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By Goerge F. Weaton

Since 1909, when an agreement between Minnesota's Tax Commission and the University of Minnesota's School of Mines was worked out, it has been the annual responsibility of the School to evaluate and classify the iron ore deposits within the State. These unique duties of an academic institution have provided School officials with an excellent view of the past, present and probable future of the mining industry in Minnesota as the average grade of iron ore (excluding taconite) * diminishes while at the same time it competes with beneficiated taconites and foreign high-grade ores for use in America's eastern blast furnaces. SYSTEM OF EVALUATION In the latter part of November of each year, the Mining Division of the Department of Taxation makes a preliminary study of the active mines which the Department wants the School of Mines to review. These are discussed with the engineers of the Ore Estimate Division of the School of Mines and with the mining companies. After these discussions, a list of the mines of each of the major operating companies is submitted to the Ore Estimate Division of the School of Mines with the request that these properties be reviewed by them as of the next assessment date (May 1st). At the same time, a letter is sent to the mining companies requesting that they submit to the Division their own estimates on the selected mines operated by them, together with all computations, drill records, maps and cross-sections. The mining companies are re- quested to send in this information during the first half of the year, and, as far as is possible, they have always complied with this request promptly. Much of this information received by the School of Mines is of a confidential nature and is treated as such.

Jan 1, 1965

By Thomas V. Falkie

These are exciting times for the coal mining community. Although the industry is in the middle of a healthy boom, there are strong forces tending to counteract or at least temper the rate of growth. There are many pushing and pulling factors of interest to mining people, and a few salient ones will be mentioned here. Primarily because of a tremendous demand for energy, a demand that can't be met by other fuels, the coal industry is in boomsville. Another contributing factor to this situation is the increased overseas demand for metallurgical coal. These demands are being counteracted by a lack of people, the lead-time required to develop new capacity and wildcat strikes, among other things.

Jan 1, 1971

By T. W. Beck

Roof bolter occupations in underground coal mines continue to experience overexposure to respirable dust. One potential source of dust in roof bolting operations is the exhaust from the roof bolter dust collection system. A wet exhaust conditioner (water box) has been developed to reduce dust emissions from the exhaust of the vacuum dust collection system on roof bolting machines. The exhaust conditioner consists of a muffler chamber and a water chamber with four internal partitions to direct airflow over the surface of the water. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a series of laboratory tests to assess the respirable dust capture ability of this device as compared to the standard exhaust muffler. To determine the dust collection efficiency, both devices were placed in the exhaust stream of a simulated roof bolter dust collection system. Gravimetric samplers were operated upstream and downstream of the exhaust conditioner and muffler to evaluate the ability to capture both respirable coal and limestone dust. Researchers observed a 41 % reduction in dust concentrations for the water exhaust conditioner in the laboratory configuration. Significant levels of dust deposition in the sampling chambers may have contributed to this effective capture rate.

Jan 1, 2012

By Francis A. Thomson

DO the curricula of our mineral technology schools prepare their graduates to meet properly the full range of their responsibilities in after life? An unequivocal "no" could be returned to this question, because training and experience in professional work are quite as important as adequate college preparation. Furthermore, a had curriculum with a splendid corps of men doing the teaching and a competent body of students doing the learning will produce a better result than an ideal curriculum in the hands of unqualified teachers and poorly prepared students.

Jan 1, 1937

By Franklin H. Sharp, Kenneth L. Clifford

During the last few years the New Lead Belt of Southeastern Missouri has become the main source of lead in the United States. It also produces significant amounts of zinc, copper and silver. The mines are located on a narrow, mineralized trend extending southward from Viburnum, MG. for about 35 miles. The ore occurs as replacement deposits in the Bonneterre lime- stone formation which is about 1000 ft below the surface. In most of the mines, enough water is produced to supply the milling requirements without any reuse. There are dry areas, however, and at least two mills must rely on water reclaimed from their tailings lake to augment the mine water. These mills have no choice but to utilize recycled mill water.

Jan 7, 1973

By Galen H., Clevenger

THE first and most important thing that affects the majority of lead producers in the Rocky Mountains and the western mining regions is that zinc in an ever-increasing degree is inseparably associated with the lead. The Sullivan mine in British Columbia is not only a great lead mine, but also a great zinc producer. This mine could not reach its full measure of productiveness, nor was its great value established, until a reasonably good physical method was developed for separating the lead from the zinc prior to the recovery of each metal by an appropriate process. The western metallurgists and also metallurgists in other parts of the world have long faced the lead-zinc problem. This for many years stimulated a great deal of experimental work looking toward the development of a physical or chemical method of separating lead and zinc in concentrated form from complex ores. Space will not permit of going into this work in detail, but it is sufficient to say that with but few exceptions the western lead smelter continued smelting charges many times too high in zinc for the most efficient operation of lead furnaces. The zinc was not only lost, as the zinc content of many a western slag dump bears mute testimony, but the cost of lead smelting was increased by reason of the presence of the zinc. The owner of the ore under these circumstances could be paid nothing for the zinc and, indeed, he was penalized for it

Jan 1, 1926

By Frank T. Sisco

The discovery of phosphorous is usually credited to the German alchemist Brand, in 1669, and the element was rediscovered the next year by Boyle in England. IT was more than 100 years later, however, before its presence was detected in high-carbon iron produced in early blast furnaces. In 1781 the German chemist Meyer published the results of his investigation on the ?white earth? that he had found in cast iron made from bog ores. This white earth was metallic in appearance, it was extremely brittle, it was readily fusible, and it was not attracted by magnet. Meyer noted that cast iron containing this white earth was more fusible than other cast iron, and he was sure that he had discovered a new metal ? for which he proposed the name Wassereisen, or the Latin term Hydrosiderum. Two years later the distinguished Swedish Chemist Bergmann made the same discovery, finding a ?white calx? in cast iron, which he also mistakenly considered to be a new metal, and for which he proposed the Siderum.

Jan 1, 1944

THE annual meeting of the Arizona Section was held at the Pioneer Hotel in Tucson on Dec. 10, 1951. Registration and ticket sales for the social functions started at 8:00 am and lasted throughout most of the day. There were 489 registrations, consisting of 216 members, 64 students, and 209 guests. Chairman Harrison Schmitt opened the Mining Geology Div. meeting and a short business session was held at which Dr. Charles Anderson of Prescott, Ariz. was elected chairman and Seton Williams of Tucson was elected secretary for 1952. Dr. B. S. Butler was program chairman with R. B. Mulchay as co-chairman at the technical program. Eldred Wilson spoke on Oxidation and Water Levels at Some Arizona Mines. George Kiersch spoke about Economic and Engineering Significance of Ground Water Localization in Limestones - Big Bend Country, Texas. Harrison Schmitt gave The Definition and Use of Terms in Mining Geology. These talks were followed by discussions. E. N. Pennebaker, A. D. Wandke, and H. Schmitt gave informal talks on foreign trips made during 1951, the meeting was then adjourned.

Jan 1, 1952

By H. J. Ramey, I. S. Bousaid

Experimental results on the oxidation reaction kinetics in the forward combustion oil recovery process are presented. A total of 48 runs were made wherein a stationary thin layer of coked, unconsoli-dated sand was burned isothermally in a combustion cell. Individual runs were made at various temperature levels to permit determination of the effect of temperature upon the reaction. An expression was obtained for the burning rate of carbon as a function of carbon concentration, combustion temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The carbon burning rate for two types of crude oil indicated a first order reaction with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. The effect of combustion temperature on the reaction rate constant matched the Arrhenius equation. The activation energy was similar for the two crude oils examined. The activation energy decreased for a porous media containing clay. The rate of oxidation of crude oil at reservoir temperature was found to be significant. Other significant findings included information on hydrogen-carbon content of fuel residues, fuel reactivity and the products of combustion. INTRODUCTION The production of crude oil by underground combustion has been studied in the laboratory by many investigators.1-5 Results of laboratory and field experiments have been reported in the literature describing the forward combustion process. But as yet, no qualitative or quantitative study of the kinetics of fuel combustion involved in this process has been reported. The fuel concentration and the rate at which fuel is burned at the front are important factors governing the air requirement in a forward combustion operation. Although the fuel is essentially unrecoverable crude, the air required to burn the fuel is an important economic factor in this process. Because fuel is burned, the heat transport associated with forward combustion is a key and unique feature of this new oil recovery method. Many investiga-tors5-9 have presented information on the heat transmission and fluid mechanics involved in forward combustion. Berry and Parrish10 demonstrated the utility of considering reaction kinetics in reverse burning. From differential thermal analysis, Tadema11 presented a qualitative discussion of the nature of reactions between oil and oxygen in combustion oil recovery. Although little quantitative work has been done on the reaction kinetics involved in forward combustion oil recovery, an extensive literature does exist on combustion of carbons and oils, and carbonaceous residues from cracking catalyst pellets. Dart, et al., 12 studied the combustion rate for oxidation of carbonaceous residues on clay catalyst pellets, and found the reaction to be second-order with respect to carbon concentration, and first-order with respect to oxygen partial pressure for carbon concentrations less than 2 weight percent of the catalyst weight. The reaction appeared to be first-order with respect to carbon concentration for concentrations greater than 2 percent. Metcalfe13 noted that other workers had found that aging of the fuel during the combustion process was responsible for changing coke properties, and it accounted for the apparent second-order carbon concentration effect found by Dart, et al. It appears that burning of residues from cracking pellets is first-order with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. Dart, et al., also observed that hydrogen in the hydrocarbon residue appeared to react faster than the carbon. Lewis, et al.,14 studied oxidation of charcoal, coke and graphite in a fluidized bed. Gas velocities were high enough to partially lift and circulate the carbon particles. Their results indicated first-order reaction dependency with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. One

Jan 1, 1969

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN Submitted herewith are the report of the Treasurer for the year 1937 and the reports for the same year of the following standing committees: Admissions, Membership, Papers and Publications, Library, Student .Relations, Speakers for Local. Sections and Student Societies, and Mining and Metallurgy. To these reports members are referred for further details. Finances.-Income for the year was the largest since 1930, the figure being $189,394, an increase of $18,803 compared with income for 1936, exclusive of a special Rocky Mountain Fund appropriation of $2500 in that year for visits to western schools and Local Sections. Major items of increase were: $8,000 from current dues and arrears; $7,700 from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY and the two periodical "Technologies"; and $4,800 from sales of TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS (pamphlets) and TRANSACTIONS volumes for both current and former years. Initiation fees and clues from new members declined $2,300, principally because of the larger 'proportion of Junior Members to Members among the new enrollments. Junior Members pay no initiation fee and dues are $10 compared with $15 for Members.

Jan 1, 1938

By F. N. Flynn

- Introductory IN 1882, The Arizona Copper Co. Ltd., acquired producing copper mines at Metcalf and Morenci (locally called Longfellow). Metcalf is situated a distance of 7 miles, and Morenci a distance of 6 miles from the general office of the company at Clifton, Ariz. A reduction works with five blast furnaces was built in the center of the town of Clifton in 1884 and operated until January, 1914. Concentration of oxidized ores was begun in 1890-1891, in a mill built adjoining the smelter, and in October, 1893, a leaching process was started for treating tailings from the oxide mill. A sulphide concentrator with 300 tons capacity was built at Clifton and started treating chalcocite ores in July, 1896. This was the first mill to treat low-grade copper-sulphide ores successfully. Another concentration mill for sulphide ores was erected at Morenci in 1900. The, sulphide mills are now being remodeled to treat ores by concentration and flotation, with a capacity of 4,000 tons at Morenci and 500 tons at Clifton. The leaching plant has not been running since September, 1914. The average yearly production from this company's mines and reduction works from 1885 to date has been: Pounds 10 years ended 1894 6,864,902 10 years ended 1904 20,439,614 10 years ended 1914 : 32,665,905 Part of year 1915, to Sept. 12 30,206,106 4 months of 1916, to June 15,964,840 June, 1916...: ? 4,900,000 Construction on a new smelting plant was started in February, 1912, and finished in February, 1914. In the Transactions, vol. 49, E. Horton Jones published "Unit Construction Costs from the New Smelter of the Arizona Copper Co., Ltd:," which fully describes the construction of this plant, with details of costs.

Jan 9, 1916

By W. D. Robertson, J. -P. Briant, M. Gell

The distribulion of dislocatiorls genevnted during the propagalion of hydrogen-induced cracks in Fe-Si cryslcrls was studied as a funclion of temperature f-110o lo 243°C) and silicorz conlenl (3.1 and 4.2 pct). It zoas found that the clislocntiotl densily and the size of the plctslic zone increased with increasing tempevalnre and decreasing silicon conlent. Furtheruvzove, there was a correlcrtion in the dislocalion patterns formed around cracks that propagated at different tempevattrt-es in cvyslals of diffevent silicon contents such that a 1 pcl itlcverise in silicon content was equivalent to a lemperaluore redziclion of approximately 120°C. The experimenlal YeSnllS were compaved with the results of an elastic-plastic wodel that relates the size of the pluslic .zone to the cvack length, internal pressure, and yield stress. it was found that the clzunges in the dislocctlion cryrays with lemperature and combosition can be e-kplaincd by the lemperatrnre and composilion dependence of the yield stress. An wmtsual feature of this study was the observation of low -temperature noncrystrrllogruphic cracks. PLASTIC relaxation can occur at the edge of a moving crack by the operation of pre-existing dislocation sources or by the creation of new sources in a region of perfect 1attice.l'2 The amount of relaxation in a given crystal depends on the crack velocity and the temperature, and can determine whether a crack propagates in a brittle or a ductile manner.1-3 Tetelman and Robertson4 observed microcracks m Fe-3 pct Si single crystals that formed on (100) planes by the precipitation of hydrogen gas during electrolytic charging at 23°C. The plastic deformation accompanying crack propagation was observed in the form of dislocation etch pits and an extensive analysis has been made of the size, shape, and crystallography of the dislocation arrays5-7 This paper describes the effect of temperature on the plastic deformation generated around hydrogen-induced cracks in Fe-3.1 pct Si and Fe-4.2 pct Si single crystals. The observations are compared with the results of an elastic-plastic model for yielding around a crack containing an internal pressure. 1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The composition of the materials used in this study are given in Table I. Single crystals of alloy A and the 4.2 pct Si alloy were grown by the strain-anneal method; crystals of alloy B and the 5.1 pct Si alloy were cut from an ingot grown from the liquid. he ~ingle-cr~stal metallographic specimens had a Cross section of 0.100 by 0.050 in. with a length of at least 3/8 in. Specimens were annealed for 3 hr at

Jan 1, 1968

By E. F. La Vigne

On Aug. 10, 1884, the Retsof Mining Co. began the sinking of an 18 by 12-ft. shaft at Retsof, N. Y. Rock salt was reached in 1885, in September, at 1008 ft. below the surface. The first salt was shipped in the fall of 1885. A timber breaker was built in 1886. In July, 1895, there was a consolidation of the Retsof Mining Co., the Greigsville Salt & Mining Co., the Livonia Salt Co., and the Lehigh Salt & Mining Co. These consolidated salt companies are now known as the Retsof Mining Co., a subsidiary of the International Salt Go. Eventually all of the mines were closed except the mine of the Retsof Mining Co., at Retsof, Livingston County, New York. On July 6, 1921, about 1/2 mile south of the original shaft arid plant of the Retsof Mining Co., a new 9 by 28-ft. concrete-liried shaft was started. The shaft is 1063 ft. deep from the top of the shaft collar to the bottom of the salt bed. At the same time a reinforced-concrete breaker and other buildings were erccted. This new plant began operations on Dee. 15, 1923. It was designed for a capacity of 3000 tons in 8 hours. Geology The workable rock-salt bed is 1063 ft. below the surface and 326 ft. below sea level, and varies in thickness from 9 to 10 ft. The total thickness is greater than that but is contaminated with shale above and below the pure mineral. The characteristics of the formation are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The bed dips uniformly 0.87 per cent to the south. Prospecting As the salt deposil in New York State is known, very little prospecting has been necessary. Before the sinking of the Retsof No. 1 shaft, a well was drilled to prove the existence of salt. No. 1 shaft was sunk where the well was located. The several salt wells drilled in Livingston Courlty proved generally the existence of salt throughout the county. (See U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 669: Salt Resources of the U. S.)

Jan 1, 1938

By E. F. La Vigne

On Aug. 10, 1884, the Retsof Mining Co. began the sinking of an 18 by 12-ft. shaft at Retsof, N. Y. Rock salt was reached in 1885, in September, at 1008 ft. below the surface. The first salt was shipped in the fall of 1885. A timber breaker was built in 1886. In July, 1895, there was a consolidation of the Retsof Mining Co., the Greigsville Salt & Mining Co., the Livonia Salt Co., and the Lehigh Salt & Mining Co. These consolidated salt companies are now known as the Retsof Mining Co., a subsidiary of the International Salt Go. Eventually all of the mines were closed except the mine of the Retsof Mining Co., at Retsof, Livingston County, New York. On July 6, 1921, about 1/2 mile south of the original shaft arid plant of the Retsof Mining Co., a new 9 by 28-ft. concrete-liried shaft was started. The shaft is 1063 ft. deep from the top of the shaft collar to the bottom of the salt bed. At the same time a reinforced-concrete breaker and other buildings were erccted. This new plant began operations on Dee. 15, 1923. It was designed for a capacity of 3000 tons in 8 hours. Geology The workable rock-salt bed is 1063 ft. below the surface and 326 ft. below sea level, and varies in thickness from 9 to 10 ft. The total thickness is greater than that but is contaminated with shale above and below the pure mineral. The characteristics of the formation are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The bed dips uniformly 0.87 per cent to the south. Prospecting As the salt deposil in New York State is known, very little prospecting has been necessary. Before the sinking of the Retsof No. 1 shaft, a well was drilled to prove the existence of salt. No. 1 shaft was sunk where the well was located. The several salt wells drilled in Livingston Courlty proved generally the existence of salt throughout the county. (See U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 669: Salt Resources of the U. S.)

Jan 1, 1938

By L. T. Larson

The spectral reflectivity of zirconium in light of 441 to 668 nanometers (nm) wavelengths and air immersion has been determined. Bireflectance and apparent-angle -of-rotation measurements show zirconium to be optically isotropic when examined in light of approximately 484 nm wavelength. There is a direct relationship between bireflectance and the tilt of the basal pole of zirconium from the surface normal. This relationship allows the determination of the spatial orientation of the basal pole of an individual single crystal within a coarse-grained poly crystalline section to within± 2 to 3 deg for angles of basal pole tilt from 0 to 90 deg. In recent years considerable attention has been given to the quantitative determination of optical properties of opaque minerals by use of vertically incident, plane-polarized light. In particular, Cameron' and Cameron et a1.2 have developed criteria for the identification of a large number of anisotropic ore minerals based upon measurement of the apparent angle of rotation and the ellipticity or phase difference of the reflected light. It was shown by Larson and Pickle-simer3 that apparent-angle-of-rotation measurements may also be used to determine crystallographic orientations of grains of noncubic metals. In particular, it was shown that the basa.1 pole orientation in space of zirconium grains can be determined to ±3 deg for those grains with basal pole tilts of 10 to 90 deg from the plane of the section. Another, even more widely studied, optical property is reflectivity. cameron4 has commented upon measurement of the reflectance of plane-polarized, vertically incident light and Bowie and Taylor5 have made such measurements an integral part of their system of ore-mineral identification. Leow6 has reported on the spectral reflectivity of molybdenite and has used reflectivity values to calculate refractive indices and absorption coefficients. Cameron7 has made use of reflectivity values to ascertain aniso-tropic ore mineral symmetry and Piller and v. Gehlen8 have evaluated sources and importance of errors in reflectivity measurements as applied to calculation of optical constants. cambon9 has shown that reflectivity measurements using vertically incident, plane-polarized light are useful in the investigation of metals and in the identification of phases present in alloys. Bronson10 has made preliminary measurements on the optical anisotropy of beryIlium and Mott and Haines11 have published qualitative data on the intensity of light reflected from sections of bismuth, tin, and aluminum when these metals are microscopically examined under crossed polarizing plates. Koritnig12 has correlated the reflectivity of homogeneous solid solutions with their chemical compositions. From the above work and investigations in progress by this author, it is apparent that accurately determined values for the reflectance of vertically incident, plane-polarized monochromatic light from carefully polished surfaces of noncubic metals can prove useful in identification, composition determinations, and crystallographic orientation applications. Finally, reflectivity values, when measured in two media of differing refraction index and related to standards whose spectral reflectivities in these media are known, can be used to calculate optical constants such as refractive index and absorption coefficient. These constants may prove of use to those concerned with problems of electron band configuration. This paper reports the spectral reflectivity of zirconium measured in light of 441 to 668 nanometers (nm) wavelengths and air immersion. It also gives maximum bireflectance values for a prism section of zirconium in these wavelengths and shows how bire-flectance may be used to determine the crystallographic orientation of zirconium single crystals. Because of the lack of information on the reflectivities of the standards in oil immersion, no attempt is made to calculate the refractive indices or absorption coefficients although it is recognized that such values may be of fundamental importance. METHOD Single crystals of zirconium were cut by electro-discharge machining from a single-crystal rod grown from iodide bar by an electron-beam zone-melting process.13 The crystal sections were mounted in cold-setting epoxy resin and mechanically polished to a plane, uniform, bright surface. Each crystal was then chemically polished in a 26/26/43/5 mixture (by vol) of water, nitric, lactic, and hydrofluoric acids to remove the mechanically damaged and smeared surface layer. Final polish was obtained by electropolishing at 30 v in a bath of methyl alcohol and perchloric acid (98/2 by vol) at -70oc.14 Reflectivity measurements were made using a photometer system designed and developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and described in detail by Larson.15 Briefly, the reflectivity measuring system consists of a reflecting microscope; a double-beam, null-balancing photometer array; a mechanically driven microscope stage; and a direct X-Y readout of the reflectivity of the specimen relative to its orientation on the microscope stage. The measuring photometer receives its signal from the specimen through a slotted Wright occular placed on top of the photovisual head of the microscope. The reference photometer receives light through a flexible glass "light pipe" from a mirror in the reflecting system of the microscope. Monochromatic light is attained through use of interference filters (15-nm half-peak width pass bands) placed in front of a stabilized Vickers 12 v, 100 w, tungsten-filament, quartz-iodide lamp.

Jan 1, 1970

By Frank Rieber

EVERYONE is familiar with the story of the poor Indian and his leaking tepee. He couldn't repair the leak while it was raining, naturally. And when it wasn't raining, where was the incentive? Even if this traditional Indian was apochryphal, his counterparts are certainly alive today, and operating on a world-wide scale. - A recent issue of the Wall Street Journal, for example, carried an impassioned letter from an old cocoa planter, who wants the world to know why the price of cocoa has gone skyrocketing. For years, he says, British and American interests have bought cocoa at the cheapest possible price and, incidentally, from growers willing to sell at that price. Between them, they didn't put enough money back into the business, either to fight disease in the cocoa groves or to plant new cocoa trees. Until new trees are planted and come into bearing, we will be paying exorbitant prices for our cocoa, and getting less of it.

Jan 1, 1948

The Nominating Committee for Institute Officers in 1953, John R. Suman, chairman, completed its work at the Annual Meeting in February, and has made its report to the Board of Directors. The President-Elect in 1953 serves as President in 1954. The ticket follows: For President-Elect and Director, Leo F. Reinartz; for Vice-President and Director, A. B. Kinzel and Lloyd E. Elkins; for Director, Hjalmar W. Johnson, Philip Kraft, Gail Moulton, Edwin L. Oliver, Philip Wilson, and Elmer Isern. Mr. Reinartz is a vice-president of the Armco Steel Corp., Middletown, Ohio. As required by the bylaws, brief biographical sketches of the nominees will be published in the July issues of the journals.

Jan 1, 1952

By Lyon F. Terry

ACCEPTED current practice for A the valuation of mineral property is based upon Hoskold's theory and valuation tables first published in 1877, and popularized by Herbert Hoover's "Principles of Mining" issued in 1909. In more recent years the procedure has been developed further in the course of the extensive valuation work required for Federal taxation purposes. The 1-aluation of oil and gas properties and of mines is based upon the same principle-the estimation of the present worth of future net revenues. However, in valuing oil and gas properties the method used for discounting future revenues differs somewhat from that adopted for mines, owing principally to the nature of the re- source. production from oil and gas properties usually declines from year to year, whereas coal and ore de- posits are adapted to a more uniform rate of output.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

REPUBLIC STEEL'S new iron blast furnace in Alabama, shown on the cover of this issue, is the first to be completed of those authorized by the Government last year when a shortage of scrap became acute. In addition to the furnace, the new equipment includes a new battery of by-product coke ovens, a boiler plant, a generating unit, a 3-mile-long 60-in. water line, a huge gas washer, and precipitators in which the dust from the furnace is washed, separated from the water, and fed back into the furnace as raw material. The new unit is a cylindrical steel giant reaching 130 ft. into the air above the ground level. Because of the high humidity in the deep South, the furnace has been air-conditioned to avoid blowing eighteen tons of water into the furnace daily. Designed by Republic engineers who also had charge of the actual construction, the new furnace incorporates the best in modern blastfurnace practice. Orders to proceed with the construction of the furnace were received Sept. 22, 1941. The engineering crew, which was immediately organized, made more than 1500 drawings. Excavation started the next day, and simultaneously work was begun on demolishing existing buildings and preparing the site. The first concrete was poured Oct. 7 and the first piece of steel swung into place by a giant derrick on Jan. 30, 1942. It began operating May 28. A total of 70,000 cu. yd. of earth was moved and 30,000 cu. yd. of concrete poured.

Jan 1, 1942

By Y. C. Liu, R. H. Richman

The effects of gel,manium and tin on the deformation and 9-e-crystallization textures of copper have been explored in detail with in the copper-rich terminal solid solutions. Addition of solute to copper produces a change in deformation texture from the copper type to the 70 :30 brass type. This transition has been measured quantitatively The types mid proportions of recrystal-lization components have been determined as a function of com-position, and correlation of recrystallization components with specific deformation components is discussed. On the basis of information available in the literature, it has been suggested that the effect of solute elements on the recrystallization texture of copper

Jan 1, 1961