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By R. W. Pugh, D. G. Bellow

"This paper will describe how cultivator shanks are made in one company and how the manufacturing was studied with a view to increasing product consistency and reducing manufacturing cost. The product: which is used extensively in the agriculture industry, was analyzed to determine which geometric parameters optimized its design and whether there was justification for the great variety of styles and shapes that are available in the market. Finally, an extensive series of field trials were undertaken which showed that it is advantageous to the manufacturer to be better aware of the loads and forces that his product is subjected to by another industry.IntroductionStelco maintains a Research Group for its Western Region operations headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. Because of the small staff, a location that is isolated with respect to its Burlington, Ontario centre and a diverse set of processes and products, a university relationship has developed which may be different from that which would be developed at a larger integrated Steel Works. This paper outlines the type of cooperative studies carried out by Stelco Inc. in Edmonton and the University of Alberta. .To meet the research needs covering a wide variety of steelmaking processes and steel products produced in Edmonton would require more staff and equipment than the sales volume in the West justifies. The gap is filled by cooperation with university personnel. This cooperation has provided these benefits to Stelco Inc.:• access to specialized test equipment and a trained staff to operate it; and• assistance from experts in the areas of product testing and problem solving.Moreover, the close proximity of the university to the plant allows frequent meetings and ensures that practical solutions are developed and implemented. A good example of the ongoing university I industry relationship developed is the joint work on improving cultivator shanks."

Jan 1, 1982

By Ron Millions, J. A. Folinsbee, Ishwinder Grewal, Michael Fullam, Don Strickland, Tony Y. Chong

"Since milling began in 1912, the Dome mill, now part of the Porcupine Joint Venture (PJV), has been expanded several times, the most recent increasing the milling rate from 3,500 to 11,500 tonnes per day. Dome uses conventional crushing and grinding followed by gravity concentration to recover free milling gold. A cyanidation/CIP process recovers the remaining gold in the gravity tails.Over the past few years, continuous gravity improvements have increased the gravity recovery from 20% to nearly 50% of the plant feed gold. This paper describes some of the factors that have contributed to this dramatic increase, and suggests how gravity recovery can be further improved. Gravity circuit availability has been improved to >98% with the implementation of a preventative maintenance program. More Knelson concentrators have been added to the circuit, and in 2002, an Acacia Intensive Leach Reactor was installed to replace the shaking table. In 2003, the entire gravity circuit was audited to evaluate and quantify the circuit performance. The metallurgical and mechanical operating conditions of the gravity circuit are now well understood, and areas for further improvement are well defined.INTRODUCTIONThe Porcupine Joint Venture was formed in 2002 between Placer Dome Inc. and Kinross Gold Corporation. One of the goals of the JV was to use the milling capacity of the Dome mill to process ore from Placer Dome and Kinross mines in the Timmins Camp. The PJV Dome Mill utilizes gravity concentration, cyanide leaching and carbon in pulp gold circuits to recover gold. Gravity recovery has been used in some form at the Dome Mill for most of its existence, first using conventional jigs, these being replaced in 1993 by two Knelson Concentrators, one for each of the two grinding circuits in the Dome mill. Over the years more concentrators have been added to improve the gravity recovery, most recently in 2002 for a current total of five. Also in 2002, an Acacia Intensive Leach Reactor was added to process the Knelson concentrate, replacing the shaking table."

Jan 1, 2004

By J. Lovering, M. Allan

"INTRODUCTIONThe Afton Mines property is located 180 air miles east-northeast of Vancouver and nine miles west of Kamloops, a city of 60,000 people in south central British Columbia. The deposit is located adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway at an elevation of 2,231 feet above sea level.Interest in the property dates back to 1898, when a 330 foot shaft was sunk on the Pothook claim immediately south of the existing operations. Since that time many companies and individuals have investigated the possibilities of the area but it was not until 1972 that Afton Mines Ltd. located a significant zone of copper mineralization. The feasibility study was completed in the period 1974-1975, by Teck Corporation Ltd., who control Afton through 50% direct ownership and 65% ownership of Isa Mines, who own a further 23%. Construction began in March, 1976. Ore production started in August, 1977, and the first ore was fed to the mill on December 8. This was the third mine to be brought into operation by Teck since 1975, the others being Newfoundland Zinc and Niobec.The orebody is a porphyry copper deposit which has undergone supergene alteration. It is 1,700 feet long in a west-northwest by east-southeast direction, 300 feet wide and dips at 55° to the south. The mineralization in the supergene zone, which accounts for two-thirds of the known deposit, is rather unusual in that the copper is present primarily as native copper and chalcocite. The grade is one percent with the distribution: 70% native, 25% chalcocite, and 5% chalcopyrite with bornite, covellite, and cuprite."

Jan 1, 1979

By Tim Edwards, Richard Triglavcanin, Ian Arbuthnot, Darren Colwell, Brad Garraway, Ken Roberts

"In the mineral processing industries, there is an increasing need to design thickeners which are able to produce high density underflows usually referred to as “paste”.The behaviour of a flocculated suspension in compression needs to be well understood in order to arrive at a reliable thickener tank configuration (i.e. diameter, cone angle and depth) for a required paste result.As a suspension approaches paste consistency, it’s fluid characteristics change markedly. It develops a high yield stress, and may have an increased tendency to form agglomerates, which lead to a phenomenon known as “rotating beds”, “donuts”, or “islands”. These characteristics present challenges to the designer of the rake mechanism.The subject paper addresses the requirements for designing a paste thickener, covering the following topics:o Testwork for thickener sizingo Design of rake mechanismso Suspension rheology and effect on designo Case studiesTESTWORK AND SIZING FOR PASTE THICKENERSThickening slurries to the maximum possible density (paste) is becoming increasingly common. Applications such as Autoclave feed thickeners, paste backfill and some counter current washing (CCD) circuits are all examples of potential paste thickening applications. The principle of paste thickeners is that the compression zone is much deeper than on either high rate (HRT) or high compression (HCT) units; generally 3 metres or more. As the compression zone gets deeper, theunderflow density for a given flux rate (tph/m2) increases, as a result of two factors:1. Longer bed settling time. Settling flocs move relative to one another and release interstitial fluid when they are in compression. Increasing bed residence time achieves higher density underflow as more fluid is removed.2. The nett weight of the bed creates a compressive force on the settling flocs. This force increases with depth, so that the flocs at the bottom of the bed experience the highest compressive force. This represents the driving force to expel interstitial fluid and hence increase bed density."

Jan 1, 2005

By W. K. Gowans

The Sullivan Concentrator treats a complex sulphide ore consisting mainly of galena, marmatite and pyrrhotite. The ore carried minor values in silver, antimony, bismuth, indium and tin. The products of the concentrator are lead, zinc, iron and tin concentrates. The minor metal values other than tin are recovered from the concentrates by the refining processes in the smelter at Trail.The concentrator was completed in 1923 and first operated with a capacity of 2,500 tons per day. In the years 1926 to 1929 changes to equipment and buildings brought the operation up to 5,500 tons per day and then, in the years 1935 to 1945, the daily tonnage was raised to 8,500 tons. After 1945, the rising insoluble content of the ore made it necessary to consider the construction of a Sink-Float plant. At this time consideration was also given to the construction of a new crushing plant underground to replace the rolls crushers and cone crushers located at the concentrator. By 1949, construction of the Sink-Float plant was completed along with a new underground crushing plant, and an electric haulage way between the underground crushing chamber and the Sink-Float plant. The ore was hauled in forty 14-ton car trains which discharged into a 3,000 ton receiving bin by means of an air operated five car rotary dumper. With the start up of the,Sink-Float plant, a 1 ½ ft. by 12 ft. Hardinge rod mill was also brought into operation. The Sink-Float plant made it possible to treat 12,000 tons/day of mine run ore with up to 40% of this being rejected as float.

Jan 1, 1975

By Karla Kaboth, Brad Garraway

"The surface of many concentrate thickeners has traditionally looked like that of a flotation cell. Over the last three years Normandy Golden Grove Concentrator, in partnership with Outokumpu Technology have developed and implemented an innovative breakthrough deaeration technology to address this problem.When installed in the thickener feedline, the system successfully detached air bubbles adhering to the solid particles and removed air bubbles from the feed stream, subsequently presenting a fully deaerated feed to the thickener feedwell.Tests to date have shown an 80% reduction in overflow solids. As a result, costs associated with concentrate loss and measures to recover concentrate that settles in process tanks and ponds have been minimized.MOTIVATIONIt is recognised in mineral processing operations that the entrainment of finely divided air in thickener feeds can cause significant problems in the operation of a thickener. This is particularly the case with thickening of flotation concentrates, in which air bubbles are strongly attached to the mineral particles and are difficult to remove. Such particles attached to fine air bubbles rise to the thickener surface, and hence over the weir and into the thickener overflow. High solids carryover can lead to a direct loss of mineral product, and if the product settles in process water tanks and ponds, the recovery of this product by means of intermittent dredging operations is usually expensive and inconvenient.Many concentrate thickeners are fitted with devices which attempt to alleviate this problem. Froth rings or baffles, skimmers and froth sprays, all play a part in reducing the amount of solids carried over into the overflow. However, many froths are very stable and persist despite these measures. In the worst cases, a thick froth layer forms which builds up to a depth greater than the froth ring, and hence may overflow or pass beneath the ring . Any concentrate that finds its way past the froth ring can also cause blockage of the overflow weir and launder, and has the potential to upset clarification performance by cutting off sections of the overflow handling system. The formation of a froth layer on the thickener also makes it more difficult for the operator to monitor the clarification performance."

Jan 1, 2001

By Jocelyn Bouchard, Claude Bazin, Sami Makni, Rolando Quispe

"Finely disseminated minerals in ores require intensive size reduction to achieve sufficient liberation for the subsequent concentration process. The use of small grinding media in conventional ball mills as a replacement for the usual 2.5 to 3.8 cm balls (1.0 to 1.5 in) produces a finer size distribution at a lower power drawn by the mill motor. However, the conditions ensuring a successful application of using small media for fine grinding are still not fully understood and some plants faced issues to keep the newly introduced steel charge inside the mill during industrial trials. The retention conditions of small media are investigated in this paper using a continuously operated 40 x 40 cm laboratory grinding mill. The tests assess the effect of the steel charge level, the slurry solids concentration and the feed rate on the rate of ejection of the grinding media. The dominant variable is found to be the filling of the mill with the grinding media, followed by the mill feed rate. Results show that increasing the slurry solids concentration within a grinding mill may be favorable for the retention of the media inside the mill.IntroductionProcessing of complex ores often requires the use of fine grinding to liberate finely disseminated minerals. Grinding requirements for a P80 of less than 0.02 mm are not uncommon, and different grinding mills are available for such application (Leonida, 2014; Pease et al., 2006; Davey, 2006; Orford et al., 2006; Nesset et al., 2006). Even conventional horizontal ball mills charged with of 2.5 cm or larger grinding media can be used for fine grinding. However, simulation (Orford and al., 2006) and plant observations (Alves and L-Bouchet, 2005; Brisette, 2010; Brisette and Roman, 2012) demonstrated the advantages of using smaller grinding media in terms of size reduction and energy consumption."

Jan 1, 2015

By Y. Sasseville

"Niobec has been using vibrating screens and screw classifiers as a double stage classification in its grinding circuit since the very beginning of its operation in St-Honoré. Most of the other mineral processing plants around the world uses cyclones as the classification device in their grinding circuit. The difference between these two methods are well known in terms of capital cost and grinding efficiency but the differences in terms of the impact on the downstream processing stages are a lot harder to predict and are case specific. In the interest of lowering the capital cost of a future expansion project, Niobec decided to test the cyclones in its actual grinding circuit and evaluate their impact on the recovery of the downstream processing stages as well as the operating cost of the mill. We switched between cyclones and screens for 8 month in 2013 and early 2014 and we are now operating only with cyclones since march 2014.INTRODUCTIONThe Niobec mine and concentrator were built in the mid 70’s and at that time, the mill was processing 1 500 tons per day. Over the years, many expansion projects have brought the plant to 7 000 tons per day. Throughout the initial concentrator design and commissioning, screens have been chosen over cyclones because of their higher classification efficiency which is known to reduce variability and limit the fine generation especially due to a high undersize classification efficiency. Just like many other plants, fine particle generation is a major problem at Niobec because of its negative effect on downstream processing stages. In the interest of lowering the capital cost of a future expansion project, Niobec’s engineering team decided, 35 years later, to test the cyclones in its actual grinding circuit and evaluate their actual impact on the final recovery and the operating cost of the mill.The grinding circuit is separated in two lines which will be called Circuit #1 and Circuit #2 along this paper. Circuit #1 is, as you can see in Figure 1, composed of a rod mill and two parallel ball mills in closed circuit with screens and screw classifiers. The screens oversize are sent to the screw classifiers while the undersize are sent to the next processing stage. The screw classifiers overflow are both sent back to the pump box while their oversize streams return in their corresponding ball mills for further grinding. Circuit #2 is, as you can see in Figure 1, quite the same as Circuit #1 except it has only one set of screw classifier and ball mill. Figure 1 also shows the modification in arrangement each circuits went through to integrate the new cyclones. One of the ball mills in Circuit #1 now appears dotted because it can still be used but is not now"

Jan 1, 2015

By Ron Board

"Probably the only thing that can he said about conveyor belt scales without fear of contradiction is that they have been responsible for as much or more puzzlement, argument and frustration than almost any other piece of equipment commonly found in ore processing facilities. To be sure, there are certainly a good number of satisfactory installations, some of these having been achieved through forethought and careful consideration in the early stages of plant design, while others seem to owl their success to what seems to be little more than good luck or white witchcraft; and it might also appear that black witchcraft or other gremlins are solely responsible for the poor performance of many belt scales that enjoy well-designed installations with apparently good operating conditions.This paper is intended to acquaint users with the major operational reasons why belt scales seem so fickle (and downright ornery too), and establish some reasonably simple test standards against which the performance of scale hardware can be measured. Then it shall be shown how the design flexibility of electronic scale systems can offer particular advantages in overcoming some of these everyday problems in a practical way, and without undue inconvenience to plant operations."

Jan 1, 1975

By Nick Poushinsky

OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION ?Stantec?s Northern Presence ?Challenges for Northern Development ?Environmental Approval Challenges ?History/Expectations ?Baseline Data ?Consultation ?Regulatory Processes ?Extra ?Regulatory ?Keys to Success

May 1, 2009

Safe underground mine backfilling with hydraulic fill requires efficient fill drainage and stable fill retaining walls or bulkheads. If any or both the above two requirements are not satisfied, such a backfilling operation creates unsafe conditions and may lead to backfill retaining wall failures. Mine backfill retaining wall failures are always associated with economic losses, fatalities and interruption to mine production. Mining industry wants to either reduce or eliminate these fill retaining wall failures. The fill retaining wall failures could be effectively avoided through the use of fibre reinforced shotcrete fill retaining walls and engineered drainage systems through the retaining walls. This paper presents the experience of the author in developing, implementing, and monitoring several hundred fibre reinforced shotcrete fill retaining walls at a mine in Australia with the highest safety standard. The details on the mine backfill drainage system and fibre reinforced shotcrete fill retaining wall designs are also presented.

May 1, 2007

By H. Soto, J. Jara, F. Nava

"A combination of oxidation and precipitation was used to eliminate cyanide from gold milling effluents. Preliminary laboratory work developed with both synthetic cyanide solutions and with industrial effluents indicated that ozone can easily destroy free cyanide and weakly complexed cyanide (i.e. copper and zinc cyanide). In this case the reaction is quite fast and seems to be controlled by the mass transfer of ozone to the solution. Experimental results indicate that free cyanide and weak-acid dissociable cyanide in mill effluents can be reduced to less than 1 ppm. However, the iron-cyanide complexes proved to be quite resilient to destruction with ozone and they remained in the solution even after most of the free and weakly complexed cyanide was destroyed with ozone. These results were confirmed in a pilot trial developed at the Sphinx plant in northern Quebec.To deal with the problem presented by the presence of the iron complexes two different approaches were studied: use of a combination ozone-ultraviolet light oxidation, and the precipitation of iron-ferrocyanide complexes in the residual solution after ozonation. This last method proved quite promising since reduced the total cyanide levels of industrial solutions assaying as much as 250 ppm to less than 1 ppm of total cyanide. Control of the · pH of the solution was the key to obtain the precipitation of the iron complexes. The use of iron to precipitate cyanide complexes has the advantage of being less expensive and less toxic than copper (used by the Inco process)."

Jan 1, 1992

By Filip Rochette, Yvan De Busscher

Extraction of minerals can be achieved by a variety of technologies; one of them is ion exchange. There are several ion exchange configurations and mechanical set-ups available, but only one technology will provide more process performance and flexibility compared to the other. The multiple column Continuous Countercurrent Ion Exchange (CCIX) technology provides the highest form of process flexibility with also the highest mineral recovery feasible through ion exchange. In comparison with a fixed bed system, the PuriTech CCIX system offers the benefits of continuous counter-current contact mode. This way the resin capacity is fully exploited leading to reduction in resin inventory and, at the same time, in chemicals and water consumption, and product dilution. For any set of operating conditions the mass transfer zone has a characteristic length (MTZL). The MTZL can be expressed in duration, column length, or volume, but is the measure of the quantity of resin in the system that is doing "work" at any given moment in the process. The objective of continuous ion exchange processing is to eliminate all resin volume from the process equipment that is not within a mass transfer zone. In most commercial ion exchange processes for the recovery of metals, CCIX engineering can eliminate as much as 20 - 80 % of the ion exchange resin inventory. Consumptions of water and chemicals are typically brought down around 40% or more. For each type of resin the selectivity/affinity towards a particular metal depends on the basic process conditions such as pH, concentrations of other competing metals in solution. By changing the pH in the ion exchange process phase, the selectivity of the resin can be changed. By doing this, a split elution, or extraction of metals separately can be achieved and the effect of other competing metals (cross-contamination) can be reduced. For example the DOW resin XUS43578 is commonly used for the recovery of copper or nickel/cobalt separation.

Jan 1, 2016

By T. G. Paradis, C. A. Mohns

"This paper summarizes the Wren CAT (Clarifier and Accelerated Thickener) deep bed thickener operation at the EKATITM Diamond Mine in Canada’s Northwest Territories. EKATITMs’ thickener project is presented in terms of initial design considerations and present day operating practices. A circuit description summarizes process equipment, reagent systems, and typical process conditions, and details of Wren CAT operating principles are provided. Operating strategies are discussed, with emphasis on process instrumentation and control and operating challenges.INTRODUCTIONThe EKATITM diamond mine, operated by BHP Diamonds, Inc., is located in the Northwest Territories near Lac De Gras, approximately 300 km NNE of Yellowknife, NT. 9000 dry metric tonnes of diamond-bearing kimberlite ore are processed daily. Processing operations commenced in October, 1998.The EKATITM process plant flowsheet features typical steps in diamond recovery plant design. Figure 1 shows the general plant flowsheet. Size reduction and feed preparation are accomplished by crushing, scrubbing, and high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) through closed-circuit classification with vibratory screens. Heavy medium separation (HMS) is used as the initial stage of heavy mineral concentration. Secondary concentration is accomplished in the recovery plant by attrition milling; wet, high-intensity magnetic separation (both wet and dry); and X-ray sorting.The present budget throughput rate is 9000 dry tonnes per day. This will be increased to 18,000 tonnes during the first ten years of operation. Unlike most kimberlite treatment facilities, which process material from a single ore body, EKATITM’s process plant was designed to accommodate ore from five different kimberlite pipes, each with its own treatment characteristics.All processing, except for primary crushing, is carried out in a temperature-controlled environment in the main process plant building."

Jan 1, 2000

By D. F. Cooper, J. G. Paterson, K. H. Pang

"Effective control of metallurgy by manual adjustment of cell levels is common flotation practice. With an on-stream XRF analyzer interfaced to a process control computer it is possible to program the computer to carry out this function automatically. This paper describes the development and implementation of closed loop control of the concentrate and tailing grades at the Clarabelle Mill of the International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, The XRF analyzer was used as the sensor, cell level as the control and the computer as the controller.IntroductionThe International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited recently brought on-stream Clarabelle Mill having a rated capacity of 35,000 tons per day. The plant was required to increase milling capacity in the Sudbury area by 9,000 tons per day and to improve milling efficiencies by replacing the obsolete crushing and grinding equipment at the Copper Cliff Mill. This represents the fourth mill built since 1959 and incorporates the latest thinking in a continuing evolution of instrumentation and control concepts. Table 1 illustrates control progress at Inco since 1959.In 1967 Frood-Stobie Mill came on-stream incorporating a central control room, an on-stream analyzer, a data gathering computer, and a significant change in instrumentation from direct-contacted pneumatic to miniature electronic. The computer successfully controls the analyzer but has very limited process control capability. Based on this experience a process control computer system was installed at Clarabelle Mill with the objective of carrying out extensive supervisory control and a limited amount of direct digital control."

Jan 1, 1973

By Gavin Ritson, Chris Ward

"The oil sands industry is still fairly young with the first viable oil sand operation having been started in Alberta in 1960. Since then numerous modifications and improvements have been tried and implemented. The current process makes use of high velocity pumping of oil sands slurry with hot water (hydrotransport) to achieve separation of bitumen from the sand.A number of the oil sands processes have been adapted from unit operations that are used in mineral processing, such as crushing, screening, flotation, cycloning and thickening. This paper outlines a typical oil sands process flowsheet and investigates the differences and similarities in technologies and costs to other mineral processing industries. It also considers the very large throughputs required, and presents some of the difficulties and challenges currently faced by the industry as a result of high demand for oil and environmental pressures.INTRODUCTIONOil sands (also known as tar sands) deposits are found throughout the world. The Athabasca Oil Sands deposit in Aberta is the largest of these. Oil sands consist of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-solid form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water. The Athabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake deposits cover 141,000 square kilometers and contain about 1.7 trillion barrels (270×109 m3) of bitumen in-place, comparable in magnitude to the world's total proven reserves of conventional oil"

Jan 1, 2009

By G. Papachristodoulou, O. Trass

"Performance data for both wet and dry grinding of materials have been obtained in this novel, planetary ring-roller mill over wide ranges or operating conditions. The Szego mill consists of a stationary cylindrical shell inside which grooved, radially mobile rollers rotate, driven by a central shaft. The mill has several internal design variables such as number, diameter and length of rollers as well as size, shape and pitch oi helical grooves. It is compact, has a high specific capacity, modest power consumption, and can grind many materials down to ultrafine powders. Illustrative data on product fineness and mill power consumption are given along with results from studies on grinding kinetics.INTRODUCTIONThe extensive use and importance of grinding as a unit operation, coupled with the rather low energy efficiency of conventional equipment provide a challenging incentive to investigate novel methods of comminution. Yet, most current development work is taking place in mill performance modelling and optimization, or with various detailed improvements rather than in the field of new equipment development.This paper is a report on the development of a ring-roller mill invented by the late L.L. Szego which embodies several novel concepts. The mill has a broad range of applications, may be operated wet or dry, and can grind materials down to ultrafine sizes with modest energy consumption. It has been developed by General Comminution Inc. in close cooperation with the University of Toronto."

Jan 1, 1986

By Ike Isagon

Outline 1.Background Sudbury Backfill Operations 2.Alternative Binder 3.Alternative Binder Trial Process Flow Diagram ?Laboratory Results ?Plant Trial ?Final Evaluation and Approval ?Management of Change (MOC) 4.Economics 5.Conclusion 6.References and Acknowledgements

Nov 1, 2011

By J. M. Gregg, C. J. Persellin, I. D. Somerville, E. A. Atekwana, K. L. Shelton

"Zn-Pb sulfide mineralization at Abbeytown mine and Twigspark quarry comprise the only known car¬bonate-hosted base metal sulfide deposits in the Sligo syncline, northwest Ireland. Limestone sedimentation occurred uniformly throughout the region during the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) as observed by field relationships and lithofacies; however, petrographic and stable isotope evidence indicate that host-rock dolomitization occurred under different conditions at localities to the west and east of the Ox Mountains inlier, suggesting significant uplift and geologic isolation of these areas prior to dolomitization. Localized fluid flow systems are thought to be responsible for sulfide mineralization and associated epigenetic carbonate cements. West of the Ox Mountains inlier at Abbeytown, evidence of three geochemically distinct fluids are observed: (1) a lower-temperature, lower-salinity fluid (70°-130-°C, 4-9 wt.% equiv. NaCl); (2) a lower-temperature, higher-salinity fluid (70°-140°C, 15-24 wt.% equiv. NaCl); and (3) a higher-temperature, moderate-salinity fluid (165°-220°C, 8-14 wt.% equiv. NaCl). Similar fluid types were observed at the Twigspark deposit. The source of the higher-salinity fluid is likely seawater evaporated to near the point of halite precipitation. The higher-temperature fluid is thought to have been derived from deep circulation of basinal brines. It is speculated that mixing of the higher-salinity fluid with the high-temperature fluid was vital for ore formation at Abbeytown because fluid inclusions in sphalerite have homogenization temperatures and salinity values that fall along a mixing trajectory of these end member fluids. Also, areas where the high-salinity end member fluid is absent are barren of sulfides. Less complex fluid systems are indicated for sites east of the Ox Mountains inlier where no sulfide mineralization was observed. Data from base metal sulfide prospects in northwest Ireland indicate no connection with the regionally extensive flow system thought to be responsible for Zn-Pb deposits throughout the Irish Midlands.Les minéralisations en sulfures de Zn-Pb de la mine Abbeytown et de la carrière Twigspark sont les seules gîtes de métaux usuels à encaissant carbonaté connus dans le synclinal de Sligo, au nord-ouest de l’Irlande. Ces carbonates se sont déposés d’une manière uniforme dans la région au Carbonifère inférieur (Mississippien) tel que l’indiquent les relations de terrain et les lithofaçiès; les données pétrographiques et d’isotopes stables indiquent toutefois que la dolomitisation de l’encaissant s’est faite sous des conditions différentes aux localités situées à l’ouest ou à l’est de la boutonnière des Ox Mountains, ce qui suggère un soulèvement et une isolation géologique significative de ces secteurs avant la dolomitisation. L’action de systèmes de circulation locaux sont considérés être à l’origine de la minéralisation sulfurée et des ciments carbonatés épigénétiques qui leur sont associés. À Abbeytown, à l’ouest de la boutonnière des Ox Mountains, on note les effets de trois fluides géochimiquement distincts: (1) un fluide à basse température peu salin (70°-130°C, 4-9% poids équivalent NaCl); (2) un fluide à basse température fortement salin (70°-140°C, 15-24% poids équivalent NaCl); and (3) un fluide formé à plus haute température et salinité modérée (165°-220°C, 8-14% poids équivalent NaCl). Des fluides similaires ont été observés au gîte Twigspark. La source présumée du fluide le plus salin est de l’eau de mer amenée par évaporation près du point de précipitation de la halite. Le fluide à plus haute température est probablement dérivé de la circulation profonde de saumures dérivées d’un bas¬sin sédimentaire. Il est possible que le mélange du fluide à haute salinité avec celui à haute température ait joué un rôle central dans la genèse de la minéralisation d’Abbeytown parce que les températures d’homogénéisation et les valeurs de salinité des inclusions fluide"

Jan 1, 2009

By P. R. Day, W. K. Webster

"The introduction of large boreholes underground initially involved taking the techniques of open-pit bench blasting to the production stope, but with deeper boreholes and narrower stopes more controlled techniques must be developed in order to maintain good stope walls and prevent dilution of ore or structural damage to pillars due to blasting overbreak. The points discussed are drilling accuracy and drill pattern, the relationship between open-pit wall control and underground mining, the varied explosives products and initiation devices available, and some of the many ways that variations in loading, such as deck charging, etc., can produce desirable results.IntroductionThe use of large-diameter blastholes for underground mining began ten years ago and today they are widely employed in a variety of orebodies and stope configurations. These big blastholes, which range in size from 4.5 to 8 inches in diameter, were originally employed in the same manner ' as open-pit bench blasts; that is, the stope was silled out to full width and all holes were drilled vertical and parallel. This was suitable for competent, massive orebodies, however the popularity of the big drills saw their usage in more narrow stopes, often with poor ground conditions. The dipping orebodies and small drill sublevels resulted in inclined drilling.Today, there is full-ring drilling of 4.5-inch holes. Some 6.5-inch holes are drilled up to 350 feet deep. A 350-foot borehole may contain 6000 to 7000 pounds of explosive. The detonation of this size of charge weight within the confines of an underground stope can have considerable effect on the stability of stope walls and adjacent pillars. Obviously, precautions must be taken to minimize the damage which would result from the large charge weights possible with these big boreholes."

Jan 1, 1982