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By Christoph Mueller

Broad band mine communication today is characterized mainly by individual solutions, which have in common their long development phases and their high cost for development, operation and service. The use of Ethernet and TCP/IP on the other side provides an uniquely price efficient combination of high bandwidth open networking, universal use and accessibility of cheap development tools, especially because it forms the technical infrastructure for the worldwide Internet. TCP/IP and Ethernet assures reliable networking however it is not able to guarantee the latency timing of forwarding network information. Therefor, the network design requires strict load limitation and application level traffic control especially if moving equipment has to be manually remotely controlled via the network. To optimize the use of bandwidth on mining networks using load limited, ?bandwidth wasting? local Ethernet segments, long distance broadband traffic should be carried out using more efficient, deterministic communication backbones providing a guaranteed quality of service for each of the physically separated networks. Open networking and broadband systems however may lead to the anticipation that any demands on bulk data or multimedia traffic can be fulfilled in the future. This definitely will not be the case as the bandwidth demands of applications will be growing as least as fast as the bandwidth provided by communication systems. Looking on those problems from an overall system integration perspective, machines and equipment in the future have to be equipped with intelligent computing devices capable of an intelligent local data preprocessing. Such ?Embedded Machine Information Servers? running commercial computing power in the future will be the intelligent bridge between open networking and a secured, high safety local automation system. These ?Embedded Machine Information Servers? then also can make advantage of intelligent video and audio data preprocessing to store and transmit multimedia information ?on demand? or when the application requires it. Summarizing the potential for the future Ethernet based networking together with powerful communication backbones and intelligent local data preprocessing on the machines in the future will lead the way to integrative, reliable and cost efficient mine automation solutions.

May 1, 2002

By A. Sinha, N. K. Babar, H. R. Kalihari, A. K. Chakraborty, M. R. Saharan, C. P. N. Pathak

A case study is presented on the optimization of cable bolting patterns in cut-and-fill stopes at the Chikla Mine, MOIL, India. Rock mass characterization, using Bieniawski’s RMR and Barton’s Q, indicated that the stopes lie in the “no supports required” to “spot bolting required” support categories. In contrast, the current practice of cable bolting in a 2.0 m by 2.0 m grid pattern for stope widths less than 12 m displays different results. Numerical modelling results are in line with the rock mass characterization study. It can be affirmed, as well, that no cable is carrying rock loads greater than 5 t. This fact is derived from observational behaviour of the crown pillar of an experimental stope with open stoping operations and hanging cables in the cut-and-fill stopes of the mine. An increase in the cable bolting grid spacing is, hence, recommended for implementation by mine management, based on the study described in subsequent sections. It is also suggested that the mine adopt the open stoping method, provided results of a rock mechanics instrumentation program in an experimental stope with a cable bolting grid of 2.5 m square are favourable.

Jan 1, 2007

By C. E. Baltzer

This paper highlights the position of coal supply in regard to the requirements for electric-utility operations. The text and the appended tables outline the trend of thermal power development and fuel use in the electric-utility industry. Mention is made of several argumentative factors influencing the use of coal in relation to competitive oil and gas, and of the importance attached to developing a realistic understanding of the respective problems faced by the supplier and consumer of coal. * * * TREND OF" THERMAL POWER DEVELOPMENT T HE RATE OF ADVANCE in thermal power has been significant during recent years, particularly in the Atlantic Provinces, the Prairie Provinces, Ontario, and British Columbia. While dependence on thermal power in Quebec and the Northern Territories is less than in the remainder of Canada, these regions also eventually will have need for increased amounts of such power.

Jan 1, 1961

By The Staff

FOR forty years cyanide men have been intensively engaged on the treatment of sulpho-telluride ores. So far as we know, the processes used today were-with the important exception of the concentration plus high-lime process at the Victor mill (1915)-in use, or had been tried, in the earl y years of the century. Roasting, bromocyanide, ordinary cyanide, table and vanner concentration, floating and treating the concentrate, roasting con-centrates prior to treatment, etc., all were used at Kalgoorlie in 1904 or earlier. Flotation, followed by shipment of the concentrate to the Golden Cycle mill, was the practice at the Vindicator mine, Cripple Creek, for some years prior to 1917. Similar practice was employed in the Portland Independence mill at Victor, Colorado, and was lacer superseded by the table concentration, high-lime cyanide treatment of rails of the older Portland Victor mill. During all this time, an immense amount of research was being clone on these ores by the staffs of numberless companies. Conclusions were drawn and mills built. But if the results of one per cent of this research were ever published in sufficient detail for intelligent use by others, the Lake Shore staff has been unable to discover them, or does not recall having clone so. Government laboratories-as for instance chose of the Mines Branch, Ottawa, in or about 1927-have touched upon certain methods in their publications, but they simply have not had the time to finish the job. The paper by W. E. Johnston, Tellurides-Problem or Alibi? (E. & M.]., Aug., 1933), aroused wide interest and comment. It published conclusions, some right and some wrong, and gave the evidence adduced by the author i:n support thereof. Conclusions published without supporting evidence are to most of us worse than no conclusions at all. We suggest chat, if even one-tenth of the operators had published full, detailed results of their laboratory work, ad vance in the treatment of sulpho-telluride ores would have been very much accelerated. Therefore, we venture to inflict upon the Institute a compendium of the results of laboratory work performed during the past few years at the Lake Shore mill. It is really a summary of the more interesting results to date, prepared by the mill staff for their own use and benefit. But we hope chat the discussion under any heading is so detailed chat it will be intelligible to anyone interested in that phase of the subject.

Jan 1, 1936

By E. Shum, V. G. Papangelakis

"Attempts to reduce the energy requirements of water recovery in the process industries have resulted in the development of techniques to freeze and purify aqueous solutions that take advantage of local climatic conditions. Natural freezing is a technique by which aqueous solution is exposed to freezing air temperatures, resulting in the production of a layer of ice on the surface. As the ice layer tends to exclude solute, a concentrated solution is formed. However, due to dendritic ice growth along the advancing growth front, small quantities of solution are trapped within the ice, decreasing the purity of the water recovered. The ice produced can then be allowed to thaw in order to recover the water using low grade plant heat. As the more concentrated parts of the ice melt first, a purer ice remains. In this study, 0.5 molal magnesium sulfate solution was frozen under simulated natural freezing conditions at temperatures between –1 and –6°C. The ice produced was thawed at either room temperature or 50°C. Up to 40% of the water was recovered with a separation efficiency of above 95% when thawing at room temperature.INTRODUCTION Advances in refrigeration technology have made low-temperature separation processes increasingly appealing to an energy-conscious society. The latent heat of freezing of water is about seven times smaller than the latent heat of evaporation providing freezing with a strong thermodynamic advantage over the traditional evaporation-based processes. The result is the development of a wide variety of processes that fall under the term Freeze Concentration (FC), which describes a variety of techniques in which an aqueous solution is concentrated by the creation and subsequent removal of ice (Williams et al., 2015).FC processes exploit the freezing behaviour of aqueous solutions as dictated by their respective water-salt phase diagram. When, for example, a solution of magnesium sulfate is cooled to a temperature below its freezing point but above its eutectic temperature of –4.1?C (Figure 1) then, if the concentration of MgSO4 is less than the eutectic concentration (about 1.7 m), ice will form until the solution concentration reaches its equilibrium concentration at the given temperature on its phase diagram. If the concentration is greater than the eutectic concentration, MgSO4 solid will precipitate until the concentration reaches equilibrium. It is for this reason that ice can be selectively produced in FC processes (Randall & Nathoo, 2015)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Frederick Bird

This paper is based upon a review of studies of mostly Canadian mining companies in Chile, northern Canada, Tanzania, Guatemala, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In spite of often well-meaning efforts most mining firms produce wealth in developing areas that largely benefit those immediately involved, sometimes neighboring communities, and often those in the governing strata. Typically mining takes place in enclaves and fosters enclave development, rather than the kind of inclusive wealth development favored by the recently UN published Inclusive Wealth Report. One way by which mining operations can foster more inclusive wealth development is to adopt much broader approaches towards the construction of the various physical and social infrastructures ? roads, water, electricity, health services, schools, security ? required for their own operations by collaborating with diverse regional, provincial, and/or national agencies and businesses to develop these infrastructures for larger populations and areas beyond the immediate sites where they are operating. Established mining firms can also foster more inclusive wealth development by establishing more formal, collaborative relationships with artisanal miners.

Aug 1, 2013

By Anton Gronningsater

AS we know, Sir Henry Bessemer introduced Bessemer converting in the steel industry about 1855. It was not until twenty years later that the principles were adopted by non-ferrous metallurgists. In 1880, Manés first produced blister copper from matte in a converter, a very important forward step in copper metallurgy. For thirty years, up to about 1910, bessemerizing of copper matte was carried out in the acid-lined converter. It is not necessary here to enumerate all the shortcomings of that operation, one of which was that it strictly limited the grade of matte that could be treated; a 35 per cent matte was low in those days. From the early days of copper converting, many and repeated attempts were made to use a basic converter lining, and the older metallurgists will remember the numerous reports and discussions in connection with such experiments. These make interesting reading. I quote from a book published in 1900: ?'The siliceous lining is as much a part of the process of copper converting as magnesia lining is in the basic bessemer treatment of phosphoric iron, and it is suicidal to attempt any other kind of lining, either water-jacketed or basic.' "Even if the silica could be introduced in this way (through the tuyeres), it would still produce another trouble in the converter. The small particles of silica, being cold, would combine very imperfectly with the iron oxide and produce granulated and pasty slags, which could not be skimmed or poured out of the vessel".

Jan 1, 1942

By Frank G. Wickert

One key to maintaining successful mining operations in today?s global economy is in having the ability to access real-time machine operating data ([1] G. Brown, B. Ebacher, W. Koellner,2000)([2] Brochure of Siemens E&A, Order Number 141000-1). With recent and ongoing advances in mining equipment systems it is imperative that mine managers have full knowledge of the status of their equipment at any given point in time. This knowledge is critical to ensuring that the productivity of each and every machine is maximized. Knowledge of machine status is only the first step, however, in controlling and optimizing a piece of mining equipment. Computer based diagnostic systems, traditionally offered on mining equipment, have provided a link for collecting data and trouble-shooting problems as they occur. One problem existed, though, that those systems stopped short of providing full drive systems access. A maintenance technician could see the data but to make critical adjustments or make repairs the technician needed to be on the machine. In extreme cases the machine would be down until OEM assistance could reach the mine site. The key then to reducing down-time and maximizing machine productivity was creating a system that could not only monitor drive systems but also provide remote access to those systems. Essentially a link needed to be created through which a technician could gain drive access remotely then make adjustments or repairs without being on the piece of equipment. This paper will introduce AccessDirectTM, a new remote diagnostic system for Bucyrus mining shovels and draglines. AccessDirectTM combines all three important elements of remote diagnostics: ? Vital Signs and Production Monitoring (SiRAS-M) ? Automatic analysis (SiRAS-A) of faults, and tracking of trends for preventive and reliability centered maintenance , and ? Fast, direct Intervention (SiRAS ? I) for troubleshooting support, repairs, and system optimization.

May 1, 2002

By R. Biss

"Niobium or columbium, as usually called in North America is becoming a more and more important metal in the industrial world because of its attractive properties.Eventhough discovered in the early nineteenth century, it was not until the 1930's that its use became more widespread. The discovery of large commercial deposits in the late 1950's and the demand of industry for steel with high strength and toughness further promoted its use. To assure its adequate supply new or-e processinr technologies had to be developed. So, beside the traditional gravity concentration, the flotation process was employed for the partial upgrading of pyrochlore concentrate at S8ve (Norway) plant in 1953. The flotation process was equally used at St-Lawrence Columbium plant in the province of Quebec, Canada. The new plants at Araxa and Catalao in Brazil and at St-Honore, Canada, which supply almost of all niobium used today in the non-Communist world, also adopted the flotation process. The processes using long chain aliphatic rnonoarnines, diamines or sulfonates as collectors proved to be difficult especially on weathered types of ores or on those having a substantial content of silicate gangue minerals. They almost completely failed in case of alkaline intrusive rocks as syenites, nepheline syenite, ijolites and pyroxenites, composed almost entirely of silicate minerals. A lot of effort was devoted all around the world on research of new, more efficient flotation processes. So in 1982, Les Services T.M.G. Inc. (Niobec), sole producer of pyrochlore concentrate in North America, developed the direct pyrochlore flotation process from carbonatites. In 1983, at about the same time, the Quebec Department of Natural Resources Laboratories and Les Services T.M.G. Inc. announced a successful recovery of niobium Minera1s from a low grade nenheline syenite ore."

Jan 1, 1984

By Brenda M. Dixon

A matrix analysis of the differences between the camps and communities associated with the Britannia Mine is used to develop an analytical tool. The tool is intended to assist the mining industry as it embraces the many facets of sustainable development. A case study is used to support the identification of key factors that may predict the sustainability of a new mine town. Sustainable communities, like Britannia Beach, are discussed in the context of three pillars of sustainability: value of mining products to society; creating wealth; and, environmental integrity. A sustainable mine town may be viewed as a socio-economic asset as well as an asset to the mining industry.

May 1, 2006

By George Rice

Foreword Following the explosion in the Hillcrest mine, which occurred in the evening of Sunday, September 19th, 1926, and in which two men lost their lives, the writer was invited by the Hon. J.E. Brownlee, Premier of Alberta, to conduct an investigation into the causes of the disaster, and to make such recommendations as seemed advisable with a view to minimizing as far as possible the chance of future explosions in this and similar Alberta coal mines. Accordingly, the mine was visited, and extensive investigations were made underground on October 21st, 2.2.nd, and 25th, in company with Mr. John T. Stirling, Chief Inspector of Mines for Alberta, Mr. Moses Johnson, District Inspector for the Crowsnest Pass District, Mr. J as. A. Richards, Inspector of Mines, Edmonton, and also Mr. Thomas Davies, manager, and other officials of the Hillcrest mine. Hearings of the coroner's inquest were also attended on October 20th and 23rd, when testimony regarding the explosion was given by various witnesses. The following paper summarizes my general observations in tracing the place of origin of the explosion, and my efforts to determine the cause of ignition. Certain recommendations arc also made, and the writer invites discussion on these and the other matters dealt with in the paper.

Jan 1, 1928

By M. Pearson, J. Irvine, L. Mercer, P. Lauzon

Severe service ball valve performance has a direct impact on the mechanical availability of high pressure oxidation and leach plants. The primary function of these valves is to isolate the autoclave for maintenance. Valve failure has historically contributed significantly to the maintenance downtime of these process plants. An understanding of the root causes of valve failures is the first step in increasing the reliability of the severe service ball valves. A rigorous failure analysis practice has been developed by Hatch for investigating refractory failures in furnaces and kilns based on Kepner-Tregoe methodology. The method has also been modified for valve failure analysis. From a root-cause failure tree analysis of each of the valve components, a list of all potential valve failure mechanisms was developed for ranking and evaluation, along with recommendations for further valve development. The purpose of this paper is to present the reader with the modified Kepner-Tregoe method and examples of this analysis.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. E. Cameron

The curve of coal production in Nova Scotia over the past forty years shows a definite maximum reached in 1913. Continued production to this maximum will require a greater tonnage per man-day, and this means there cannot be any increase in total man power used in the operations. There are still large reserves of coal but much of it will require washing or beneficiating to make a usable product. By-product recovery based on the present product ion is relatively satisfactory. Further development of secondary industries requires adequate markets for the bulk materials produced by the processing. It also requires access to other raw materials as well as markets for the principal product of the operations. Scientific investigation and research are needed to prove the quantity and value of lower grade or poorer quality coals, and methods for their recovery and utilization. Economics of further processing of present and future production must be investigated beforehand, if a successful development is to be assured. Such development cannot be expected largely to replace present markets. Production of coal for genera l use must continue to form the major function of the coal industry of the Province. Costs per ton must decrease, or subsidies or other assistance must increase, if the industry is to survive. Costs of investigation and research and costs of capital outlay for further development muse be met.

Jan 1, 1944

By Frank E. Lathe

During the war the National Research Council at Ottawa sent out questionnaires to the managers of nearly all the industrial plants in Canada. Inquiry was made as to the research equipment possessed, the number of research workers employed and the nature of the research problems which still remained unsolved. Practically all the companies reported that they had no special facilities for research, had no re-search workers and did not require the assistance of the National Research Council-because they had no research problems. Perhaps we have here one of the chief reasons why certain of our manufacturers find themselves unable to meet foreign competition. For hundreds of years the Indian tribes of northern Chile worked, in a small way, the copper deposits at Chuquicamata. They had no research problems and made no striking success of their mining operations. Then came an American company with a research problem, which they proceeded to solve. To-day the stock of that company has a market value of about $140,000,000.

Jan 1, 1926

By Cecilia Arrue, Dominic Fragomeni, N. O. Lotter

"A statistically designed benchmark mill survey was carried out in July 2005 at the Kidd Creek Concentrator, D Division circuit, which processes Ni/Cu ore from the Montcalm deposit. A structured statistical survey approach was followed, together with defined quality controls, which would assign a 95 percent level of confidence in the result.A set of six surveys were completed over a limited time; the corresponding stream samples of the surveys found acceptable were combined to obtain high confidence composite samples. The head grade of each survey is compared to two distributions to test its acceptability; surveys that fail to conform to these trials are rejected. The accepted set of surveys, which is a robust representation of the process, is prepared into a composite for QEM-SEM analysis and mass balance purposes.Where the above practice is a standard procedure in Falconbridge for QEM*SEM purposes, in this case each individual two-hour survey unit was measured and analysed for a mass and value balance. It is shown that none of the individual mass and value balances close as well as the composite set of accepted two-hour survey units. This founding is in keeping with the averaging properties of the Central Limit Theorem.INTRODUCTIONMontcalm OperationsNi/Cu bearing ore from the Montcalm deposit is being processed at the Falconbridge, Kidd Creek Concentrator in a modified D Division circuit. The circuit was commissioned in the fall of 2004. Ore is crushed at the minesite to –19 mm and trucked to Kidd for delivey into the 4 parallel fine ore bins.Ore is milled in a rod mill followed by cyclones and 2 parallel ball mills. The grinding circuit treats Montcalm ore at an average feed rate of 100 wet tonnes/hour (750,000 tonnes/annum) and produces a flotation feed particle size of 83% -53 um. A simple flowsheet including bulk Cu/Ni roughing and 2 bulk cleaning stages followed by Cu/Ni separation in 2 stages is practiced. Soda ash is used as a pH modifier in bulk flotation. SIBX is the collector. Lime and Dextrin are added into Cu/Ni separation for the depression of pentlandite."

Jan 1, 2007

By D. E. Wakefeld

"My first reaction to Joanna LaForte’s discussion paper is that she has quite properly assumed that I would like the process of equitable participation between aboriginal landowners and mining companies to be a fast process. On the other hand, I have been a business lawyer long enough to know that the past experiences of the parties will have a significant effect on how they will proceed at any one time.In my article, I was trying to convey the importance of responding to the wishes, aspirations and fears of aboriginal communities in Arctic regions without land settlements. I agree that if it is necessary to wait for governments, the process will be quite slow. My article did point out that often aboriginal communities and mining companies who have become comfort-able that a project is in their mutual interest regard the government(s) involved as their common enemy. I agree that the education and training of aboriginals should “expedite the negotiations and end the power struggles equitably”. Also, I did not mean to suggest that the elders distrust of changes in traditional land use was solely due to concern for alienation and separation from their offspring; however, I suspect it is one reason for their caution. I also agree with this author that establishing opportunities that enable the young aboriginal community members to remain in the north and avoid the problems that await them in southern urban culture should be a common concern of the mineral developer and the Arctic aboriginal community.When this author suggests I am “overly concerned about how much land the aboriginals will control, how educated they may become, how ignorant they are of mining procedures, how objections from aboriginals will escalate expenses, etc.”, she attributes to me as “concerns” matters that were intended to be general information for my readers. My references to the increased land holdings and the improvement in education of aboriginal peoples was intended to deter mining companies from any attempt to be inequitable in their dealings with aboriginal communities."

Jan 1, 1996

By R. W. Baker

"The development of uppers drilling at Brunswick Mining is reviewed. This paper describes design criteria for drilling patterns and the research required for selection of a suitable drill jumbo. The success of the uppers drilling program based on operating procedures is highlighted. IntroductionBrunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation Ltd., operates a 10 500 tonnes per day lead /zinc/copper I silver underground mine some seventeen miles southwest of Bathurst, New Brunswick .The No. 12 orebody, first discovered in 1952 by a group headed by M.J. Boylen, had extensive development, including two shallow shafts (500 ft), and test work carried out on it by St. Joe Lead between 1953-1957. However due to complex metallurgy and depressed metal prices, the operation was suspended.In 1961, a group comprised of M.J . Boylen, K.C . Irving and Patino acquired the rights of St. Joe Lead to the No. 12 property. A concerted development plan was initiated along with construction of the necessary sur face facilities and by July 1964, the property was in production at 4500 tons per day.In 1967 Noranda Mines Ltd. acquired operating control of Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation Ltd."

Jan 1, 1988

By G. G. Eichholz

SUMMARY RADIOACTIVE dynamite has been prepared by introducing a small amount of antimony-124 into the explosive. Test work is described on the effectiveness of this tracer, on radiation levels in its neighbourhood, and on different methods of .application. Factors determining the choice of isotope, amount of activity, and overall cost of this process are discussed. INTRODUCTION Instances are known in which dynamite remains unexploded in drill holes in mining operations. Usually such 'bootlegs' are easily located by inspection of the face and the powder is removed before subsequent drilling is started. Occasionally, however, serious accidents occur because workmen drill into an undetected piece of dynamite. In order to avoid such accidents it was suggested that a different method of location might be tied, such as that afforded by the use of radioactive tracers. This paper describes some experiments that were carried out under the auspices of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, with the active co-operation of Canadian Industries Ltd. and Canadian Refractories Ltd., to test the feasibility of such a scheme.

Jan 1, 1957

By Marcel Vallee, Fernand Dubuc

"The St-Honoré carbonatite complex, located 8 miles north of Chicoutimi, Quebec, was discovered in September 1967 as abnormal radioactivity was detected in the course of SOQUEM's aerial surveys. The complex, covered by a shallow layer of Trenton limestone, has been explored by aeromagnetic, ground gravimetric and magnetic surveys, and 12,013 feet of diamond drilling. Its age, from potassium-argon dating, is 650 million years. The carbonatite is approximately kidney-shaped and has a surface area of 6 square miles, 20 per cent of which is explored. It shows a central core of coarse-grained massive dolomitic carbonatite and an outer ring of foliated dolomitic carbonatite.The exploration work to date has resulted in the discovery, in the foliated carbonatite, of an incompletely drilled niobium (columbium) zone of pyrochlore-bearing carbonatite, at least 1,000 by 800 feet in size. This zone contains 5,000 tons per vertical foot grading 0.86 per cent Nb205 or at least 15,000 tons per vertical foot grading 0.66 per cent Nb205 or 45,000 tons grading 0.48 per cent Nb20s. The pyrochlore contains an average of 64 per cent Nb,Os. The central core contains a zone of rare-earth-bearing carbonatite (as monazite), grading up to 4.5 per cent rare-earth oxide, 3,500 ppm zinc and 290 ppm molybdenum. Stocks of nepheline syenite and magnetite diorite accompany the carbonatite. The total analysis and trace-element contents of typical rocks are presented."

Jan 1, 1970

By S. R. Knowles, R. J. McDonough

"The purpose of this paper is to introduce to the minerals processing marketplace a viable alternative to conventional mechanical agitation and pachuca airlift agitation. What follows is a brief introduction to the Atara Corporation and the fundamentals of how an Atara ""cannon"" mixer operates. The main body of the paper is concerned with the results of a study to evaluate the cannon mixer for a gold cvanide leach application. A brief summary of research and testing for other metallurgical applications is also presented.1. 1 THE COMPANYThe Atara Corporation is a privately owned Canadian company, headquarted in Dorval, Quebec. Its subsidiary, Atara Incorporated, located in Paramus, New Jersey services the municipal wastewater treatment market in the United States. Dorval focuses on industrial mixing applications in Canada and the US. The Atara Corporation provides design, engineering and specifications of agitators for mineral land other) processing applications. Fabrication of mixers is pursued in either Canada or the US, depending on the ultimate destination.Although Atara and its unique static in-tank mixer are relative newcomers to the mining industry, the cannon mixer has demonstrated its value over the past 20 years in municipal wastewater treatment services. In the past four years the Atara unit has been developed for industrial applications; the bulk of the development work has been for metallurgical applications. To-date the cannon mixer has been evaluated for mixing slurries in the following applications: nickel-copper concentrate storage, copper concentrate storage, coal slurry storage, gold cyanide leaching, uranium acid leaching, silver leaching and zinc acid leaching. Atara mixers have been installed with successful performance in full scale tanks containing nickel-copper concentrate slurry (Falconbridge) and gold cyanide leach pulp (Dome"

Jan 1, 1984