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(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period May 10, 1916 to June 10, 1916: G. Aertsen, Philadelphia, Pa. Hennen Jennings, Washington, D. C. Frederick C. Alsdorf, Wickenburg, Ariz. H. M. LaFollette, LaFollette, Tenn. A. H. Anderson, Worcester, Mass. E. T. Lednum, Chicago, Ill. J. H. Batcheller, Mattapoisett, Mass. Francis Church Lincoln, Reno, Nev. Arthur B. Clark, Sheridan, Mont. H. Mortimer-Lamb, Montreal, Canada. J. Murray Clark, Toronto, Canada. Andrew W. Newberry, San Francisco, Cal. J. H. Collier, Oakland, Cal. C. E. Pettibone, Cleveland, 0. H. S. Emlaw, Spring Lake, Mich. Heinrich Ries, Ithaca, N. Y. E. L. Estabrook, Platteville, Wis. C. S. Robinson, Youngstown, 0. James W. Hambleton, El Paso, Tex. - M. K. Rodgers, Basin, Mont. James Henderson, London, England. E. J. Rossbach, St. Louis, Mo. G. P. Hulst, East Chicago, Ind. J. B. Tyrrell, Toronto, Canada. William F. Jahn, Riebeling, Mont. G. B. Waterhouse, Buffalo, N. Y.

Jan 7, 1916

By F. R. Hutto Jr., F. L. Kady Jr., L. E. Weymouth

The behavior of particulate non-metallic materials in moving contact with smooth surfaces is of interest and concern to manufacturers and users of abrasives, of fillers, and of pigments alike. The theoretical aspects of the subject have been treated to considerable extent in the literature, and correlatic,ns are available that attempt to relate various methods of hardness determination." 2 The particle size and friability are characteristics of the abrasive that are not related to the smooth surface. The hardness, on the other hand, may be visualized as relative to that of the smooth surface. In a study of abrasive action, the role that hardness, per se, plays is a complicated one. For it is necessary to compare the "hardness" of the abrasive, usually a non-metallic, with that of the smooth surface, generally a metal. Hardness of non-metallics is defined as resistance to scratch and is almost universally described with respect to the Mohs scale.3 Minerals have been rated by Mohs numerically from the softest (talc = 1) to the hardest (diamond = 10). By definition, a mineral has a designated hardness when it is scratched by the standard that is numerically just above it on the scale; and conversely, when it scratches the standard that is just below it. Hardness of metals. however.. implies resistance to indentation, a property that has been measured by a number of methods. In fact, the indentation hardnesses of the standard minerals on the hlohs scale have been determined by the Rockwell tester. Reproduced below are two versions of this correlation. 'A conversion chart, prepared by Wilson Mechanical Instruments Division of American Chain and Cable Co., merely gives the conversion from Rockwell to Knoop hardness. The relation between Knoop indentation hardness and Mohs scale has been reported by G. S. Smith — A New Scale of Hardness, The Engineer, Aug. 26. 1949. G. F. Kinney in Engineerin Properties and Aplications of Plastics reports the Rockwell hardness of the minerals directly in the Mohs scale. The question immediately arises as to whether this relation is valid when applied in reverse; namely,

Jan 1, 1961

By Paul A. Beck, M. N. Parthasarathi

The vecrystallization texture. formed by selective growth of random nuclei in an 80 pct volled 99.997 pct A1 crystal of initial orientation mear (123) (41.21 was found to consist of components related to the single-component rolling texture by 40 deg. rota-tiows around [111]axes. The relative-volume fractiovz of the various recrystallization-texture componezts may be accouzted for 012 the basis of the Lou) mobility of twist boundaries, if it is assumed that the mobility of the tilt boundaries also varies with their orientation. Similar results with a, aluminum-alloy cystal of the (110) [112] orientation, containing iron, silicon, and zinc, show that these solute contents do not impair the effectivezess of the oriented growth mechanism of re cry s-tallization- texture formation. In a previous investigation1,2 it was found that a sharp recrystallization texture is formed as a result of the oriented growth of random artificial nuclei in an aluminum crystal rolled to 80 pct RA, on the (110) plane in the [ 112] direction. Four recrystallization-texture components were found to occur, with orientations corresponding to 40-deg rotations around [111 1 axes of the deformation texture. Reorientations of this type were already found in earlier work,3,4 where the presence of random nuclei could be reasonably assumed, but was not rigorously documented. The same orientation relationship was found also by Lucke and Liebmann, who actually measured the orientation dependence of boundary-migration rates in the recrystallization of A1 crystals slightly deformed in tension.5,6 The occurrence in the recrystallization texture of only four of the eight crystallographically equivalent orientations of the type referred to above remained unexplained,1,2 although it was clearly not a result of the absence of suitable nuclei. Recently Burgers7 suggested that this effect may be due to the aniso-tropy of boundary mobility observed2'6; it was found that the recrystallized grains of the 40-deg [111]-rotated type grow much faster in directions perpendicular to the [ 111] they have in common with the matrix than parallel to this direction, i.e., the tilt boundaries have much higher mobility than the twist boundaries. The four orientations corresponding to

Jan 1, 1962

E. Windsor Richards, London, England:—In reading this paper the most interesting point to me mas the question of the maximum percentage of phosphorus allowable in the steel rail. Mr. Colby said, and we will all agree with him, that the engineer knew, and even a steel-rail maker grants that phosphorus is the most undesirable constituent of steel. We in England have been for a long time considering a specification for the supply of steel rails. This matter has been taken up by the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Mechanical Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Institute of Naval Architects, and the Electrical Engineers. Committees have been formed,and the whole matter has received most careful attention. They arrived at last at an analysis which I will read: " The carbon is to be from 0.35 to 0.5 per cent.; the manganese from 0.7 to 1.0 per cent.; the silicon, not to exceed 0.10 per cent.; phosphorus, 0.07; and sulphur, 0.07 per cent." As to the phosphorus, which is the most important point of all in the analysis, we have for many years, and indeed until very lately, always agreed to supply steel which would not contain above 0.06 per cent. of phosphorus. Iron-ores are not quite as good now as they were formerly, and the manufacturers at the meetings of the committees referred to, tried to obtain an increase in the allowance of phosphorus. They asked the Sub-committee to agree to 0.08 per cent. of phosphorus. They tried all they possibly could to obtain that; but they failed. English engineers in Great George Street and all over England, representing the important Associa tions I have mentioned, would only agree to 0.07 per cent. and that is the maximum allowance of phosphorus. Mr. Colby is an able advocate, but with all his ability he would not have been able to persuade the English engineers to agree to 0.08 per cent.

Jan 1, 1907

By B. G. Bunting, D. L. Abata, J. Robb, J. H. Johnson

Toxic gases produced by the detonation of six explosives were measured in an underground hardrock metal mine during mining operations. The explosives included two semi-gelatin dynamites, three slurry explosives, and an ammonium nitrate, fuel-oil/ammonia dynamite combination. Explosives were detonated at the face of a drift and toxic gases produced by the detonation were trapped at the end of the drift by a bulkhead located a short distance away from the face. Toxic gas concentrations were then measured with direct readout instruments and together with the containment volume, the toxic gas volumes per mass of explosive were calculated. Toxic gas measurements were found in the following ranges (ft3/1bm): NO, 0.0100-0.035; N02, 0.003-0.019; CO, 0.08-0.30; SO2, 0.00-0.05; and CO2, 0.7-1.8. Results showed that toxic gas production (ft3/lbm) correlated with the densities (kg/m3) and energy densities (kJ/kg) of the explosives tested.

Jan 1, 1983

By Linn M. Farish

The estimated production of petroleum in the Dominion of Canada for 1931 was 1,582,000 bbl., an increase of 60,000 bbl. over 1930. Nearly all of the production came from Alberta, with a small quantity from Ontario, and a very minor amount reported from New Brunswick. At the beginning of 1931 it was hoped, and predicted, that a substantial increase in production would be shown for that year, but such was not the case, since Alberta did not show the anticipated gain. The production from Ontario and New Brunswick has not varied more than a few thousand barrels during the past 10 years and aggregated 124,000 bbl. in 1930, with 126,600 bbl. estimated for 1931. Unless new fields are discovered, production in 1932 will decline, with Ontario and New Brunswick showing little change and Alberta declining appreciably. Canadian production by provinces during the past 10 years is given in Table 1. Furnished by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. a Barrels of 35 Imperial gallons or 42 U. S. gallons. c Figures for Ontario and New Brunswick are estimated. The production of natural gas in Canada reached the record figure of 29,377,000,000 cu. ft. in 1930 and it is estimated at 26,874,600,000

Jan 1, 1932

By Joseph M. Locke

The discovery of this asphaltum was made by S. H. Gilson, of Salt Lake, and since then the material has borne the local name of Gilsonite. So far as I have been able to ascertain, however, the first published notice of this discovery was made by Prof. W. P. Blake in the Engineering arid Mining Journal, of December 26, 1885, where he names the new mineral Uintahite, from the place of its discovery, the Uintah Mountains in eastern Utah. The priority of publication and the geographical fitness of the name will probably secure its acceptance by mineralogists.* The following is Prof. Blake's article. In the month of September last, a sample of peculiar asphalt was received for examination, and recently when in Provo, Utah, I had the opportunity of seeing a considerable quantity brought in from the Uintah Mountains. It is obtained in masses several inches in diameter, and apparently free from mechanically disseminated impurities. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, is very brittle, and is readily reduced to powder in a mortar. Hardness, 2 to 25. Gravity, 1.065 to 1.070. Color, black, brilliant, and lustrous; streak and powder, a rich brown. It is a non-conductor of electricity, and is electrically excited by friction.

Jan 1, 1888

South Dakota State Geological and Natural History Survey, State University, Vermillion, S D. A list of publications will be sent upon request Many of the publications are out of print A series of Biennial Reports of the State Geologist will be sent upon receipt of three cents for postage on each, and are available as follows: 1918-20, 1920-22, 1922-24, 1924-26, 1926-28, 1928-30 Available Bulletins of greatest interest are: Bulletin 4, Pre¬liminary report of the geology of the Rosebud Reservation (1909), 10 cents; 10, Possibilities of oil in South Dakota (1922), 10 cents A series of Circulars (5 cents each) deals with the possibilities of oil and gas in various parts of the state, as follows¬ Circular 8, Eastern Pennington County (1921), 9, Western Dewey County (1922); 10, Northern Dewey County (1922), 12, Eastern Harding County (1923), 13, Northern Ziebach County (1923); 20, Western Ziebach County (1925), 23, Northeastern Meade County (1925); 27, Western Corson County Other Circulars (5 cents each) are: Circular 16, The natural resources of South Dakota (1924), 22, Structures ,in northern Haakon County (1925); 24, The Ragged Butte structure (1925), 25, The structure of western South Dakota (1925), 28, Structures in western Haakon and eastern Pennington counties (1926)

Jan 1, 1933

At the meeting of the Board of Directors of the Institute on Jan. 26, 1917, the following actions were taken: Messrs. A. C. Clark, Lawrence Addicks and G. D. Van Arsdale were appointed Tellers to count ballots for Officers and Directors. Messrs. T. T. Read, V. S. Harper, and. E. J. Hall were appointed Tellers to count ballots on revised spelling. The Finance Committee's audit for the year 1916 was approved and ordered filed. The Report of the Finance Committee upon the method of raising this Institute's share of the deficit on the additions to the building was approved and accepted. Upon the recommendation of the Secretary, increases in the salaries of some of the employees were approved. The St. Louis Section received an appropriation of $200 for the year 1917. The Columbia Section received an appropriation of $150 for the year 1917. The Montana Section received an appropriation of $100 for the year 1917. The Colorado Section received an appropriation of $175 for the year 1917. The Utah Section received an appropriation of $125 for the year 1917. The Puget Sound Section received a set of Transactions in standard binding. The International Engineering Congress received a loan of $300 until the Congress can realize upon some of its assets.

Jan 3, 1917

By Persifor Frazer

CONTENTS. PAGE 1. Committee House of Commons Report (1843).......521 2. Clark (1880).............521 3. Schröder and Schertel (1884).... . 521 4. Committee House of Lords Report (1887).......523 5. Vita (1890).............524 6. Irvine (1890-1)............524 i. Cramer (1891)............525 8. Bailey. Cohen. Tatham and Hartog (1891))......525 9. Morrison (1891)............525 10. Brunner (1891)............525 11. Bell (1892).............585 12. Oades (1892).............526 12a. Purcell (1892)............526 13. Sennett (1892)............526 14. Bulier (1892).............526 1.7. Wiesner (1892))...........526 16. Thomson (1892)............530 17. Fletcher (1892)............530 18. Committee Engineers' Club Report (1892).......530 19. Cohen and Hefford (1892)..........531 20. Discussion Soc. Chem. Ind. (1893). ..532 21. Reuss (1893).............532 22. Thomson (1894—5) ...........535 23. Clowes and Feilmann (1895). ...536 24. Callan (1895)...........536 2.5. Wright (1895)............536 25A. Mabery (1895)............536 26. Re- (1896). ..........536 27. Herman (1896)............ 537 28. Cohen and Russell (1896).......... 537 29. Dennstedt and A hrens (1896). ..537 30. Cohen (1897). ...........537 31. Drehschmidt (1897)........... 538 32. Pfeiffer (1898). .........538 33. Fritzche (1898)............ 540 34. Ost and Wehmer (1899)........... 540 35. Donkin (1899). .........541 36. Beilby (1899)............. 643 37. Berthelot (1900)............ 544

Jan 1, 1908

By W. David Menzie

An inventory of the mineral resources of a region is a most desirable basis for planning their systematic development. In the absence of appropriate samples upon which to base a reliable estimate of this inventory, investigators have resorted to a number of indirect approaches; the unit regional value concept forms the basis for one such approach. The produced resources of a region are a function of the inventory multiplied by the degree of intensity (some fraction between zero and one) of development of the resources. A convenient means of expressing this amount is to accumulate the weight and value of resource and to prorate the totals over the area represented by the unit sampled; i.e., weight and value per unit area or tonnes/km.2 and U.S. 1967 $/km.2. When this approach is used for the U.S.A., South Africa and Rhodesia the average value of (log.) U.S. 67$/km.2 for the states of the U.S.A. and South Africa are similar ($55,176 U.S.$67/km.2 and $52,538/km.2 respectively); whereas, Rhodesia is relatively underdeveloped (10,301 U.S.67$/km.2). On the other hand if the individual commodities are used as a basis for comparison, the U.S.A. shows the greatest diversity (67 commodities out of a possible total of 75) with South Africa next (50 commodities) and Rhodesia last with only 26 commodities. Since it is known that area and value are not simply related perhaps diversity is directly related to area. Again the kinds of commodities which have contributed the greatest value to the totals differs, with fuels (petroleum, coal and natural gas) predominating in the U.S.A. totals; whereas, South Africa and Rhodesia obtain their greatest contributions from gold, diamonds (S. Africa) coal and asbestos. In each case the greatest value of resources is produced from sedimentary rocks. As a somewhat different kind of example, consider a single resource (petroleum, the most valuable in the U.S.A.) over a large area (number of sampling units) the U.S.A. by state. Furthermore, assume that the model frequency distribution of the amount of petroleum (tonnes/km.2) is log normal. Then the present production fails to match the model first because 17 states (34% out of 50) have not produced petroleum. Of the remaining 33 states, Louisiana has produced the most (15,177 tonnes/km.2) and the frequency histogram is still skew. A spatial analysis of the distribution of the amount of petroleum by state shows that the samples (i.e., states) are not random; the non-producers and producers tend to cluster. It remains to be seen if this is indeed a true representation of the incidence of petroleum or is a function of the exploration philosophy currently in vogue.

Jan 1, 1977

By Roger C. Ilsley

The $2.1 billion Milwaukee Water Pollution Abatement Program (MWAP) requires the construction of several miles of underground openings at depths up to 350 feet for the conveyance and storage of sewage and storm water overflows. The system will include approximately 27km (17 miles) of deep tunnels ranging from 3m (10 f t.) to 9m (30 f t.) in diameter, 26 shafts and a pumping station cavern. The facilities will be located primarily in Silurian Age dolomites of the Niagara Group. The rock is characterized as competent with vertical to sub-vertical orthogonal jointing and predominantly thin shale bedding planes. The site investigation was carried out incrementally, commencing on an area wide basis, becoming site specific as facility plans were developed. To achieve cost savings through uniformity and continuity, a computerized data bank was established. Software was developed during the initial stages of the program for the production of borehole logs, structure contour maps, geologic profiles and summaries of data for statistical evaluations. This paper discusses in general terms the collection, compilation and presentation of data necessary for the characterization of the rock mass.

Jan 1, 1984

Domestic: Middle West-,11.. B. Newcombe Eastern District-J. French Robinson1 Kansas-Henry A. Ley 2 Oklahoma-Henry A. Ley 3 Texas, except Gulf Coast and Panhandle-M. G. Cheney 5 Texas Panhandle-W. E. Hubbard and H. E. Crum 6 Gulf Coast-L. P. Teas 7 South Arkansas, North Louisiana and Mississippi-H. K. Shearer 8 Foreign Mexico-V. R. Garfias and C. 0. Isakson 9 Canada-Line M. Farish 10 Venezuela-C. W. Hamilton 10 Colombia-J. T. Duce 12 Peru-O. B. Hopkins 12 Trindad-Williaim J. Millard 13 Dutch East Indies-Fred B. Ely 13 Rumania-I. I. Gardescu . .. . 14 India-Eric J. Bradshaw 14

Jan 1, 1931

By L. H. Van Vlack, T. Y. Tien, R. J. Martin

The phase relationships of the MnTe-MnS system were studied by DTA procedures. There is an eutectic at 810°C with about 10 mole pct MnS-90 mole pct MnTe. An eutectoid occurs at about 710°C with approximately 7 mole pct MnS where the MnTe(NaCl) solid solution dissociates on cooling to MnTe(NiAs) and MnS. There is very little solid solubility of MnTe in MnS. ALTHOUGH MnS may exist in three different crystal forms,' only the NaC1-type phase is stable.2 Above 1040°C, MnTe also has the cubic NaC1-type structure. Below that temperature, MnTe changes to the NiAs-type structure.3 This phase transition is rapid for both heating and cooling. As a result the high-temperature crystal form of MnTe cannot be retained at room temperature. Because MnO, MnS, and MnSe are all stable with the NaC1-type structure, and MnTe has this structure at high temperatures,4 solid solution formation could be expected among these compounds. It is interesting to note, however, that a complete series of solid solutions exist only in the MnS-MnSe system,' and that the solid solution is quite limited in the MnO-MnS system.' The MnSe-MnTe system possesses a complete series of solid solutions at high temperatures with separation at lower temperatures.7 Although ion size may be critical in the miscibility of MnO-MnS, it is quite possible that the bond type plays a more important role with the miscibility of MnSe-MnTe. This would permit us to speculate that the miscibility gap would be extensive in the MnTe-MnS system. EXPERIMENTAL Preparation. The samples were prepared by mixing and compacting MnTe and MnS powders. The MnS was previously prepared through the sulfur reduction of Mnso4.8 The MnTe had been prepared by mixing and compacting double vacuum distilled metallic manganese and high-purity tellurium in stoichiometric ratio modified with 1 wt pct excess tellurium. The compacted powders were put in a graphite crucible which was sealed in an evacuated vycor tube. The free space in the vycor tube was made minimal to reduce the loss of tellurium. The sealed assembly was then heated slowly to about 500° C where the free manganese and tellurium reacted vigorously, melting the MnTe which formed. Only one phase, MnTe, was detected by X-ray powder patterns and metallographic techniques. Each compact of MnTe-MnS was placed in a graphite crucible and then sealed in an evacuated vycor tube. The samples were heated at 1250°C for 4 hr and furnace-cooled. Microscopic examination revealed no third phase beyond MnS and MnTe. A typical microstructure is presented in Fig. 1. Identification. X-ray powder patterns were obtained using 114.6 mm Debye-Scherrer camera and Fe-Ka radiation. Mixtures of cubic MnS and hexagonal MnTe were observed in all of the compositions prepared. No lattice parameter change was noticed among different compositions, indicating no solid solution could be retained at room temperatures between these two end-members. A lattice parameter of 5.244Å for MnS was obtained by the Nelson and Riley9 extrapolation method using the diffraction lines of (h2 + k2 + 12) equal 12, 16, 20, and 24. The values, a = 4.145Å and c = 6.708Å, for hexagonal MnTe were obtained from the (006) and (220) lines in the back-reflection region. These values agree well with the values reported by Taylor and Kag1e.10 Differential Thermal Analysis. A differential thermal analysis procedure was used to determine phase relationships since the high-temperature equilibrium conditions could not be retained for examination at room temperature, even when the sealed samples (~0.5 g) were quenched in water. The samples were sealed in an evacuated 4 mm vycor tube with a recess in the bottom to accept a thermocouple. An Al2O3 reference was similarly prepared and the two placed within a piece of insulating fire brick to dampen spurious temperature changes within the furnace. The furnace was controlled by a mechanically driven rheostat which increased the temperature at a rate of about 15°C per min. Known phase changes in the Pb-Sn system1' and the a-to-ß quartz inversion12 were used for calibration

Jan 1, 1969

By NEWTON B. KNOX

CHILEAN mining in the public mind is rightly associated with copper. Chuquicamata with its great hill of copper-bearing granodiorite as well as Sewell and Potrerillos with mineralized volcanic necks together can supply a good proportion of the world's normal necessities of that metal. Chile is an extremely long and narrow country, averaging only 109 miles wide. Its eastern frontier is the Andes and it is on the western slopes of these mountains that the great copper deposits have been discovered. West of the Andes a great longitudinal depres sion has permitted accumulation of nitrates and other soluble salts in the arid north; in the north center it is hidden by a series of cross ranges, but in the center a moderate rainfall makes it the country's most important agricultural region. In the south this depression is drowned and gives rise to a series of straits and fiords. This enormous cleft in the earth's crust is separated from the sea by a coast range of moderate elevation which in the south is represented by a series of islands and mushroom-shaped peninsulas

Jan 1, 1945

By A. C. Dorenfeld

In most mineral enterprises, what is the progress, and shift in responsibilities, as the young engineer advances in the corporation? You are all familiar with the normal pattern-in mine production from level boss, to shift boss, to superintendent to manager; in milling from test engineer, to shift boss, to foreman, to superintendent and then manager; in engineering from surveying on to Chief Engineer; and all then aspire to the corporation presidency. Note the shift-from purely technical jobs, say in the first five to ten years in the profession, to administrative positions for 30 to 40 years. What is the average preparation given to mineral engineering students, who can look forward to about 30 years of administrative work? From the catalogs of 21 institutions, offering 36 curricula of four years length, in mining and/or metallurgy, requiring the equivalent of about 150 to 160 semesterhours for graduation, the following results were obtained: Average number of semester hours of economics, 3 hr. Range of requirements, 0 to 8 hr. Thirteen curricula do not require any economics. Accounting and business law, average: 1 semester hr, 26 curricula do not require business law or accounting.

Jan 2, 1955

(Members are urged to send in for this. column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members and guests who called at the Institute headquarters during the period Sept. 10, 1916 to Oct. 10, 1916. Arthur K. Adams, Chanaral, Chile. C. F. Moore, Salt Lake City, Utah. Hiram W. Belnap, Washington, D. C. L. D. Moore, Providence, R. I. E. A. Bridgman, Seattle, Wash. George A. Morrison, Chicago, Ill. D. W. Buckly, Wallace, Idaho. Pablo Ortega, Havana, Cuba. G. L. Carlisle, Jr., New York, N. Y. L. W. Paige, New York, N. Y. Ernest H. A. Cohen, Johannesburg, So. Africa. Charles Petzel, New York N. Y. A. Faison Dixon, Camp Rio de Oro, Venezuela. C. A. Pierce, Patagonia, Arizona. Charles E. Dutton, Goldfield, Nev. W. E. Pomeroy, El Paso, Texas. D.-F. Hewitt, Washington, D. C. George S. Rice, Washington, D. C. . James E. Howard, Washington, D. C. G. J. Schofield, Seattle, Wash. A. 0. Ihlseng, Joplin, Mo. Warren D. Thompson, New York, N. Y. I. Ishikawa, Niagara Falls, N. Y. M. M. Valerius, Tulsa; Okla. Montrose L. Lee, New York, N. Y. G. B. Waterhouse, Buffalo, N. Y. V. H. McNutt, Billings, Mont. Joel H. Watkins Washington, D. C. Benjamin L. Miller, So. Bethlehem, Pa. H. P. Wherry, Chicago, Ill. Arthur K. Adams has left for Chile, where he will act as geologist for the Andes Copper Co., a subsidiary of the Anaconda copper company.

Jan 10, 1916

By John B. Knaebel, Robert J. Grant

This paper outlines the trends in gold production since the discovery of America, in the world as a whole, and in the principal producing regions as well. World production climbed at an average rate of about 20,000,000 oz. per 5-year period until the record all-time output of 111,307,000 oz. in the period ending with 1915. Production fell off during the war period, but has been mounting since 1925, and will probably be nearly 100,000,000 oz. for the 5-year period ending in 1930. Total world production of gold from 1492 to the end of 1930, as closely as can be determined, is more than 1,061,000,000 fine ounces. More than one-half of this total, or about 575,000,000 oz., has been mined since 1900. In percentage of world production, the United States jumped from 4.8 per cent for the decade 1831-1840 to 44.5 per cent for the five years ending with 1855. This is the highest figure ever reached by this country, although, with the exception of the 10-year period ending 1865, it ranked first among the nationa from 1849 until the end of 1905. During the 5-year period ending with that year, the United States produced 24.7 per cent of the world's gold. The tremendous increase from South Africa following 1890 resulted in that country's becoming the largest contributor for the five years 1906-1910, a position it has held with increasing dominance ever since. Relegated to second place in the period 1906 to 1910, the United States produced nearly 20 per cent of the world's new gold until 1920. From 1921 to 1925 it averaged 13.6 per cent and since then it has continued to decline in relative importance, accounting for only 10.9 per cent in 1927. Final figures for 1930 may place Canada second among the gold producers of the world.

Jan 1, 1931

The sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who addressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coalbeds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metallurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse,. Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine,.. .. . Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair,. .. .. Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton,. .. .. Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth,..Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda,..Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown,.... Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush,.. .. .Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright,.. .. . Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisholm,.. .. . Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisholm,.. .. . Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke,.. .. . Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton,. .. .. Ore Knob, N..C.

THE sessions of the Institute were opened on Tuesday evening, October 26th, at Garrett's Hall, by Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chairman of the Local Committee of Arrangements, who welcomed the Institute to Cleveland, and introduced Col. Charles Whittlesey, who ad¬dressed the Institute briefly on the coal deposits of Ohio. Col. Whittlesey described the situation and character of the coal-beds of the State, and gave a short history of the use of raw coal in the manufacture of pig-iron, and spoke of the excellent quality of metal produced. The aid that a body of scientific miners and metal¬lurgists were capable of giving in the development of coal and other mineral resources was dwelt upon, and the hope expressed that the visit of the Institute to Cleveland might be profitable as, well to its members as to the citizens of the State. The President, Mr. A. L. Holley, responded to the welcome of Mr. Otis and of Col. Whittlesey, and read an introductory address on Some Pressing Needs in the Iron and Steel Manufacture. The following members and associates, duly proposed and indorsed by the Council, were then elected MEMBERS. Alfred S. Bertolet, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Binnse, - Chicago, Ill. John Birkinbine, - Philadelphia. Andrew A. Blair, - Watertown Arsenal, Mass. Ogden Bolton, - Canton, Ohio. Lloyd Booth, - Youngstown, Ohio. E. Borda, - Philadelphia. N. P. Bowler, - Cleveland, Ohio. Alexander E. Brown, - Cleveland, Ohio. C. F. Brush, - Cleveland, Ohio. S. M. Carpenter, - Cleveland, Ohio. James Cartwright, - Youngstown, Ohio. Henry Chisbolm, - Cleveland, Ohio. Wilson B. Chisbolm, - Newburgh, Ohio. W. H. Clarke, - Millertown, Pa. James E. Clayton, - Ore Knob, N. C.

Jan 1, 1876