," 1 per cent. of the letter "g," 4 per cent. of the letter "b," etc. As the reader must have the grouping of letters into words and words into sentences, so the chemist must have the grouping of atoms into molecules and the proportion of each molecular compound in the coal aggregate before he acquires an adequate knowledge of the constitution of coal. Modern investigators2 are laying the foundation of a new chemistry of coal based on the biochemistry of plants and the chemical changes involved in processes of fermentation and decay. As

Jan 5, 1925

"For many years it has been known that large bodies of iron ore existed in Iron and Washington counties in Utah. The ore is chiefly hematite—both hard and soft—though some magnetite is found. No definite and complete estimate of the iron ore reserves of the state have been made. The U. S. Geological Survey estimated that 40,000,000 tons of ore were disclosed by development work averaging only 35 feet below the surface of the ore. The ore is found along an area about one and a half miles wide by twenty miles long, and for the most part on the eastern and southern slopes or foothills of Three Peaks, Granite Mountain and Iron Mountain. Later estimates by others have gone as high as ore in sight 164,000,000 tons, probable ore 300,000,000 tons and possible ore 1,000,000,000 tons. Whether this last estimate is too great or not there is sufficient iron ore in Utah to justify the starting of an iron industry.Two companies are now mining iron ore in Utah, the Columbia Steel Corporation and the Utah Iron Corporation. The mine of the Columbia Steel Corporation is at Iron Springs a few miles west of Cedar City. About 650 tons, of ore a day is being shipped to the blast furnace at Ironton. The ore is mined by the glory hole method. After being drilled it is blasted to the bottom of the several glory holes and is dropped through chutes into cars on the ore haulage level below. It is then hauled by electric locomotives to the crushing plant, where it is crushed to blast furnace size before going to storage bins. Some of the softer ore is brought to the chutes by Fresno scrapers."

Jan 1, 1925

The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period May 10, 1916, to June 10, 1916: ARCHIBALD, JOHN CHRISTIE, Min. Engr., Supt. of Cyanide Plant, Guanajuato Reduction Mines, Guanajuato, Mex. BRUNEL, FRANK P., Cons. Min. Engr Mitchell & Brunel, Ajo, Ariz. CALVERT, WILLIAM ROBERT, Cons. Geol. ...225 Kearns Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah. CHAMPION, J. R., Supt The Yak Mining, Milling & Tunnel Co., Leadville, Colo. CHARLES, LAVERN JOHN, Construction Engr., Elephant Butte Dam, Elephant Butte, N. M. CHASTEL, ANDRE, Min. Engr., Societe Miniere & Metallurgique de Penarroya, 12, Place Vendome, Paris, France. CHRISTIE, WALLACE H., Vice-Pres. and Mgr., Alt. Bert Gold Dredging Co., 604 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. CLARK, RONALD ..Hardinge Conical Mill Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Jan 7, 1916

By Don C. Blackmar

THE production of non-ferrous secondary metals has become a large and important industry in the United States, and deals with practically every type of manufacturing concern. Its business is unique in that it generally buys from its customers as well as sells to them, whether they are individuals, cities, corporations, or the United States government. Its operations are of vital importance to the success and prosperity of many of the nation's most important manufacturers; yet there are few industries about which less is generally known by those outside it, whether concerning the magnitude of its operations or the details of its actual technique. The industry itself is to blame for this meager publicity, because its technical men have made few attempts to openly exchange ideas, in spite of the excellent examples set by the iron and steel or the copper and brass industries. Whether this is due to the ancient shroud of secrecy generally supposed to cover smelting operations, or because its technical men actually felt that the industry was too puny to be interesting, is hard to say. This paper will consider its subject in a general way, attempting to show something of the size and importance of the industry, as well as its fitness to do its work well. Attention will be called to the sound economic reasons for the handling of non-ferrous wastes by specialists, and to the often unseen losses of metals and labor which occur when manufacturers reclaim their own metallic wastes. MAGNITUDE OF THE MODERN INDUSTRY No particular thought is given to the kitchen accident whereby a ruined saucepan is sorrowfully tossed into the ash can, yet it is a fairly safe guess that within a month this saucepan, together with hundreds of its fellows, will again be in service, perhaps in an automobile crankcase, or in an electric vacuum sweeper. It is by this conversion of the useless into the useful, whether from home or large manufacturer, that the secondary tonnage is built up.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. M. Brown

SEQUACHEE Valley includes portions of the counties of Marion, Sequachee, Bledsoe and Cumberland. It extends in a general direction parallel with the Great Valley of East Tennessee, some 75 miles northward from the Alabama state line. It is separated from the Valley of East Tennessee by a mountain arm about a dozen miles wide, known as Wallen's or Walden's Ridge. The genesis of the valley, geologically speaking, is simple. It is an erosion-valley along the axis of an anticlinal. The point of the wedge remains in a row of low "saw-tooth" hills, running up the center of the valley. These hills are of Lower Silurian age, and consist of Trenton limestone, covered and protected in some measure by chert. Walls of Carboniferous age form the inclosing mountains on either side; whilst a magnificent arch of Hudson River, Niagara, Hamilton and Subcarboniferous strata closes the valley at the

Jan 1, 1886

Although the mining industry faced ever-increasing risks and uncertainties in 1974, it nevertheless pushed ahead with considerable rapidity in exploring and developing new orebodies-while expanding and improving the technologies of mining and exploration. Prepared by the SME Mining and Exploration Division, this section of the annual review covers the pertinent worldwide developments in the fields of geochemistry, geology, geological engineering, open pit mining, underground mining, rock mechanics, operations research, and solution mining.

Jan 2, 1975

By Edward Hanrahan

September 1981 I'm here today to report on a revolution -- a revolution in the way the Federal Government looks at energy. I'm not talking about a simple change in the relative emphasis on sources -- such as more recognition for coal and nuclear power, with less rhetoric about "soft- technology." Nor am I describing a mere change in focus -- from the demand side to the supply side. And I am not referring exclusively to our obvious goal of budget cuts. No, I'm here to discuss a fundamental change in Federal direction -- one that started as soon as President Reagan was inaugurated, and one that is articulated in the National Energy Policy Plan he sent to Congress in July. That brief policy document was backed up by three volumes of supporting data; but I think I can catch it's flavor for you in just three phrases: * First, various energy forms complete with each other and complement one another. * Second, fair competition among them (which includes honest pricing) will give us the best "energy mix." • And, finally there may be ligitimate arguments about where Federal responsibility in regard to energy spills over into Federal interference; but it's about time we drew the distinction -- and eliminated the latter. This Administration's national energy policy is quite different from any we have had in recent years. It is tuned to human nature and changing times. We are seeking the best practical solutions in the energy -a lot better than the ones we have been offered before, but still something less than perfection. One way we do that is by counting on a fully informed public to guide it's own destiny. And, instead of treating energy as an isolated entity, we recognize it as part of the overall economy. The President's Program for Economic Recovery is as much a factor in energy policy as the specific actions of the Department of Energy. One striking difference from the past energy policy 1s that this policy plan does not say: "In 1985 we will -produce so many hundreds of millions of tons of coal: . . . or . . . "By the end of this century the Nation will be deriving X percent of it's electricity from wind generators." Unfortunately, targets like these are what many people have come to expect from the Federal Government -- and what they think of as energy policy, whether the figures hold up in the long run or not. But . . . think about it! Nether the Department of Energy nor any other part of the Federal Government produces coal, or mines uranium, or manufactures solar collectors. There are only a few sections of the country where the Federal Government generates and sells electricity. So it does not take any great insight to recognize that the amount of energy we will produce or consume as a Nation In the future depends on many factors beyond direct government action. And those future totals cannot be predicted precisely, anyway -- by the Government or by anybody else. According to our way of thinking, the choices should be up to the people. When the free market works within a healthy economy, individuals express their preferences in the marketplace -- adjusting the balance of all energy factors continually in a way that no computer could be programmed to reflect perfectly. So, instead of having the Government issue a rigid set of numerical goals, our main concern simply is that there be enough energy. We want the Nation itself to decide how much that should be, what form it should take, and how that energy should reach consumers. The marketplace decides. Considering the recent past, this is indeed a revolutionary idea. It has some pitfalls, and we won't reach this ideal of free choice overnight. But that is where we are headed. And I'll offer some evidence in a few minutes that the policy has already started working. First, let me give you some of it's highlights: 1) Nobody who appreciates the philosophical underpinnings of this Administration will be surprised that the energy policy shows faith In domestic energy production and the supply side of the economy; but it also recognizes the important role of energy conservation -- the wise and efficient use of energy resources.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. B. Gould

Every mathematical statement of a measure of anything (as distinguished from a count') is followed by a qualification—always implied if not explicity stated—-that the statement is only an estimate, which may vary from absolute accuracy within certain limits, according to the accuracy of the measuring instrument. This basic fact, so obvious to engineers, is not so well understood by many that make use of laboratory coal tests. The tolerances that must be allowed in measurements of coal quality are very important in both their commercial and engineering applications—and the significance of these tolerances depends upon the use made of the laboratory coal test. Only in recent years has there been any intensive study of this question of tolerances as applied to measurements of coal quality. There is very little in our published literature on the subject, and what has been published is not readily comprehended by those who sell coal, or buy coal and use it, unless they happen to have made a study of the subject themselves. There is great need for more widespread understanding of what lias been discovered and how it applies to the use of laboratory coal tests. What follows is an attempt to condense into a few pages the results of the major investigations so far reported, and to explain their meaning in simple nontechnical language, with the addition of some recent illustrative experiments. Determining Deviations in Quality It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between: (I) the accuracy with which one test indicates the quality on one lot of coal; and (2) the accuracy with which a test of one lot of coal represents the average quality of a commercial product, of which the buyer will presumably receive a series of shipments—perhaps many thousands of tons. It is necessary to make this distinction because coal is a variable material—a heterogeneous mixture of a variety of components—the quality of which will vary from one lot to another. Therefore an absolutely accurate determination of the quality (if that were possible) of one lot of a coal is an

Jan 1, 1938

By G. B. Gould

Every mathematical statement of a measure of anything (as distinguished from a count') is followed by a qualification—always implied if not explicity stated—-that the statement is only an estimate, which may vary from absolute accuracy within certain limits, according to the accuracy of the measuring instrument. This basic fact, so obvious to engineers, is not so well understood by many that make use of laboratory coal tests. The tolerances that must be allowed in measurements of coal quality are very important in both their commercial and engineering applications—and the significance of these tolerances depends upon the use made of the laboratory coal test. Only in recent years has there been any intensive study of this question of tolerances as applied to measurements of coal quality. There is very little in our published literature on the subject, and what has been published is not readily comprehended by those who sell coal, or buy coal and use it, unless they happen to have made a study of the subject themselves. There is great need for more widespread understanding of what lias been discovered and how it applies to the use of laboratory coal tests. What follows is an attempt to condense into a few pages the results of the major investigations so far reported, and to explain their meaning in simple nontechnical language, with the addition of some recent illustrative experiments. Determining Deviations in Quality It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between: (I) the accuracy with which one test indicates the quality on one lot of coal; and (2) the accuracy with which a test of one lot of coal represents the average quality of a commercial product, of which the buyer will presumably receive a series of shipments—perhaps many thousands of tons. It is necessary to make this distinction because coal is a variable material—a heterogeneous mixture of a variety of components—the quality of which will vary from one lot to another. Therefore an absolutely accurate determination of the quality (if that were possible) of one lot of a coal is an

Jan 1, 1938

By Richard Akerman

At the International Sessions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, the American Institute of Mining Engineers and the Verein Deutscher EisenhUttenleute, held in Allegheny City, Pa., in October, 1890, Sir James Kitson, then President of the Iron and Steel Institute, presented an account by Sir Henry Bessemer of the origin of the process which bears his name.? The paper graplhically told how, after the first successes immediately following the first reports given at Cheltenham of the new process, there rapidly succceded such obstacles and difficulties in its practical application, that the whole matter was nearly abandoned in 1858. Suddenly, however, the situation changed, so that at length it became possible

Jan 1, 1894

THE great event in American affairs was the sudden death of President Harding, on Aug. 2, in San Francisco. A few hours later Vice-Presi¬ dent Coolidge took the oath of office while in his father's farmhouse in Vermont and forthwith proceeded to Washington as the 30th president of the United States. The French and Belgian governments' replied to the British refusing the proposed discussion of the German offer and declaring that they would pursue their policy in the Ruhr until the German government abandoned its resistance and surrendered unconditionally. The economic collapse of Germany .appears to be nigh. Chancellor Cuno and his cabinet resigned the govern-ment of Germany on August 12, and Gustav Strese-mann, head of the People's party, accepted the task of forming a four-party coalition government. Coinci-dentally, there were food riots throughout Germany, and many persons were killed and wounded. The , National Assembly of the Turks at Angora ratified the Lausanne treaty, in the latter part of August, whereupon the retirement of the military forces of the Allies from Constantinople and the Straits began. Thus, Turkey was fully reinstated as a European power. The Greek government also ratified the Lausanne treaty and commenced to put its army on a peace basis. The number of unemployed persons in Great Britain is again increasing, which is causing much concern. The flood of crude oil and gasoline, which is severely taxing storage capacity, had its natural economic effect. Some small refiners were constrained to liqui-date in distress. The Governor of North Dakota, having acquired a supply of such cheap gasoline, insti-tuted a drastic cut in price, deliberately egging on the big refiners to do likewise. The Standard Oil Co. of Indiana accepted the challenge with enthusiasm, say-ing that it had always been its policy to sell as cheaply as any competitor. There was a humor in this situation which paved the way for the Standard to extinguish its small competitors and do by invitation of the State exactly what the muck-rakers had always charged as its greatest crime. The gasoline war spread to other states and reductions in price were made even on the seaboards. All of this was purely economic.

Jan 8, 1923

By William Glenn

In their account of chromium, Roscoe and Schorlemmer (Treatise on Chemistry, London, 1879) state that "In 1762 Lehmann, in a letter to Buffon, de nova minerœ plumbi specie crystalline rubra, described a new mineral from Siberia, now termed crocoisite." In 1786 Lehmann analyzed it (Nicholson's Jour., Dee., 1798) and found that it contained chiefly lead, and that the " mineralizers " were arsenic and sulphur. It was next examined in 1189 by Macquart and Vauquelin, who stated that it contained an intimate mixture of iron, alumina, and lead peroxide. The account of their work was published over the name of Macquart. Vauquelin (Louis-Nicolas) was a Norman peasant, who had studied in the village school, and at the age of fourteen was a laboratory-boy in a pharmacy at Rouen. Later, he found his way to Paris, and in 1789 was assistant to Fourcroy, a pharmacist and a teacher of note. It was here that he met Macquart, with whom he did the work on Siberian red lead, and at this time his friend Cheradame taught him his Latin.

Jan 1, 1896

By Arthur W. Sheafer

MR. ECKLEY B. COXE, in his able and interesting paper on " The Preparation of Small Sizes of Anthracite,"* read and discussed at the Glen Summit Meeting, October, 1891, refers to the reputed immense amount of coal contained in the culm-banks, which are the unsightly accompaniment of every mining operation in the anthracite coal-regions. Mr. Coxe thinks the available amount and value greatly exaggerated, giving among his reasons (1) the spoiling of the culm by mixing with other refuse; (2) its deterioration; (3) its destruction by fire ; and (4) frequent failures to realize expectations as to the size of the banks. These points are undoubtedly important factors in determining the advisability of working any individual bank, but they have a varying influence in the several regions, some prevailing more in one than in another. Although the amount of fuel lying waste in these banks is still an uncertain and undetermined quantity, yet no one can visit the Schuylkill region without being impressed with the fact that a considerable amount of culm, too valuable to be left merely to the mercy of the elements, surrounds and encumbers each site of an old or present colliery operation. The rapid increase in the number of washeries, and the demand for leases on old culm-banks, shows that, in the Schuylkill region at least, the question of deterioration doès not play an important part. The proportion of coal to refuse, the relative percentage of the sev-

Jan 1, 1895

By Benjamin N. Webber

The peninsula of Nicoya contains virtually all of the known manganese deposits of Costa Rica. These are south and west of the Tempisque River, which flows across the peninsula near its juncture with the mainland. This peninsula forms the westernmost part of the province of Guana-caste, which is the northern. of the two Pacific Coast provinces of Costa Rica. The larger villages are connected by ox-cart roads and trails. The area may be covered on horseback without difficulty except during the rainy season, when rivers are in flood and difficult to ford. This is particularly true of the Rio Seco-Guay-jiniquil area, where there are no inhabitants and few open trails through the tropical jungle. Santa Cruz and Sardinal are served by the Taca Airlines, two planes a week from San Jose and Puntarenas. The port of Puntarenas has excellent loading facilities but none are available nearer the manganese districts; there ore must be lightered to vessels standing offshore. Physiography In Costa Rica there are three physiographic divisions: (I) the central plateau (Mesa Central), a somewhat dissected lava platform upon which are superimposed volcanic peaks, some of which are still active; (2) the Atlantic lowlands and (3) the Pacific lowlands. The peninsula of Nicoya and the larger part of the province of Guanacaste lie within the Pacific low- lands. The term "lowland" indicates relation to the central plateau, as the peninsula of Nicoya is largely mountainous. The mountains of Nicoya form the southern extremity of a range of low hills, which are almost continuous along the Costa Rican coast to the Nicaraguan border. The coast line shows evidence of subsidence. The Gulf of Nicoya obviously is the drowned valley of the Tempisque River. The west coast of Nicoya shows many rocks, shoals, bays, inlets and small islands as evidence of a sea encroachment. The altitude of the manganese deposits ranges from 0 to 800 ft. Topography is of the mature type of wide valleys and low hills, often with abrupt slopes. The climate is tropical and humid; rainfall of 125 in. falls largely between Sept. I and Jan. I. Vegetation often is very dense, the Rio Seco-Guayjiniquil area being truly tropical jungle, containing many hardwoods. History and Production The production of manganese ore in Costa Rica apparently dates from the first World War. It reached a peak of about 10,000 tons in the year 1919, then declined rapidly. Evidence of this period of prospecting has rotted away or been swallowed by the jungle. The war now in progress apparently revived the interest in Costa Rican manganese and has encouraged further prospecting. Deposits long known have been redenounced and trails have been cut through the jungle to them. Many new deposits have been discovered in the last

Jan 1, 1949

By Benjamin N. Webber

The peninsula of Nicoya contains virtually all of the known manganese deposits of Costa Rica. These are south and west of the Tempisque River, which flows across the peninsula near its juncture with the mainland. This peninsula forms the westernmost part of the province of Guana-caste, which is the northern. of the two Pacific Coast provinces of Costa Rica. The larger villages are connected by ox-cart roads and trails. The area may be covered on horseback without difficulty except during the rainy season, when rivers are in flood and difficult to ford. This is particularly true of the Rio Seco-Guay-jiniquil area, where there are no inhabitants and few open trails through the tropical jungle. Santa Cruz and Sardinal are served by the Taca Airlines, two planes a week from San Jose and Puntarenas. The port of Puntarenas has excellent loading facilities but none are available nearer the manganese districts; there ore must be lightered to vessels standing offshore. Physiography In Costa Rica there are three physiographic divisions: (I) the central plateau (Mesa Central), a somewhat dissected lava platform upon which are superimposed volcanic peaks, some of which are still active; (2) the Atlantic lowlands and (3) the Pacific lowlands. The peninsula of Nicoya and the larger part of the province of Guanacaste lie within the Pacific low- lands. The term "lowland" indicates relation to the central plateau, as the peninsula of Nicoya is largely mountainous. The mountains of Nicoya form the southern extremity of a range of low hills, which are almost continuous along the Costa Rican coast to the Nicaraguan border. The coast line shows evidence of subsidence. The Gulf of Nicoya obviously is the drowned valley of the Tempisque River. The west coast of Nicoya shows many rocks, shoals, bays, inlets and small islands as evidence of a sea encroachment. The altitude of the manganese deposits ranges from 0 to 800 ft. Topography is of the mature type of wide valleys and low hills, often with abrupt slopes. The climate is tropical and humid; rainfall of 125 in. falls largely between Sept. I and Jan. I. Vegetation often is very dense, the Rio Seco-Guayjiniquil area being truly tropical jungle, containing many hardwoods. History and Production The production of manganese ore in Costa Rica apparently dates from the first World War. It reached a peak of about 10,000 tons in the year 1919, then declined rapidly. Evidence of this period of prospecting has rotted away or been swallowed by the jungle. The war now in progress apparently revived the interest in Costa Rican manganese and has encouraged further prospecting. Deposits long known have been redenounced and trails have been cut through the jungle to them. Many new deposits have been discovered in the last

Jan 1, 1949

By J. J. Jakosky

A REVIEW of the progress in applied geophysics during the recent depression years reveals marked advances over the methods employed several years ago. Of late, geophysical work has been curtailed to a Con-siderable extent in the fields of oil and base-metal exploration, its especial domains a few years ago. Greater attention has been directed toward the use of geophysical technique in other engineering problems. Constantly maintained research programs have developed new instruments and per-fected better field, laboratory and interpretation techniques based on experience and skill acquired from years of application in the older geophysical field. During the past two years, geophysical methods have been employed in problems that required information on thickness of fill materials and subsurface bedrock contours. Considerable success has been attained, with subsequent drilling checking the predicted depths within one to five per cent. In general, these problems were similar as far as the fundamen-tal physical and geological conditions were concerned, but they have varied widely in specific detail and in engineering aspects. Character-istic of the different problems are: (1) yardage and bedrock profile in gold-placer mining; (2) water supply, involving underground drainage and storage conditions; (3) bedrock contours in dam-site and other structural investigations; (4) gravel and fill yardage, and other structural features along rights of way and in rock and gravel quarrying. Of particular interest, perhaps, to mining men are the problems of gold placer deposits and water supply. Geophysical work on gold placers is of especial interest because of the present expanded activity in all phases of gold mining. The development of a suitable water supply at an economical cost is often of prime importance in insuring a successful mining venture. Particularly is this true in the arid Southwest. How-ever, the use of geophysical work in water supply is not confined to the needs of mining development.

Jan 1, 1933

By F. V. Lenel, G. S. Ansell, E. C. Nelson

IRMANN'S' discovery that extrusions of fine alumi-num-flake powders possess remarkable high-temperature strengths has led to the production of a new class of engineering materials whose properties are derived from a fine dispersion of oxide particles in a metallic matrix. A fundamental study of such materials and elucidation of the mechanism whereby the oxide parti-

Jan 1, 1958

By W. P. Heineken, A. T. Child

This paper presents the results of a series of experiments made in the metallurgical laboratory of Columbia University, New Pork City. The object of the investigation was to determine, as far as possible, the changes in micro-structure and physical properties caused by short periods of heat-treatment and the longer malleable cast-iron process. It was proposed to do this by means of micro-photographs, heating- and cooling-curves, and tensile tests after the various heat-treatments. I. Micro-Constituents of Iron and Steel. The list of the micro-constituents of iron and steel has grown till now it includes seven different substances, called ferrite, cementite, pearlite,* martensite, austenite, sorbite and troosite. Only the first five of these are mentioned in this paper, to facilitate the understanding of which, the following brief definitions are given: 1. Ferrite (named by Prof. Howe) is, chemically, iron free from carbon. It is the softest of the constituents, and is not colored by etching, except when long-continued. Under the microscope it is easily determined by its regular polygonal etructure; or, if structureless, as in malleable cast-iron, by the ease with which it is scratched. Ferrite appears in mild steel in small amount, in grey cast-iron, and in malleable cast-iron. 2. Cementite (also named by Prof. Howe) is now generally conceded to have the formula Fe3C. It is the hardest of the micro-constituents, having the hardness indicated by 7 of the mineralogical scale; and hence it is always left in relief after

Jan 1, 1901

By N. B. Davis

I. Introduction. II. Definition of Plasticity. III. Theories of Plasticity. A. Structure of the clay particles. (1) Fineness of grain. (2) Plate structure. (3) Interlocking particles. (4) Sponge structure of particles. B. Presence of hydrous aluminum silicates. C. Molecular attraction between particles. D. Presence of colloidal gelatinous matter. (1) Review of theory of colloids. (a) Suspension colloids. (b) Emulsion colloids. (2) Experiments. IV. The Formation of Clays. A. Residual clays. B. Transported clays. V. Summary. VI. Conclusion. I. IntRodUction While working with a number of very sticky cracking clays from western Canada the writer became interested in a study of the cause of the excessive plasticity. This led to a review of the rather bulky literature on the subject and the finding that plasticity still remains to be satisfactorily explained. Most of these investigations seem to have been carried on solely from the chemical viewpoint, the geologic aspects having been ignored. In nearly every case, the investigators have worked with the higher-grade clays of low to medium plasticity, such as the kaolins, the excessively plastic ones having generally been neglected, partly because of their limited application, yet the author believes that these are

Jan 1, 1915

By John V. Beall

There is an underlying surge to mining in the Philippines." So said A. R. "Ham" Reed, general manager Itogon-Suyoc Mines, Inc., to this reporter last November. Itogon-Suyoc is a small company with a struggling gold mine, a mixed sulfide mine and some prospects. In the Republic of Philippines (ROP), politics, which have an effect on mining, create some uncertainties. By July 1974, no mining company may have more than 40% foreign ownership. The ownership provision is a matter of concern to such important companies as Atlas and Benguet Consolidated and is generally considered a deterrent to new foreign investment. Under these circumstances, Reed's comments are of interest. On foreign prospectors: Don't come in cold; find a Philippine partner or buy into a company already here. Physical conditions of exploration are tough-terrain, communications -but the mineral potential is excellent.

Jan 4, 1969