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By Jeffrey P. Schubert

The study site in northeastern Illinois underwent surface mining for coal in 1943 and was reclaimed by the state of Illinois in 1972-1973. Additional soil amendments and seed were applied to the spoil surface in 1975-1980. Previous studies in 1975-1978 had shown that the surface spoil materials and five final-cut lakes at the site were quite acidic and the lakes contained high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals. Surface runoff water from monitoring plots in 1976 were only moderately acidic and the mean concentrations of most dissolved metals and sulfate in the runoff waters were less than 25% of the concentrations found in Lake B. By 1980, vegetation had become well established over most of the mined area. However, the five final-cut lakes (Lakes A-E) remained acidic. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the physical and geochemical subsurface conditions of the spoil materials, the hydrologic flow system within the spoils, and the magnitude of acidic spoil leachate migration into the lakes and into the wetland prairie north of the mine site. Lakes A, B, C, and E were still very acidic in 1980-1981 (pH range: 2.9-3.4; aridity range: 110-860 mg/L as CaCO3). Lake B had the worst water quality, with mean concentrations of dissolved aluminum, iron, manganese, and sulfate of 75, 25, 37, and 3340 mg/L, respectively. Shallow groundwaters in spoil materials around Lake B had a lower pH and about two to four times greater concentrations of aridity, aluminum, manganese, zinc, and other metals and nearly 20 times greater dissolved iron than the water in Lake B. The shallow groundwaters in undisturbed soils and bedrock 10-30 m north of the mine site spoils generally were alkaline, but did contain occasional moderately high sulfate and metal concentrations. Pumping tests and recovery tests conducted in piezometers showed hydraulic conductivities of spoil materials ranging from less than 10- to 10-5 m/s; hydraulic conductivities of natural soils and bedrock were measured between 10-10 to 10-7 m/s. Water levels in spoil materials increased rapidly in response to rainstorm events and the recession curves were relatively quick to decline, lasting only two or three days. Quick infiltration of rainfall into the spoil surface and percolation down to the water table caused a rise in groundwater levels and movement of spoil groundwater into the lakes. This groundwater component in the lake water budgets could account for most of the water quality problems occurring in the acid lakes.

Jan 1, 1984

By James W. Reil, Douglas A. Anderson, Steven L. Burchell

A total of 26 full-scale production blasts at three sites were extensively monitored with sophisticated instrumentation systems to determine the benefits of more accurate detonators. The new and more accurate MS electric Masterdet detonator was tested against conventional detonators to determine any increase in productivity outputs. All blast design parameters between paired blasts were kept as constant as possible with the only difference being the inherent accuracy of both detonator systems.

Jan 1, 1986

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

ALTHOUGH the mechanical and chemical characteristics of certain iron-nickel-silicon alloys have been investigated,1 the available literature shows no results of a systematic investigation of the constitution of this system. This paper describes the results of an X-ray investigation of the constitution of the iron-rich iron-nickel-silicon alloys at 600°C. Data on the constitution of the included binary systems obtained in other investigations have been correlated with the structure of the ternary alloys. Jette and Foote2 have presented a tentative constitutional diagram of the iron-nickel system following X-ray studies on quenched specimens. This diagram shows that the alloys at 600°C. containing from zero to approximately 4 atomic per cent nickel consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase, the alloys containing 4 to 24 atomic per cent nickel consist of body-centered cubic (alpha) and face- centered cubic (gamma) phases, and the alloys containing from 24 to 100 atomic per cent nickel consist of a face-centered cubic (gamma) phase. These investigators recognized that it was not possible to retain the gamma phase in equilibrium by quenching alloys containing less than approximately 25 atomic per cent nickel and that high-temperature X-ray methods were desirable to determine the gamma-phase solubility limit. In a later investigation of the iron-nickel alloys, Owen and Sulley3 determined the alpha-phase solid solubility limit to be 3.5 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. High-temperature X-ray methods showed the solid solubility limit of the gamma phase to be 14 atomic per cent nickel at 600°C. Since the high-temperature X-ray method should reveal equilibrium conditions in these alloys better than the quench method of other investigators, the results of Owen and Sulley pertaining to the gamma-phase boundary are to be preferred. As the result of an X-ray investigation of quenched iron-silicon alloys, Greiner and Jette4 have shown these materials to consist of a body-centered cubic (alpha) phase containing from o to 26.4 atomic per cent silicon at 600°C. The alloys containing from 26.4 to approximately 50 atomic per cent silicon consist of two phases at 600°C.; namely, alpha and eta. The eta phase corresponds to the stoichiometrical formula FeSi (33.4 wt. per cent Si).* The literature pertaining to the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys has been reviewed by Ackerman,5 who found disagreements in the results of various investigators on several parts of the system. Subsequent data on the constitution of the nickel-silicon alloys were reported by Osawa and Okamoto.6

Jan 1, 1943

By Peter E. Price

Salt dome hosted metallic sulfide deposits are the product of a complex evolutionary system involving halokinesis, cap rock development and diagenesis, and the generation, migration, and accumulation of basinal brines and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons play an important role in: (1) the production of calcite cap rock which hosts some of the metallic sulfide and sulfur concentrations, and (2) the generation of the reduced sulfur available for metallic sulfide precipitation and sulfur formation. Hydrocarbons and related fluids also are involved in the transporta¬tion and remobilization of the metals. Hydrocarbon consumption, in the course of cap rock development and sulfide mineralization at Hockley dome, is estimated to have been 6.4 million barrels of oil or 114 million cubic feet of methane. Mineral textures, including cap-rock banding, sulfide bands in anhydrite, and fine sulfide mineral banding indicate both episodic fluid influx and fluid compositional differences through time. Features such as pyrite "shells" and sphalerite and marcasite hemispheres may have been localized by hydrocarbon droplets and /or bacterial colonies. Marcasite mineralization in shallow strata above and flanking Hockley dome is best developed over the western and southern parts of the dome. This pattern mimics the known distribution of sulfide mineralization, which is dominantly marcasite, in the underlying cap rock. The iron sulfide paragenetic sequence in the sediments is pyritohedral and cubic + pyrithohedral pyrite followed by marcasite which is encrusted by cubic pyrite. Sulfur isotopic averages for the three stages are +20.8, -20.2, and +6.4 per mil, respectively. These values generally coincide with cap rock sulfate (+20 per mil), cap rock hosted metallic sulfides (-20 to +4 per mil), and sulfur in hydrocarbons (+5.8 per mil). Hydrocarbon compositions indicate provincial variations in oil composition and generation history. Long Point and Boling domes, which have an intergrown sulfide-sulfate-sulfur mineral assemblage indicative of mixed reducing-oxidizing environment, contain oils that are less mature than Hockley dome which appears to be more mineralogically segregated. Sterane biomarker compositions of the oils at Hockley, Long Point and Boling domes indicate a local, dominantly terrestrial source. An oil sample from supracap sandstones on the northeast flank of Hockley dome contained over 750 ppm combined Fe, Zn, Pb, and Co, indicating that hydrocarbons are carrying or remobilizing metals. Cap rock calcite and anhydrite also exhibit provincial variations in strontium isotopic ratios. Calcite and anhydrite cap rocks from several sulfide mineralized domes in the Houston diapir province have strontium isotopic ratios that are more radiogenic than Jurassic sea water (>0.7078). A calcite sample within massive sulfides at Winnfield dome also has a high 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7085). Variations in strontium isotopic ratios with strontium content indicate the mixing of at least three Sr-bearing fluids in the cap rock environment, one of which may have been the metal carrier. Anhydrite residues from diapiric salt have strontium ratios up to 0.7100, considerably more radiogenic than Jurassic seawater. These high ratios indicate either that salt and anhydrite recrystallized sometime post-Jurassic in the presence of a fluid with a high 87Sr/86Sr ratio, or that they precipitated in the Jurassic from a fluid with a higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio than Jurassic seawater. Salt domes with cap rocks containing metallic sulfides have only been found in basins that have geopressured zones. Waters from geopressured zones in the vicinity of mineralized salt domes have salinities that are two or more times higher and iron and base metal concentrations that are three to one thousand times higher, than geopressured fluids from other parts of the basin.

Jan 1, 2013

By G. L. Liu

"Deformation Banding ( DB ) in cold rolled mild steel has been experimentally established by microstructure investigation. Deformation banding model includes such deformation mode when it is applied to rolling texture simulation. The cause for the occurrence of deformation banding is the reduction of the total work for plastic deformation through a relaxation of the deformation constraints. In the first DB model, all grains are assumed to band from the first deformation step. Such an unrealistic assumption has been eliminated in the new model by the introduction of a banding criterion based on an energy minimizing approach. The prediction is closer to the measured texture by applying banding criterion and setting critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) ratio for { 110 } and { 112 } slip modes to 0.85.IntroductionBased on the continuum theory of plastic flow and deformation mechanism of crystallographic dislocation slip, Taylor's FC ( Full Constrain ) theory [1] has been widely used in texture modeling. As the process of cold rolling of sheet materials produces a microstructure consisting of elongated or equiaxed flat grain or cell, the ""lath"" and ""pancake"" relaxed constraints ( RC ) models [2, 3] were introduced as the successful improvements over the classical FC model. It has been also recognized that crystals may split into different orientations during deformation and the term deformation banding is used to describe such deformation processes [4, 5]. Lee et al. [6, 7] pointed out that the success of the RC theory in predicting textures depends on the physical processes of deformation banding. They developed so called Deformation Banding ( DB ) model by considering DB in the longitudinal plane to be accounted for by the RC method and allowing DB in the rolling plane. DB model was applied to simulate the texture development in bee case [8], the predicted bee rolling textures are in reasonable agreement with the measured textures. In the first DB model, however, all grains are assumed to band right upon the first deformation step. A banding criterion was formulated [7] which states that DB will occur if the work used in DB model is less than that in RC model. Such criterion has been incorporated into the original DB model for texture simulation and is referred to as DBC ( Deformation Banding Criterion ) model."

Jan 1, 1998

In 1960, the Secretary of the Interior, acting under the provisions of Public Law 454, 80th Congress, appointed a Lignite Advisory Committee to aid in programming research on coal (lignite) of the north-central area. The chairman of this committee is the Secretary of the Interior or his delegated representative, and in all meetings held during 1960 and 1961, the Director of the Bureau of Mines, Marling J. Ankeny, has presided. The members of this committee were R. W. Rovelstad, President, Baukol-Noonan, Inc., Noonan, N. Dak. W. E. Keller, Vice President, Northwest Division, Truax-Traer Coal Co., Minneapolis, Minn. A. M. Cooley, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks; N. Dak.

Jan 1, 1963

By G. S. Scott

In the course of tire investigation into the causes, behavior, and control of mine fires, which the Bureau of Mines is now conducting, come attention was given to the subject of spontaneous heating. It is self-evident that the temperature of a pile of broken coal will rise if the rate of generation of heat exceeds the rate of heat dissipation and will fall if the opposite is the cane. Factors that affect the rate of generation of heat are:

Jan 1, 1941

CONTENTS PAGE FOGLER, M. F., and QUINN, E. J.-Scratch and Brinell Hardness of Severely Cold-rolled Metals. Discussed by H. S. Rawdon, Carl Benedicks, M. F. Fogler, A. L.Davis 1 GREEN, C. H. Eutectic Patterns in Metallic Alloys. Discussed by Carl Benedicks, Carle R. Hayward, G. E. Dalbey, George F. Comstock, C. H. Green. 3 ARCHER, ROBERT S., and JEFFRIES, ZAY.-New Developments in High-strength Aluminum Alloys. - Discussed by F. B. Coyle, M. F. Fogler, Zay. Jeffries, D. J. McAdam, Jr., Horace C. Knerr, Ernest Schweizer 6 FLICK, FULTON B.-Etching Aluminum and Its Alloys for Macroscopic and Microscopic Examination. Discussed by Samuel Daniels 22. MERICA, PAUL D., and WALTENBERG, R. G.-The Malleability of Nickel. Discussed by H. W. Gillett, Ancel St. John. L. W. McKeehan, A. L. Feild, A. L. Davis 23 ANDERSON, ROBERT J., and NORTON, JOHN T.-X-ray Evidence Versus the Amorphous-metal Hypothesis. Discussed by Zay Jeffries, Chu Phay Yap, Francis B. Foley, H. H. Lester, Edgar C. Bain, Ancel St. John, L. W. McKeehan, Carle R. Hayward, R. P: Heuer, Jerome Alexander, Carl Benedicks 26 COOK, MAURICE, and EVANS, ULICK R.-Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Soft Metals. Discussed by M. F. Fogler 36 POLUSHKIN, E. P.-Determination of Structural Composition of Alloys by a . Metallographic Planimeter. Discussed by H. S. Rawdon 36 BASSETT, WILLIAM H., and DAVIS, C. H.-Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Sea Water. Discussed by W. B. Price, W.. R. Webster, George A. Orrok, A. E. White, William H. Bassett, D. K. Crampton 38, Scratch and Brinell Hardness of Severely Cold-rolled Metals Discussion of the paper of M. F. FOGLER and E. J. QUINN, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued as Paper No. 1395-E with MINING AND METALLURGY, January, 1925. H. S. RAWDON, * Washington, D. C.-We had the privilege of looking over the data just given before they were published and we were not able to suggest any convincing reason for the differences that were secured

Jan 6, 1925

Who's Who in Mineral Engineering 1977 - SME Membership Directory of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME

Jan 7, 1977

By Philip C. Tully

This bibliography contains 3,062 different citations to technical and scientific literature about helium and alpha-particles abstracted by 13 abstract service publications during 1963. Multiple subject classification has increased the total number of entries to almost 5,000. Helium citations are listed by 23 major classifications. The number of subclassifications has been greatly increased to minimize the time required for literature search. The use of automatic data processing has been extended in compiling the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1970

By Mark J. Zdunczyk

"Frac sand is industrial silica sand much like glass, foundry, filtration and blast sand. The sand must meet certain specifications set forth by the industry that consumes the product. The production and consumption of frac sand has experienced record growth in the last 10 years because of new oil and gas drilling, new horizontal well drilling, multi-stage fracturing and the stimulation of older wells that have little or no production. Frac sand is needed to “prop open” the fractures in the rock reservoirs to allow oil and gas to flow out more freely.According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the estimated production of frac sand in 2015 was 71 percent of the total production of industrial silica sand or 67.4 Mt (74.3 million st). This is a decrease of about 12 percent from 2014. However, the silica sand industry and other industry sources estimate only 50 Mt (55 million st) of frac sand were produced in 2015. In recent years both the USGS and industry studies have been very close in estimating the production of frac sand but with the recent downturn in frac sand production, perhaps, reporting to the USGS was not as accurate. These discrepancies may be that the USGS statistics are based on voluntary reporting by the industry and some companies report their approximate production, others may not. It is always difficult to obtain accurate production figures of any industrial mineral or construction aggregate operation as most companies tend to keep those figures somewhat confidential. It is certainly accurate to report that the production of frac sand had decreased since the last quarter of 2014 and through 2015. The oversupply of oil and natural gas has led to this decline in frac sand usage. Oversupply has idled drilling rigs and well completion activities. World Oil Magazine reports that 2015 was the worst year for rigs in a quarter century. The only wells being completed are those that have contract agreements to do so, others have been capped. Very few new wells are being drilled. Since about 98 percent of well completion is sand and water, the sand supply has caught up with the demand. There are some bright spots in the “oil patch” as the Permian Basin in Texas and the Woodford Shale in Oklahoma have kept pace somewhat with drilling and completion. It has been reported that the frac sand producers in the Brady-Voca, TX area are producing to nearly capacity. The northern frac sand producers like those in Wisconsin, Illinois and Minnesota are feeling the downturn because of the cost of shipping sand to these moderately active basins and plays. The “rule of thumb” is that freight is 2/3 and sand is 1/3 the cost."

Jul 1, 2016

By David L. Veith

This Bureau of Mines bibliography of U.S. and Canadian literature pertaining to revegetating coal-mined lands contains 805 references published from 1977 to 1984. Each reference is evaluated by keywords, providing the reader with a means of rapidly sorting through the references to locate only those dealing with the coal mining region and subject of interest. All references are annotated. Other sources of information are given, including Office of Surface Mining (OSM) and State reclamation agencies and other published bibliographies.

Jan 1, 1985

By Howard Roscoe

Linking Ashford International Station to the new Channel Tunnel Rail Link required over 5000 rotary bored and CFA (continuous flight auger) piles to form tunnel walls and viaduct foundations and to support overbridges and trackside barriers.. Much of the work was carried out close to the existing railway infrastructure. Plunged columns were used to maintain traffic flows over the tunnel site during construction. The results of an extensive programme of vertical and lateral load tests on bored and CFA piles in heavily overconsolidated Weald Clay are compared to illustrate the relative importance of stress relief and of prolonged exposure to bentonite. The completion on schedule of this major piling and ground engineering contract (value £30 million) demonstrates that collaborative working in partnership produced cost effective solutions to a series of challenging technical and logistical problems.

Jan 1, 2002

By J. Jonas, J. M. Harrington, K. Wangerud, S. D. Fundingsland, J. G. Harrington

EPA NRMRL Mine Waste Technology Program and Region VIII Superfund office are jointly conducting an in-situ technology demonstration at the Anchor Hill Pit Lake, Gilt Edge Mine Superfund site. The goal is to develop in-situ treatment cost/performance data for potential application in long-term water treatment/management at Gilt Edge and similar sites. The pit contained 77,000,000 gallons of pH 3water with elevated metals, sulfate, and nitrate. The Green World Science® patented process for in situ treatment was implemented to isolate and sequester metals; create stable long-term water quality and restore a sustainable ecosystem. COCs have decreased more than 99%, and dissolved discharge standards were attained.

Jan 1, 2004

Sustainable development is at odds with reality in the minerals industry. Increasing world population and aspirations are leading to increased energy and mineral consumption. Non-renewable fossil fuels are being exploited at a much faster rate than they are being discovered. Mineral reserves are diminishing and of lower grade. Despite recycling, many of the economic reserves of the rarer metals on which technological society has come to depend are being depleted, and many of the bulk metals are being exploited at ever increasing rates. And yet, mining continues, with a long-term downtrend in commodity prices, matched by more efficient mining and processing. Will society turn to a low carbon economy before fossil fuels are depleted? Will prices come to better reflect the full cost of mineral production? Will technology save us, or is it at the root of the problem? The key drivers continue to be an ever increasing aspirational population and the law of supply and demand, rather than sustainability considerations. The paper illustrates this with examples of worldwide and Australian data.

Jan 1, 2011

By David L. Shearer

INTRODUCTON James Howden first secured an order for two Service Tunnel Boring machines in November 1986. These Tunnel Boring machines were 5.7 and 5.4 metres in diameter and the full length including back up was 215 metres. Manufacture commenced in December 1986 at the Glasgow factories of James Howden & Company with the deliveries to site of the machines in September 1987 and March 1988 respectively. In December 1987 two further orders were secured for the land running tunnels at 8.7 metres diameter. This paper presents some of the challenges in building tunnel boring machines for the Eurotunnel project between Britain and France. The general specifications of the Tunnel Boring machines and length of drives are shown in Appendix 1. DESIGN PARAMETERS The specification given by the Consortium TML on behalf of their client Eurotunnel cleary indicated that cutting of the face should be concurrent with the building of the precast concrete lining rings. In order to do this a telescopic machine was thought to be the best solution. Ground conditions were described as chalk marls of homogeneous nature with the possibility of friable areas and some revelling. A shielded type TBM with open cutter head was chosen together with a telescopic section and a rear

Jan 1, 1989

By L. B. McConville

The general term "tar sand" has been used to describe sand containing varying amounts of dense, viscous petroleum. Deposits of tar sands have been found throughout the world, often in the same geographical area as conventional petroleum. The largest one by far is known as the Athabasca Tar Sands, and is located in the province of Alberta, Canada. Actually a group of three deposits, these particular sands underlie an aggregate area of more than 12,000 square miles. Current estimates place the contained raw petroleum at about 700 billion barrels, from which as much as 300 billion barrels of synthetic oil may be recoverable under presently developed technology. For comparison, this latter quantity is roughly equivalent to five times the combined total of U.S. and Canadian crude oil reserves. With the ever-widening gap between energy supply and demand, attention is being directed to all possible energy sources - both developed and underdeveloped - and certainly the Athabasca Tar Sand deposit is one of the more important ones to merit such attention. This paper will review some of the more significant developments and attempt to place in perspective the role that this source of energy could possibly be expected to play in the foreseeable future.

Jan 1, 1974

By M. A. Schellhardt

The Bureau of Mines has made periodic back-pressure tests on numerous gas wells in the Texas Panhandle field luring the past several years to study the delivery capacities of the wells under different pressure and operating conditions and to determine the relationships between pressures and rates of delivery from gas wells.4/ However, information regarding the intake capacities of gas-well systems is meager, end in projects involving- the flow of gas into porous-rock reservoirs it has been necessary to determine intake capacities of gas wells by trial. Accordingly the fundamental intake characteristics of natural-gas wells have been studied to develop a method for determining intake capacities under different wellhead pressures from data descriptive of the "output" or producing characteristic of the wells.

Jan 1, 1936

By S. A. H Tyrrell, R. Rotzinger

"Taseko Mines Limited recommenced operation of the Gibraltar copper-molybdenum mine in 2004 and embarked on series of development projects to modernize the mine and increase throughput capacity. The Gibraltar Development Plan 3 (GDP3) project included a second stand-alone copper-molybdenum concentrator, a stand-alone molybdenum separation plant and associated services. Ausenco was contracted to commence the detailed design in 2Q2011, commissioning commenced in 4Q2012 and first ore was processed in 1Q2013. This paper discusses the design, implementation and commissioning of the GDP3 Concentrator.INTRODUCTION The Gibraltar Mine (Gibraltar) property is located in the Cariboo Region of south central British Columbia, approximately 360 kilometers northeast of Vancouver. The site is accessed via an 18 kilometer paved road from the town of McLeese Lake, which is located on the province’s main north-south highway between the cities of Williams Lake and Quesnel. Gibraltar was originally developed by Placer Development and commenced production in 1972. Gibraltar was acquired, while on care and maintenance, by Taseko Mines Limited (Taseko) in 1999 during a period of unusually low metal prices. Taseko recommenced operations at Gibraltar in 2004, and embarked on series of development projects to modernize the mine and increase throughput capacity. The 1972 Gibraltar process flowsheet incorporated two-stage crushing followed by rod and ball milling and flotation. In 2008 Gibraltar completed their first development stage that included the installation of a SAG mill, converting the existing rod mills to ball mills and adding additional flotation capacity. Gibraltar continued development with the installation of an in-pit primary crusher, expansion of the bulk regrind circuit, expansion of the cleaner flotation circuit, replacement of the tailings pumping system and replacement of the concentrate filters and dryer."

Jan 1, 2014

By M. A. Schellhardt

The Bureau of Mines has made periodic back-pressure tests on numerous gas wells in the Texas Panhandle field during the past several years to study the delivery capacities of the wells under different pressure and operating conditions and to determine the relationships between pressures and rates of delivery from gas wells.4/ However, information regarding the intake capacities of gas-well systems is meager, end in projects involving the flow of gas into porous-rock reservoirs it has been necessary to determine intake capacities of gas wells by trial. Accordingly the fundamental intake characteristics of natural-gas yells have been studied to develop a method for determining intake capacities under different wellhead pressures from data descriptive of the "output" or producing characteristic of the wells.

Jan 1, 1936