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By P. Chiotti, G. R. Kilp

IN the study of zinc-zirconium1 and zinc-uranium2 systems, vapor-pressure measurements were made in order to establish the equilibrium phase diagrams for a pressure of 1 atm. In each of these systems, only zinc has an appreciable vapor pressure over the temperature range investigated. The zinc pressure was measured over a sufficiently wide temperature and composition range to permit calculation of the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds ZrZn, ZrZn2, ZrZn3, ZrZn6, ZrZn14 , and U2Zn17. In these calculations the compounds were treated as line compounds. Although the exact composition range was not determined, metallographic and thermal data indicate that the solubility range for these compounds is small. It is to be noted that the compound initially reported to correspond to the formula UZn9, 2 has been shown by the crystal structure work of Makarov and vinogradov3 to correspond to the formula U2Zn17,. The crystal structure is similar to that for the compounds Th2M17, investigated by Florio,4 et al; here M represents iron, cobalt, or nickel. Therefore, thermodynamic calculations are based on the formpla U2Zn17 EXPERIMENTAL The dew-point method employed to measure the vapor pressure of zinc over uranium-zinc alloys has been described previously.2 The same procedure and apparatus were used in measuring the zinc pressure over zinc-zirconium alloys. In the case of alloys in the two-phase region consisting of a zirconium and the compound ZrZn, the Knudsen effusion method was employed to obtain a few values in the temperature range 600" to 560°C. In most cases, tantalum crucibles were used to contain the zirconium alloys. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OFU2Zn17 A least-squares treatment of the vapor-pressure data obtained for 35 and 65 wt pct U alloys in the temperature range 650° to 940°C gave lOg10PAtm = 7,713/T + 6.33 Here, as in following equations, T represents degrees kelvin and P represents the zinc vapor pressure in atmospheres. The probable errors for the two constants were calculated to be 60.68 and 0.0563, respectively. This relation represents the equilibrium dissociation pressure for the reaction U2Zn17 (s) - 2U(s) + 17Zn(v) The solubility of zinc in solid uranium is negligible and the only additional information required to calculate the free energy of formation of U2Zn17 is the free energy of vaporization of pure zinc. K. K. Kelley5 gives the relations, AF°= 30,902 + 6.03Tlog T + 0.275 X 10-3T2 - 45.03T

Jan 1, 1961

By M. Deighton, R. N. Parkins

The metals Cd, ,Wg-, Sn, TI, Zn, and Zr reach a peak hardness after a criticfir1 deformation by rolling- and then soften with fwther rolling-, thereby exhibiting wovk softening. Optical metallography on Cd, Mg, and Zn shows that work softening is accompanied by a change in grain size occurring during deformation. The creep of zinc from -1l° to +60°C at stresses in the range of 7.9 to 17.3 kg per sq mm is given by € = e0 -t- Bt + Kt +at6. The third and second rate constcints are related by the equation a = K~ K6 and their stress and temperature dependence can be represented by the equations K = A, . exp - (u, - Bu)/kT. A model based upon the stress activated glide of sub-boundaries is proposed which qualitatively accounts for the metallog-raphic observations. Expressions, which are in reasonable quantitative agreement with the ex-pe~inzental observations, are derived for the creep of zinc. THE term "work softening" has been used previously by Polakowski1 and by Cottrell and stokes2 to describe phenomena where further strain of a deformed material leads to a decrease in flow stress. In both cases, however, the conditions were changed for the second straining. Here, the term "work softening" is intended to refer to a decrease in flow stress after continued straining in the same direction at the same temperature: work softening is the antithesis of "work hardening". Work softening of zinc was reported by chadwick3 and in discussion of that paper Jenkins4 indicated that cadmium also work softens. More recently work softening has been reported5 in two magnesium alloys, -99.5 pct Mg. Chadwick found that the hardness, 0.2 pct Proof Stress and the UTS of electrolytic zinc all increased with progressive cold reductions up to 30 pct and then progressively decreased with further rolling. Gay and Kelly6 used a back-reflection X-ray technique to study the effect of cold rolling zinc and found that although deformations greater than 2 to 5 pct reduction in thickness produced some recrystallized grains, deformations greater than 40 pct caused com-plete spontaneous recrystallization. At deformations greater than 60 pct the material was found to consist solely of recrystallized grains, -20 pm diam, the size of which decreased with increasing reduction and was much less than the initial grain size of the annealed material (-300 pm diam). Similar results were also reported for cadmium, tin, and lead.6 Gay, Hirsch, and Kelly' suggest that these experiments indicate recrys-tallization takes place when the dislocation density exceeds a certain value. However, no measurements of MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The purity of the metals used in this work is indicated by the following figures: Zn (99.99); Cd (99.94); Mg (99.95); T1 (99.99). The zirconium was iodide crys tal bar with a probable purity of about 98 pct. The metals were obtained in the form of 0.25 in. thick strip or 0.425 in. diam rod by various fabrication methods and then annealed to ensure complete re-crystallization. Hardness-deformation curves were obtained at room temperature by rolling 4 in. thick strip under conditions which left a surface adequate for diamond pyramid hardness tests immediately after rolling. The hardness was taken as the niean of five impressions made using a 5 kg load and the time elapsing between rolling and making the last impression never exceeded 5 min. The zinc specimens for creep testing were from 3 by 3 by 4 in. cast slabs which were rolled to 0.10 in. thickness starting at 350°C and finishing cold. The resulting strip was cut into pieces 1 in. wide and annealed in batches. With suitable choices of annealing temperature between 100" arid 400°C five different grain sizes varying from 4.54 x 10' to 3.03 x l05 grains per sq cm (530 to 20 um diam) were obtained. Creep tests were done in compression using a sub-press, based on a design after Ford,8 in which the strip is compressed between dies 0.100 in. wide under conditions of plane strain. Since there is no lateral spread of the material, the area of contact between the dies and strip remains constant throughout the test and the application of a constant load, using the load maintaining device of a hydraulic testing machine, resulted in a constant stress. Covering the dies with strips of P.T.F.E. reduced frictional effects to a minimum. The creep strain was obtained by measuring the travel of the crosshead of the testing machine to a sensitivity of 0.1 pct reduction in thickness. The complete subpress assembly was contained in a steel box and for tests above the ambient this was filled with liquid paraffin and heated electrically. Temperatures below the ambient were obtained with a cooling mixture of acetone and solid carbon dioxide in the box. The liquids were stirred and the temperature of the specimen, which was controlled to ±0.5"C dur-ing a test, was measured by a thermocouple placed near the dies. Compression testing of cylindrical specimens was also carried out in the subpress using hardened flat discs separated from the test material by P.T.F.E. sheets which obviated barrelling of the specimens. Various initial strain rates were supplied by the hydraulic testing machine, and the deformation was measured by a clock dial gage resting on the cross-

Jan 1, 1970

By E. T. Peters, L. E. Tanner

In the course of a study concerned with the rnechanical behavior of the intermetallic compound CO3V, both structural observations and anomalous electrical-resistivity behavior indicated the presence of a new high-temperature phase in an alloy with the stoichiometric composition, Co-22.4 wt pet V. The evidence, which is given below, suggests that the new phase is situated between the low-temperature ordered hexagonal phase, k,1, 2and the high-temperature disordered fee solid solution, a,3 within a small range of temperature in the vicinity of 1070°C. Structural studies included X-ray diffraction analysis* and electron-transmission microscopy examination* of stoichiometric composition speci- mens homogenized for 1 hr at 1200oC and either air-cooled or water-quenched. The air-cooled specimens yielded X-ray diffraction evidence of the k phase, while electron microscopy revealed a microstructure of both heavily and moderately faulted regions as shown in Fig. 1. The high density of stacking faults (or fine twins) in region A is reminiscent of hexagonal cobalt following its allotropic transformation.4 Selected-area diffraction from this region revealed distinct superlattice reflections of the ordered hexagonal phase, as well as continuous rel-streaks which were normal to the fault planes in the micrograph. The latter is indicative of extremely small spacings between the faults.' Regions such as ß were found to be only partially transformed to the k phase. Attempts to study the antiphase domain structure by either bright- or dark-field techniques were unsuccessful in these initial studies. This was due to the low intensity of the superlattice reflections arising from the closeness of the cobalt and vanadium scattering factors. Quenching Co3V from above Tc appears to suppress the formation of the k phase. Both X-ray and electron-diffraction results indicated that the disordered phase, a, was partially ordered during severe cooling and that the structure of the ordered phase was of the L12 (Cu3Au) type,6 designated here as a'. As in the case of the hexagonal phase, examination of the domain structure was unsuccessful; however, significant information concerning the morphology of this condition was revealed by the appearance of dislocation arrays. In particular, it

Jan 1, 1965

By V. N. Krivobor

The study and use of low-carbon manganese steels have been curiously neglected in the general history of developments in alloy steels. Hadfield1 made an extensive study of manganese-iron-carbon alloys about 1886, which culminated in the wide application and use of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel. His alloys were nearly all high in carbon, as compared with the steels discussed in this paper, and he found a marked tendency toward brittleness in the alloys of medium and low manganese content, that is, below 7 per cent. manganese. As a result, there has been a widespread prejudice against the use of manganese steels containing between 1.0 to 3.5 per cent. manganese with comparatively low carbon. Steels of this composition have never been studied adequately in comparison with other alloy steels, and have had litttle use in practice. In a very recent paper by Sir Robert Hadfield2 the following statement appears: 6L... manganese-iron alloys with little or no carbon do not seem to offer any practical employment; they only become valuable in the presence of quite high percentages of carbon, 0.90 to 1.50 percent." The results of the present investigation are so contrary to the findings of Hadfield that the writers feel fully justified in presenting the preliminary report incorporated in this paper. Previous Investigations As early as 1886 the Terre Noire CO.3 in France produced alloys containing up to 2.5 per cent. of manganese, using ordinary low-grade

Jan 1, 1927

By E. H. Timmerman, A. F. van Everdingen, J. J. McMahon

The prevent paper contains a method which combines the material balance equation' with the water influx equation' to obtain reliable values for the active oil originally in place and a quantitative evaluation of the cumulative water influx. The method is illustrated by an application to a reservoir without original gas cap. In the absence of an original gas cap. results may be obtained using only field production and pressure data, PVT analyses. and a minimum of subsurface information. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS Production in the field under review is obtained from the top of the Wilcox formation of Eocene age, at a depth of approximately 8,100 ft subsea. The structural map, Fig. 1, shows that the accumulation, half elliptical in shape with the long axis in east-west direction, is trapped to the north and on the upthrown side of a normal fault. A number of east-west faults with additional minor faulting in random directions are found in the general area, and seismic information and production performance indicate in this particular case the existence of a second fault a short distance downdip, with a strike more or less parallel to the fault controlling the accumulation. It is estimated that 1,830 acres were originally underlain by oil and that the maximum thickness of the original oil column, about 37 ft, was only slightly greater than the maximum thickness of the oil-bearing sand. Maximum net sand thickness was estimated at approximately 26 ft. From logging and subsurface information the gross sand volume has been placed at 37.400 acre-ft. which reduces to about 27,500 acre-ft after probable non-productive intervals have been deducted. The following table presents laboratory analyse; data for the Wilcox sand cores. Average Average Samples Considered Permeability Porosity All Samples 236 md ..19.9percent Samples with k>l md 256 md 20.5 per cent Samples with k>8 md 275 md 20.9 per cent Interstitial water was estimated at 15 per cent. The initial gas-oil ratio was approximately 900 cu ft/bbl. and the initial shrinkage factor was determined by the laboratory to

Jan 1, 1953

By M. N. Short, I. A. Ettlinger

M. N. Short,? Washington, D. C., and I. A. Ettlinger, New York', N. Y. (New York Meeting. February, 1926) The Pioneer mining district, better known as the Superior district, from its principal town, is located in Pinal County in south-central Arizona about 80 miles east of Phoenix and 22 miles west of Miami. The region embraces a, confused series of mountain ranges of moderate height but precipitous slopes, between which lie irregular valleys filled with alluvial detritus. The average elevation is about 2800 ft. in the valleys and the summits of the ranges reach 2000 ft. above this. Superior is situated on the north bank of Queen Creek where it emerges from one of those ranges into a more or less basin-shaped valley. The drainage of Queen Creek is to the southwest and the flood waters spread out and lose themselves in the desert northeast of Florence, the county seat of Pinal County. The Magma copper mine (Fig. 1) is the only producer in the district. Although discovered in 1875, its production has been important only

Jan 1, 1927

By Atmaram H. Soni

A statistical study of machinability led the writer to examine existing data in regard to a thermal conductivity-mechanical properties relationship. Various functional relationships were proposed and the multiple correlation determined by statistical methods discussed in detail in the 1iterature.4 The relationship having the greatest engineering and statistical significance is discussed below. The data for cast and wrought aluminum alloys''2 have been compiled and analyzed separately. The results of these analyses are presented in Table I. The empirical equations for estimating the thermal conductivity (cal sec-' cm-I °C) are: for cast aluminum alloys K = 0.584 -0.00984/ -0.00263 Hb [1] and for wrought aluminum alloys K = 0.604 -0.00424l- 0.00170 Hb [2] where 1 and Hb are the percentage elongation and Brinell hardness number. Results of a similar analysis pertaining to stainless steel3 are also given in Table I. This empirical equation for estimating thermal conductivity (Btu per sq ft per hr per °F per in.) is K = 216.19- 1.716l - 0.0997 Hb [3] The relationship between electrical resistivity and mechanical properties was also examined for aluminum alloys using the same statistical method. These results are listed in Table II. While the situation of exact multiple correlation

Jan 1, 1965

By E. W. Henderson

Development work in the state of Utah in 1935 consisted of additional work done on wildcat tests started in previous years and on a number of new wildcat tests started during the year. No effort was made to extend areas or to discover deeper productive horizons in proven fields. Principal areas of development were in Daggett County, northeastern Utah; Grand and Emery counties, east-central Utah; and in Washington County, southwestern Utah. Daggett County Clay Basin.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. deepened Murphy No. 2, sec. 21, T.3N., R.24E., from 6030 to 6790 ft. for a test of the Sundance formation. Two sandstone members at 6520 to 6644 ft. and 6737 to 6790 ft. contained water. The hole was plugged back to 5860 ft. and left as a future gas supply for the Salt Lake City-Ogden pipe line. The failure of the Sundance formation to produce in this test, in view of the recent Sundance discoveries in Colorado arid Wyoming, was disappointing Emery County Last Chance.—-Thc wildcat test of the Rainsey Petroleum Corporn-tion, Well No. 1-X, sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., completed plugging back from total depth of 3168 ft. to 2771 ft. and was shut in as a gas well. A gas sand at 2724 to 2771 ft. produced approximately 21 million cubic fert. A deep test of the structure will be started upon approval of a wit plan of development. Grand County Cisco.—-The wildcat test of the Utah Southern Oil Co., sec. 33, T.22S., R.22E., of which the total depth was 1720 ft. on Dec. 31, 1935, is the most interesting operation ill the state. Location of the test was deter-

Jan 1, 1936

By E. W. Henderson

Development work in the state of Utah in 1935 consisted of additional work done on wildcat tests started in previous years and on a number of new wildcat tests started during the year. No effort was made to extend areas or to discover deeper productive horizons in proven fields. Principal areas of development were in Daggett County, northeastern Utah; Grand and Emery counties, east-central Utah; and in Washington County, southwestern Utah. Daggett County Clay Basin.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. deepened Murphy No. 2, sec. 21, T.3N., R.24E., from 6030 to 6790 ft. for a test of the Sundance formation. Two sandstone members at 6520 to 6644 ft. and 6737 to 6790 ft. contained water. The hole was plugged back to 5860 ft. and left as a future gas supply for the Salt Lake City-Ogden pipe line. The failure of the Sundance formation to produce in this test, in view of the recent Sundance discoveries in Colorado arid Wyoming, was disappointing Emery County Last Chance.—-Thc wildcat test of the Rainsey Petroleum Corporn-tion, Well No. 1-X, sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., completed plugging back from total depth of 3168 ft. to 2771 ft. and was shut in as a gas well. A gas sand at 2724 to 2771 ft. produced approximately 21 million cubic fert. A deep test of the structure will be started upon approval of a wit plan of development. Grand County Cisco.—-The wildcat test of the Utah Southern Oil Co., sec. 33, T.22S., R.22E., of which the total depth was 1720 ft. on Dec. 31, 1935, is the most interesting operation ill the state. Location of the test was deter-

Jan 1, 1936

By J. P. Morris

PREVIOUS investigations1,2 have shown that alloying elements in liquid iron influence the thermodynamic activity of sulphur and thereby affect the partition of sulphur between metal and slag in the desulphurization process. For example, the greater efficiency of desulphurization in the blast furnace as compared to the open hearth can be attributed in part to a higher level of sulphur activity in blast-furnace metal due to the higher concentration of carbon and silicon. In the present investigation, a short study was made of the influence of manganese on the activity of sulphur in liquid iron and iron-carbon alloys. In contrast to carbon and silicon, manganese was found to decrease the activity coefficient of sulphur; and in iron-carbon alloys it counteracts to some extent the influence of carbon. However, at manganese concentrations normally present in the blast furnace or open hearth, the effect of manganese is small. Since manganese sulphide has a limited solubility in iron, manganese can act, under certain conditions as a desulphurizing agent. Considerable data on the manganese-sulphur product in carbon-saturated melts were obtained in the investigation and have been included in this report. The experimental procedure was the same as that used in the earlier investigations on the effect of silicon' and carbon' on sulphur activity. Briefly, the method was as follows: The molten alloy, contained in a graphite or sintered alumina crucible, was brought to equilibrium at a constant temperature with a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide of constant composition by bubbling the gas through the metal. Samples of' the melt were taken for analysis at regular intervals by suction through a 2 to 3 mm bore silica tube dipped into the metal. The experiments were run in a graphite spiral resistance furnace with melts weighing 50 to 60 g. The gas bubbling tubes were made of sintered alumina and were 5/16 in. OD, 1/16 in. ID, and 24 in. long. Equilibrium was assumed to have been attained when the sulphur content of the liquid metal reached a constant value. During an experiment there was a rapid loss of manganese from the melt by volatilization. To offset this loss, small additions of manganese were made periodically. The rate of manganese addition needed to maintain a constant manganese concentration was determined in preliminary tests. In all of the experiments, deposits of manganese sulphide formed above the melts in a cooler region of the furnace. Apparently, these deposits resulted from a reaction between manganese vapor and hydrogen sulphide in the gas. To prove that manganese sulphide did not volatilize from the melts to a measurable extent, an experiment was run in which helium was bubbled through liquid iron containing both manganese and sulphur. Although manganese volatilized rapidly in this test, there was no appreciable loss of sulphur. Volatilization of manganese sulphide from a melt would have led to an apparent equilibrium condition in which the sulphur content of the metal was lower than the true equilibrium value. The experimental results are shown in the first seven columns of Table I. The data in the last two columns were obtained from the previous work on the effect of carbon' and show what the results would have been in the absence of manganese but with temperature, gas composition, and carbon content of the metal remaining the same. Comparison of the last four columns show that, in the presence of manganese, the sulphur content of the metal increased at equilibrium and the activity coefficient of sulphur decreased. However, the results show that, for manganese concentrations below 3 pct, the effect of manganese is small. The values for activity coefficient of sulphur given in Table I were calculated from the following relations: S (in liquid metal) + H2 (gas) = H2S (gas) [l] K ph2s/?s X %S X phg = 0.00251 [2] where K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction, PH2S and ph2 are the partial pressures of hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen, respectively, and ?s is the activity coefficient of sulphur. The standard state for sulphur was taken to be a 1 pct solution of sulphur in pure iron. The numerical value for K at 1600°C was determined in the earlier work. For the purpose of showing graphically the results of the tests run at 1600°C, the activity coefficients of sulphur were recalculated so as to correspond to a manganese concentration in the metal of 2 pct in each case. In the calculation it was assumed that the increase in sulphur content of the metal at equilibrium caused by the presence of manganese

Jan 1, 1953

By F. R. Brotzen, L. D. Whitmire

Single crystals of high-purity molybdenum were de-formed at temperatures from 195°to 473°K, and the effect of deformation on the electrical resistivily was deler-mined. To separale the resislivity components of point and line defecls some cryslals were annealed at 473°K. The vale of resislivily increase wilh strain was nearly linear and was strongly dependent upon the deformation temperature. Point dejects are annealed out without any effect on the flow stress. At low temperatures the flow stress is a linear function of the square root of the resistivity increase attributable to dislocations. ELECTRICAL-resistivity measurements have been used successfully to gain information on structural changes in metallic materials. During plastic deformation the electrical resistivity rises because of electron scattering from newly created lattice defects. Such measurements lend themselves, therefore, to corroborating results from direct observation of lattice defects and, to a certain extent, to correlating defect densities and distribution with mechanical properties. Published information on research with single crystals of the bcc metals of Group VI, particularly molybdenum, is still limited. Yet, molybdenum single crystals of relatively high purity can be readily prepared by electron-beam-melting techniques. Furthermore, some valuable information on the defect structure of deformed crystals by direct observation is available. Lawley and Gaigher,1 for example, have examined dislocation configurations in deformed molybdenum crystals by means of transmission electron microscopy. Their results revealed that the dislocation density and distribution were strongly dependent upon the deformation temperature. These findings differed from those by Keh and weissmann,2 who found that the average dislocation density in polycrystalline iron deformed between 138° and 298°K depended only on the degree of strain and not on the deformation temperature. Martin3 and peiffer4 showed that point defects introduced in polycrystalline molybdenum by cold work can be eliminated by annealing at a relatively low tempera-ture. In view of their work it became apparent that resistivity measurements of suitably annealed crystals could disclose changes in their dislocation structure and contribute to the understanding of the work hardening of molybdenum crystals. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Crystals were grown by electron-beam zone melting5,6 of 0.062-in.-diam molybdenum rods (99.99 pct) supplied by General Electric Lamp and Wire Division, Dover, Ohio. The crystals, about 4 in. long, were prepared by using five zone-refining passes at a speed of about 6 mm per min in a vacuum of about 5 X l0-6 Torr. The resistivity ratio of the crystal, p(4.Z°K)/p(273°K), was generally near 10-3. These crystals were used as tensile specimens of uniform diameter in the "as-grown" condition. They were oriented for maximum shear on the (011)[111] slip system (Schmid factor >0.49). The specimens were held in spherically seated Templin-type grips so as to minimize bending. Samples were deformed on an Instron machine at a strain rate of about 5 X 10-5 sec-1 in an isopentane bath with dry ice at 195°K, in ice water at 273°K, and in a vegetable-oil thermostat at 373° and 473°K. The temperature in the latter was maintained constant within +2°K. Resistance measurements were carried out with a Kelvin double bridge. The resistance of the potential leads was kept low by using large-diameter wires outside the low-temperature bath. Many of the resistance data were checked by measurements made with an ac bridge. Current and potential leads were spot-welded to the specimens. The distance between the potential leads, about 3 in., was also considered to be the gage length for the strain measurements. Diameter and gage length of the samples were measured optically with an error of less than 2 pct. These measurements were used also to insure that the deformation had been uniform over the gage length of the specimen. Resistivity changes were then determined from the resistance measurements at 4.2°K assuming constancy of volume. In the course of a test, the crystal diameter, gage length, and resistance at 4.2°K were determined first in the initial state and subsequently for various amounts of elongation.

Jan 1, 1968

By Harvey S. Mudd

WHEN talking about Europe it is well to endeavor to keep politics and economics apart but they have become so intermingled in recent years that the discussion of one topic inevitably leads to the other. Economic influences formerly prevailed over politics but today national and international economies are governed by political forces. Commerce in raw materials, food, and manufactured products is now so restricted by governmental controls that the capacity of the world to produce and to consume, to exchange goods and to pay for them, cannot be gauged by the past or predicted by a multitude of experts. In prewar days there were some yardsticks but today there are none. Thus it is hazardous to make forecasts, for in all fields of human effort the world has been cast upon an uncharted sea.

Jan 1, 1947

His face wreathed in smiles, J. Richard Lucas, Chairman of the Keynote Session, conceded that "the papers appeared to have been of some interest." This was a modest description of the opening day of technical sessions at the SME Fall Meeting and Exhibition, October 13 to 15, in Tampa, Fla. The auditorium had capacity for 800 spectators and there was hardly a vacant seat visible. The topic, Resource Development of the Fertilizer Minerals, was covered in four authoritative papers. H. S. Ten Eyck set the stage. Resources are always viewed in relation to future requirements, and these depend largely on population. If the population trend continues, the world's 3.3 billion people will increase to 6.7 billion people by the year 2000. About 70% of this increased population will be in developing areas which are not capable of supplying sufficient food and fiber for their needs. Fertilizer is a means of bridging the crop shortage. Projections of fertilizer requirements by 1970 are from 53 million to 67.5 million long tons of plant nutrient which compares with 1964 consumption of 37.7 million tons. Looking ahead to 1980, the growth continues with an estimated demand of 80 million to 113 million tons combined of N P and K.

Jan 12, 1966

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP. Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ, W. De L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE. HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer. P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY. S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 5, 1914

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS, ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 11, 1914

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York L. W. FRANCIS, Chairman, WILLARD S. MORSE, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LOUIS D. HUNTOON. WILLIAM A. POMEROY. Boston HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS,. ALBERT SAUVEUR. Columbia F. A.. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 12, 1914

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP. Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ, W. DE L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY. S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 3, 1914

CONTENTS PAGE MERRISS, M. H.-Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, C. P. Linville, G. E. Dalbey, M. H. Merriss 1 GRISWOLD, GEORGE G.-Calculating the Zinc for Desilverizing Lead Bullion by the Parkes Process. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, George G. Griswold, Milo W. Krejci, Lawrence Addicks, W. F. Gross, H. H. Alexander, A. F. Beasley, C. P. Linville 3 ALEXANDER, H. H. and STACK, J. R.-The Reduction and Refining of Tin in the United States. Discussed by Edward F. Kern, J. R.' Stack, R. L. Hallett, C. R. Hayward, William H. Bassett, R. C. Canby, H. G. S. Anderson 20 GREENAWALT, WILLIAM E.-Greenawalt Electrolytic Copper Extraction Process. Discussed by Stuart Croasdale, Colin G. Fink, Arthur L. Walker, Edward F. Kern, Henry A. Tobelmann, Oliver C. Ralston 26 BENEDICT, C. H. and KENNY, H. C.-Ammonia Leaching of Calumet and Hecla Tailings. Discussed by G. E. Dalbey, C. H. Benedict 34 RALSTON, OLIVER C.-Hydrometallurgy of Lead. Discussed by F. L. Bosqui, Jr., George D. Van Arsdale 34 TAINTON, U. C. and LEYSON, L. T.-Electrolytic Zinc from Complex Ores. Dis¬cussed by W. G. Woolf, C. A. Hansen 39 Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content Discussion of the paper of M. H. MERRISS, presented; at the New York Meeting; February, 1924, and, issued, as Paper No. 1273-M, with MINING AND METALLURGY, September, 1923. C. S. WITHERELL, New- York, N. Y. (written discussion).-This paper is particularly valuable in that it gives the results of operations -carried out under conditions differing from standard practice. In the electrolytic refining of copper, as in other kinds of metal refining, it is occasionally necessary to treat extraordinary foul or complex material, in which cases 'it is valuable to know what other metallurgists have accomplished under similar conditions. As tapping the slimes-covered anodes brought the tank-voltage down to 0.45 to 0.50 volt, the counter electromotive force was, probably not more than 0.1 or 0.2 volt; hence the so-called polarization was, mainly,

Jan 6, 1924

By T. A. Rickard

The dictionary defines 'jargon' as "barbarous or debased language". This description does not suffice. Quiller-Couch has said, it is "a kind of writing which, from a superficial likeness, commonly passes for prose in these days, and by lazy folk is commonly written for prose, yet actually is not prose at all ". The two main vices of jargon, he says, are "that it uses circumlocution rather than short straight speech", like the Babu who reported his mother's death by saying: "Regret to inform you, the hand that rocked the cradle has kicked the bucket ". Its other chief' vice is that "it habitually chooses vague woolly abstract nouns rather than concrete ones", like the newspaper statement; "He was conveyed to his place of residence in an intoxicated condition", instead of saying, "He was carried home drunk ". Jargon is "an infirmity of speech", it is not journalese, but akin to it. "Like respect- ability in Chicago, jargo4 stalks unchecked in our midst" and renders much technical writing ridiculous. It deals in periphrasis instead of going straight to the point, it loves the abstract rather than the concrete, it dabbles in words of sound rather than of meaning. Avoid it, despise it., if you purpose earnestly to write well. "III literature as in life he makes himself felt who not only calls 4 spade a spade but has the pluck to double spades and re-double." * Jargon is rampant in technical publications. Catalogues and other advertisements are conspicuous offenders, but with these the critic is not concerned, except in so far as such 'write-

Jan 1, 1931

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES OF LOCAL SECTIONS New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP, Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ. W. DE L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH. Columbia F. A. THOMSON, Chairman. GEORGE W. RODDEWIG, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. 0. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. R. S. McCAFFERY, S. H. RICHARDSON.

Jan 4, 1914