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THE Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act (30 U.S.C., 321-325, and amendments) become law April 5, 1644, and a period of intensive research and development in this field was begun by the Bureau of Mines. As part of this program bulletins were published on a pressure hydrogenation,3 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,4 and oil shale.5 The Bureau also has published a short bibliography on coal gasification,6 mostly of a theoretical nature. Because coal gasification is prerequisite to Hither the Fischer-Tropsch or coal-hydrogenation processes, publishing this sizable, collection of technical information in this form will be valuable. The material is presented in three parts, as follows: I. United States Patents. II. United Kingdom, Australian, Canadian, and South African Patents. III. Belgium, French, German, Italian, and Swedish Patents. The domestic patents for this bulletin were collected between 1963 and 1955. Some of the Foreign Patents were collected at the same time and a few of them later in 1961. Part I was published in 1960; Part II was published in 1962.

Jan 1, 1964

By Martin D. Conyac

A mineral resource survey of rock types and geologic structures indicates that the Mt. Henry RARE II area has low potential for the discovery of metallic minerals. Potential for coal and geothermal resources is negligible. Essentially, the Mt. Henry RARE II area has had no claim-staking activity, nor has any mine been developed in it. SETTING Size and Location The 23,000-acre (9,308 ha) "1t. Henry RARE II area (No. 1-666) lies within the Kootenai National Forest approximately 36 mi (58 km) north of Libby, Montana, in the Purcell Mountain; of Lincoln County. Irregularly shaped, the area measures roughly 5-1/2 mi (8.9 km) north-south by 8 mi (12.9 km) Past-west, and lies about 1-1/2 mi (7.2 km) south of the Canadian border.

Jan 1, 1982

By E. P. Carman

This report is the 20th in a series summarizing Bureau of Mines research and technologic work on coal and related investigations; it is the second4/ to be issued on a calendar-year basis. Previous reports related largely to publications by Bureau authors during the reporting period. This one discusses the publications issued during 1955 and in addition describes briefly the work in progress during the year. Further details on the published work may be found by referring to the publications cited in the footnotes. The Bureau continues to direct its research and technologic work on coal toward safer and more efficient mining, improved preparation, and more effective utilization, with the ultimate twin goals of promoting conservation and insuring that coal will make its maximum contribution to the Nation's industrial capacity. Significant advances toward these goals were made in 1955.

Jan 1, 1957

"Requests are frequently received by the Information Service of the Bureau of Mines for published information on the coals of different foreign countries, as compared with coals mined in the United States. The analyses of various coals from several countries on the Pacific, which were submitted to the Fuels Division for certain tests between the years 1913 and 1916, may be of interest, and are shown below: Results of Analyses of Various Coals from China, New Zealand, Japan and Australia."

Sep 1, 1925

By James M. Spear

Sample results suggest the only mineral resources in the study areas are placer gold deposits along the South Fork Kern River in the Woodpecker RARE II unit (fig. 1). These deposits, in Rockhouse Basin, total 4.5 Figure 1.--NEAR HERE. million cu yds (3.4 million cu m) of indicated subeconomic gold resources in four deposits of "older" gravel. Gold value in samples averages $0.36 per cu yd ($0.47 par cu m) and is as much as $4.44 per cu yd 1/. Cost of mining the gravel and recovering the placer gold is estimated to be more than $2 per cu yd ($2.62 per cu m) for a deposit of this size and type. Additional inferred subeconomic placer gold resources with similar grade probably occur in four other deposits of "older" gravel on which no mining claims were located. Placer gold occurrences on upper Trout Creek contain gold worth as much as $4.50 per cu yd ($5.88 per cu m) 1/. Average grade is much lower, and only about 1,000 cu yds remain (760 cu m). These occurrences do not constitute a resource, but may attract hobbyists not dependent upon making a profit.

Jan 1, 1982

The objective of this study was two-fold: 1. To perform a world literature search pertinent to the analysis, selection and design of hoisting systems and their components and to codify the search into a literature compendium. The search resulted in a technical data file of over 1500 hard copy items. The compendium index was also suitable for establishing a comprehensive computer-loaded data base on the subject. 2. To develop a comprehensive system of guidelines to cover salient aspects of analysis, selection and design of electrical, mechanical and structural components of a hoisting system with a view to establish parameters for maximum safety and efficiency of operation, installation and revision of the system. 3. Major mechanical components in the hoist and mechanical drive train are considered. Design and specification criteria based on American standards and practices are developed as they apply to typical mine hoist arrangements.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. A. Kost

The contract objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of available dust-control technology for double-drum shearers. Eight underground surveys were conducted to evaluate drum design, drum spray nozzle locations, ranging-arm sprays, water quantity, wetting agents, and cutting techniques. The final report is made up of eight dust-control technique reports, each discussing, details of the individual mine surveys.

Jan 1, 1985

By G. J. Perrott, H. W. Clark

During the course of the cooperative smoke abatement investigation carried on by the Bureau of Mines , the city of Salt Lake and the University of Utah during 1919-1920 , a study was made as to the suitability of Utah coals for by-product coking with particular reference to low temperature coking . was done because it was realized that a smokeless fuel for domestic consumers was the best remedy for this class of smoke producer . A report of the technical side of the work was included in the final report of the cooperative investiga- Since this report was written (June 1 , 1920) further work has been done by other investigators .

Apr 1, 1922

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The process of converting coal into coke is known as carbonization. Essentially, carbonization is destructive distillation in which the volatile matter of coal is released when coal is he ted above its decomposition temperature and passes through a plastic stage before solidifying and forming coke. The mechanics of coke formation are complex, and the specific properties of certain coals that tallow them to "cake" or form coke are still unknown. Coke is a hard, cellular, carbonaceous mass, formed by heating coal in the absence of air. It is porous, irregular in size and shape, and is similar in appearance to wood charcoal. Coke, however, is denser, more porous, and more abrasive than charcoal.

Jan 1, 1965

By Eugene T. Sheridan

The process of converting coal into coke is known as carbonization. Essentially, carbonization is destructive distillation in which the volatile matter of coal is released when coal is heated above its decomposition temperature and passes through a plastic stage before solidifying and forming coke. The mechanics of coke formation are complex, and the specific properties of certain coals that allow them to "cake" or form coke are still unknown. Coke is a hard, cellular, carbonaceous mass, formed by heating coal in the absence of air. It is porous, irregular in size and shape, and is similar in appearance to wood charcoal. Coke, however, is denser, more porous, and more abrasive than charcoal.

Jan 1, 1965

By Merle L. Bowser

The Bureau of Mines has developed a portable recording methanometer that utilizes the Bureau's methane sensor. The methanometer can operate continuously for at least 30 hours on small, sealed, rechargeable lead-acid batteries.

Jan 1, 1969

By D. H. Mullen, S. M. Runke, J. B. Cunningham

"SUMMARYThe coarse-grained granitic pegmatities of the United States have long been a source of many important industrial minerals, because of this, they have been studied intensively by geologists, mining engineers, and metallurgists. These studies have amassed a rather astounding array of published and unpublished information.Correlation of geological studies between individual pegmatites, as well as between major districts, has brought forth some semblance of order to the knowledge of the structure and Mineralogical composition of those highly complex and irregular deposits, making it possible to classify certain prgmatitites and pegmatitec zones into several groups of associated minerals; based upon the presence or absence of the minor minerals of beryllium and lithium. This classification or grouping of minerals, with the methods that have been developed for recovering certain of these minerals, makes possible a systematic approach to the winning of many of the industrially important minerals from pegmatite rock by a single integrated process.As the coarse-grained granitic pegmatites are composed primarily of,feldspar, quartz, and muscovite, the methods developed for separating and recovering them, as well as those methods developed for separating and recovering such minor minerals as spodumene and lepidolite, are important contributions to the over-all problem of pegmatite treatment. Some of these methods have been demonstrated in the laboratory only, whereas others have progressed beyond the laboratory stage arid are being employed in commercial operations.Recent laboratory investigations at Rapid City, employing both these early developments and the mineral groupings, have demonstrated that a single integrated process can recover muscovite, feldspar; and. quartz from the rejects of hand-sorting a typical muscovite-feldspar-quartz material. Employing a newly developed procedure for the flotation of beryl, the investigations have also demonstrated the possibility of recovering the beryl, in addition to muscovite, feldspar, and quartz, by an integrated process from a typical berylliferous pegmatitic material in which all of these minerals are present."

Dec 1, 1952

By R. O. Neal, G. St. J. PERROIT

As natural gas is a waning resource in many places, increased interest has attached to the use of gas for the manufacture of carbon black. Because of a large number of requests for information on the subject, the Bureau of Mines has undertaken a detailed study of the carbon-black industry, covering the mechanical details of commercial methods, with the purpose of increasing the recovery of carbon black by such processes. A study has been undertaken of the economic factors governing the carbon-black industry, the uses and properties of carbon black, the dE)velopment of more Itccurate methods of testing carbon black, microscopic examination of different grades of black, physicochemical study of methods' of mQ.nufacture now in use, and research on new methods of manufacture. Part I of this paper covers the engineering and economic side of the industry; the other phases of the investigation which have been under the direction of G. St. J. Perrott, of the Pittsburgh station.of the United States Bureau of Mines, are discussed in Part II.

Jan 1, 1922

By Charles Vaught, JON VOLKWEIN, ROBERT PETERS, ERICA HALL

Since 1999, the CWP level among miners with 25 years or more experience, for instance, has risen from slightly more than 4% to 9% (See Figure 1). While it is obviously necessary to protect all miners’ lungs, there is now a technology to improve the chances that new miners’ lungs will be protected from the day they begin work.

By Suresh K. Bhatt

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report reviews major developments in continuous haulage technology for underground coal mines. Haulage systems, both in use and under development, were investigated through a comprehensive literature search and visits to mines and manufacturers. The systems include flexible conveyor train, mobile conveyor, monorail bridge conveyor, multiple-unit continuous haulage, extensible, and belt turning systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the systems are assessed in light of their operating under remote control and their application to the computer-assisted continuous mining machine research being conducted by the Bureau. Through mining scenarios, candidate haulage systems are conceptualized to be consistent with the capabilities of the mining machine.

Jan 1, 1991

By E. D. Wilson

A study of factors related to subsidence was specified in a project proposal entitled "Structural Analysis of Block-Caving Operation, San Manuel Copper Mine, Pinal County, Ariz.," approved by the Bureau of Mines early in 1953. This proposal was designed by Charles H. Johnson, then chief of the Base Metals Branch of the Minerals Division, Washington, D. C., assisted by Dr. Leonard Obert, chief of the Applied Physics Branch, Region VIII (now Region V), College Park, Md., and E. D. Gardner, chief mining engineer, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. It read as follows: This project is a study of the mechanics of undercut block caving in a deep ore deposit. The San Manuel is a low-grade disseminated copper deposit containing nearly a half billion tons of ore lying at depths of 500 to 2,000 feet. Development is just starting. Production is to begin in 3 to 4 years (in 1956) at a rate of 30,000 tons of ore a day, or 60,000 tons of copper a year. A Government loan of $90,000,000 /subsequently increased to $94,000,000/ and a long-term Government purchase contract support the capital investment, which will total about $110,000,000.

Jan 1, 1957

By Hisataka Sakakibara

Although the pathophysiology of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) is still under discussion, evidence has been accumulated to understand the underlying mechanism. VWF is pathophysiologically characterized by an enhanced vasospastic response to cold, which can result from an imbalance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the digital arteries in response to cold (i.e., vasoconstriction-dominant). The imbalance is supposed to be due to faults in vascular vessels and sympathetically mediated vascular tone. Enhanced vasospastic response to cold Narrowing of arterial lumen with medial smooth muscle hypertrophy. Possible functional factors for enhanced vasoconstriction • Increased sympathetic nervous activity to cold (e.g., norepinephrine) • Increased release of endothelin-1 (ET-1; an endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor) from the endothelium • Increased reactivity of alpha2-adrenoreceptors to cold Possible functional factors for decreased vasodilation • Decreased release of nitric oxide (NO; an endothelial-dependent vasodilator) from the endothelium • Decreased release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; a vasodilatory neuropeptide) from sensory afferents The question is how their interrelations or imbalances among them are Vibration and arterial damage The next question is, how does hand-arm vibration exposure induce such pathophysiological changes in VWF patients? Recent morphological evidence from animal experiments shows that vibration acceleration stress (including shear stress) and smooth muscle contraction contribute to arterial damage of smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The vibration-induced arterial damage is frequency-amplitude-dependent.

Jan 6, 2006

By Chi-Mun Song, Seok-Hyun Choi, Seok-In Hong, Han-Kee Jang

Accurate measurement and evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration from a power tool is an important issue for tool manufacturers, because they are obliged to develop low-hazard power tools for workers. The International Standard ISO 5349(1) dictates a systematic procedure for the measurement and evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration. However, the uncertainty in this measurement is too large for manufacturers to apply such data to the design and modification of power tools. There can be several sources of this uncertainty in such measurements; e.g., operator-dependent, power tool-dependent, and operational conditions (see Table 1). For a manufacturer to characterize the exposure of a power tool’s use to a given level of vibration, the relationship between these uncertainty factors and the measured vibration must be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of several factors on the uncertainty in measurements. [ ] Methods In this study, some of the factors in Table 1 were selected for examination, and their effect on the measured variation was quantitatively investigated. Three tools from the same manufacturer were sampled at random in our experiments, and each of five of the same type of insert (disks or tips) was installed into each tool. Although each of the tools and inserts were of the same design and were made by the same production process, they differed from one to another, which can be a source of the variation in the measured vibration. Three human subjects participated in our experiments, which were carried out as stated in ISO 5349. The subjects were asked to maintain their posture, and the applied force was kept as constant as possible. The applied force was monitored using an indirect method, where vibration energy was displayed in real time during the experiment using a three-axis accelerometer attached to the work piece at a specified point. The appropriate range of the applied force was predetermined to cover the range of real work operations. The engineering tolerance between the inner diameter of a grit disk and the outer diameter of the tool shaft leads to an eccentricity of the mass at the center of the disk. The degree of eccentricity varies with installation, and this is another source of uncertainty. In our study, the effect of this eccentricity was investigated by carrying out repeated assembly and disassembly of an insert.

Jan 6, 2006

In 2001, 14,623 mining operations reported employment statistics to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). This was an increase of 210 mining operations compared to 2000. Almost half (49%) were sand and gravel mines, followed by stone (29%), coal (15%), nonmetal mines (5%), and metal mines (2%).

May 1, 2003

By N. Kumar Kittusamy

The purpose of this study was to assess the adequacy of the cab design and to determine the percentage of musculoskeletal symptoms among operators of mobile equipment used in mining and construction. A questionnaire was designed to assess demographics, work information, job history, and musculoskeletal symptoms in operators of heavy mobile equipment. Information concerning equipment included design of the seat/chair, levers, pedals, bothersome vibration, quality of ingress/egress from the equipment, proper preventative maintenance and repairs, and age of the equipment. The body regions that were evaluated included the neck, middle/upper back, low-back, shoulder/upper-arm, elbow/forearm, wrist/hand, hip, knee, and ankle/foot. Five hundred and eighty six operators completed the questionnaire. The results indicate that these workers are at risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders, and the need to quantify risk factors (i.e., whole-body vibration and static sitting postures).

Jan 6, 2006