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By Frank C. Greene

The year 1941 was uneventful in oil and gas development in Missouri. No new pools were opened and several areas with promising structures, in the northwestern part of the state, were disappointing when drilled. In looking for an explanation of these failures, it is suggested that it will be necessary to find areas in which the lower beds of the Mississippian are upfolded, in order to obtain production in northwestern Missouri. To do this, geophysical exploration or test drilling far enough into the Mississippian beds to get cores or cuttings of definitely established age appear to be the best methods. Although not leading to new production, drilling in Missouri established two new state records, one for depth and another for the amount of rotary drilling. An important well† in sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 11 E., Pemiscot County, in the southeastern corner of the state, was drilled with a rotary to 4740 ft., several hundred feet deeper than any previous hole. The total footage drilled by rotary rigs of various types was 31,135 ft. and that by cable tools, 29,166 feet. The total number of completions was 85, of which 18 were gas wells with an initial open-flow capacity of 12,528,000 cu. ft., and 67 were dry holes. Of the latter, 19 were drilled into Mississippian or older formations. Table I gives a summary of activities by counties.

Jan 1, 1942

By Frank C. Greene

The year 1941 was uneventful in oil and gas development in Missouri. No new pools were opened and several areas with promising structures, in the northwestern part of the state, were disappointing when drilled. In looking for an explanation of these failures, it is suggested that it will be necessary to find areas in which the lower beds of the Mississippian are upfolded, in order to obtain production in northwestern Missouri. To do this, geophysical exploration or test drilling far enough into the Mississippian beds to get cores or cuttings of definitely established age appear to be the best methods. Although not leading to new production, drilling in Missouri established two new state records, one for depth and another for the amount of rotary drilling. An important well† in sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 11 E., Pemiscot County, in the southeastern corner of the state, was drilled with a rotary to 4740 ft., several hundred feet deeper than any previous hole. The total footage drilled by rotary rigs of various types was 31,135 ft. and that by cable tools, 29,166 feet. The total number of completions was 85, of which 18 were gas wells with an initial open-flow capacity of 12,528,000 cu. ft., and 67 were dry holes. Of the latter, 19 were drilled into Mississippian or older formations. Table I gives a summary of activities by counties.

Jan 1, 1942

The movement for Federal endowment of engineering and industrial research was revived early in the present Congress by the introduction of two bills into the Senate. The first bill, introduced by Senator Smith of Georgia, provides for the establishment of an engineering experiment station in each state under the direction of and in connection with some university, engineering school, or land-grant college. The state legislature of each state is authorized to designate the institution best equipped to conduct the work but wherever the land-grant college has facilities approximately equal to those of the other institutions of the state, it shall be designated. All designations of institutions are made subject to the approval of the Secretary of Commerce. The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to secure practical uniformity of methods, and efficiency and economical expenditure of funds by indicating such lines of work as shall seem to him important from a military; naval, industrial or national standpoint, but the responsibility for the initiation and conduct of research shall rest with the individual engineering experiment stations. Uniform standards of research are further provided for by making each experiment station a depository of the Department of Commerce and the Bureau of Standards, and the work of each station shall conform to the standards established by the U. S. Government through said bureau, which may whenever practicable utilize the facilities of the station for the prosecution of research.

Jan 8, 1919

By F. C. Blake

The best method for the estimation of copper in ores and secondary products is that proposed by Dr. Steinbeck* for the award offered by the Mansfeld'schen Ober-Berg-und Hutten-Direction. It is based upon the decolorization of the blue ammonia solution of copper by potassic cyanide.7 It is necessary for the accurate estimation of copper in arsenides that the arsenic be separated from the copper before the ammonia solution is made. The presence of a notable amount of arsenic renders the titration by potassic cyanide inaccurate, the end reaction being obscured by the appearance of a yellowish-green tint towards the end of the titration. The change of the color of the ammonia solution from blue to the tint caused by the presence of arsenic cannot be used for an end reaction, for the intensity and quick appearance of the latter color depend upon the amount of arsenic present in the solution. In the analysis of speise, the method of separating the copper by an oxidizing and reducing treatment in the muffle, to volatilize the arsenic, gives poor results, and there may easily be some loss of the weighed sample. The separation of the precipitated sulphides of arsenic and copper by treating with sodic sulphide, gives good results, but the process is tedious. I have used the two following methods, which are simpler and more expeditious than those mentioned, with good results

Jan 1, 1881

By M. A. Hunter

THIS paper gives the results of an investigation of the specific resistance and temperature coefficient of the electrical resistance of nickel and its important alloy, monel metal. For most of the pure metals, the temperature coefficient of resistance is approximately 0.0004 per degree centigrade at 2.0° C. Nickel and iron, however, are exceptions. This property is important as it gives us good material for the construction of thermometers and other instruments involving electrical control. A summary of information on this subject has been published by the Bureau of Standards.1 The present experiments antedate this publication by several years and as the information obtained is not contained in it, the results of the experiments are published as additional information. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE NICKEL It is generally conceded that the lowest values for electrical resistance are obtained in the purest metal. In the case of nickel, the best material obtainable is electrolytic nickel, which contains approximately. 99.80 per cent. nickel, 0.15 per cent. iron, and 0.05 per cent. copper. Any cobalt that may be present is included in the nickel figure. If the electrolytic sheet has been deposited without intermission, it is possible to cut a section from the sheet and roll it into wire without melting. By this means a nickel wire may be obtained that is uncontaminated by any of the impurities always taken up by nickel during melting.

Jan 5, 1922

By F. K. Spragins

Growing demand for conventional crude oil in North America in the face of diminishing sup- ply is bringing about increased interest in synthetic fuels. With one commercial plant already in full production, another in the planning and engineering stage and still others being seriously considered, the Athabasca tar sands are proving to be a leading center of interest. Here, and in the closely related deposits, reserves in place total over 700 billion barrels.' When and if fully developed, Athabasca tar sands could make both Canada and the United States substantially independent of all off-shore supplies of crude for many years to come. Its product, a high-quality, low-sulfur synthetic crude, is beginning to enter the market place at a most favorable time. Oil Deposit The main body of Athabasca tar sands, about 250 miles northeast of the city of Edmonton, are centered in an area of something over 12,000 sq mi. The deposit runs as high as 250,000 bbl per acre and the average richness is placed at 100,000 bbl per acre. Of the over 700 billion bbl in place, 400 billion bbl of raw oil are considered recoverable from which 300 billion bbl of upgraded synthetic crude are expected to be produced.' In the deeper zones, thermal stimulation is considered the best approach to recovery, while in the shallow areas several surface mining techniques are deemed practical.

Jan 10, 1972

New York, March 18, 1913. MR. CHARLES F. RA ND, President, New YORK, MARCH American Institute of Mining Engineers. Dear Sir: In connection with the official notice of Dr. Raymond's unanimous election by the Directors as Secretary Emeritus, we wish to place upon record certain statements concerning his services to the Institute which we think have not been published., and may not be generally known to the majority of our fellow-members. When the Institute was formed in 1871, Dr. Raymond acted as Secretary of the Founders' Meeting, and became the first Vice-President of the Institute, and, by request of the aged and beloved David Thomas, who was the first President of the Institute, Dr. Raymond discharged all the duties of the office of President, to which he was later formally elected in 1872, and which lip held for three years. During that time, he visited Europe, and through his acquaintance and reputation abroad, established those international relations of the Institute which proved so important in later years. He also enlisted the support of the mining engineers and metallurgists of the Pacific Slope, who would not otherwise have been disposed to join a society originating in the East. And for twelve years he attended; at his own expense, nearly every meeting of the Institute, wherever held, giving to it without remuneration his best service, and sacrificing for it many professional and private interests.

Jan 4, 1913

By Charles Macdonald

WROUGHT-IRON eye-bars for bridges and roofs, designed upon what is known as the pin connection system, have been successfully manufactured in this country for some years. The most approved methods employed have been the hydraulic upsetting process, and by die-forging under a hammer. In upset eyes the fibre of the iron is necessarily much distorted ; and in bars of considerable size, this disturbance seriously impairs the strength of the connection. Mr. Collingwood, in discussing my paper on "Proportions of the Heads of Eye-bars," read before the American Society of Civil Engineers, Jan. 21st, 1874, submitted sketches of certain bars intended for the anchorage of the East River bridge, which had been exposed to the action of sulphuric acid a sufficient length of time to thoroughly cleanse the surfaces, and expose the condition of the fibre. These sketches are here reproduced for the purpose of illustrating the effect of this methpd of manufacture. In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, it will be observed that the fibres at A, and E, have been folded back upon themselves and otherwise twisted and disturbed, in a manner not calculated to inspire confidence in the integrity of the connection. To compensate for this defect, a large excess of metal is thrown into the eye; but a method of manufacture which involves such a necessity, even although it be the one giving the best results thus far, all things being considered, is far from being perfect.

Jan 1, 1879

By Charles Macdonald

Wrought-iron eye-bars for bridges and roofs, designed upon what is known as the pin connection system, have been successfully manufactured in this country for some years. The most approved methods employed have been the hydraulic upsetting process, and by die-forging under a hammer. In upset eyes the fibre of the iron is necessarily much distorted ; and in bars of considerable size, this disturbance seriously impairs the strength of the connection. Mr. Collingwood, in discussing my paper on "Proportions of the Heads of Eye-bars," read before the American Society of Civil Engineers, Jan. 21st, 1874, submitted sketches of certain bars intended for the anchorage of the East River bridge, which had been exposed to the action of sulphuric acid a sufficient length of time to thoroughly cleanse the surfaces, and expose the condition of the fibre. These sketches are here reproduced for the purpose of illustrating the effect of this method of manufacture. In Figs. 1, 2, and 3, it will be observed that the fibres at A, and E, have been folded back upon: themselves and otherwise twisted and disturbed, in a manner not calculated to inspire confidence in the integrity of the connection. To compensate for this defect, a large excess of metal is thrown into the eye; but a method of manufacture which involves such a necessity, even although it be the one giving the best results thus far, all things being considered, is far from being perfect.

Jan 1, 1879

A. 0. ASHMAN, Palmerton, Pa. (written discussion *).-From a theo¬retical point of view the best method to maintain the cold junction at a constant temperature is by means of a pipe driven in the ground, to which the so-called cold-junction compensating leads are run, ;and of course there are many times and places where it can be successfully used. There are, however, several objections to this method. In the vicinity of any furnace there are apt to be underground flues for preheated air or gases, recuperators, water mains, etc., which will eliminate the probability of a constant temperature. These, of course, can be avoided by carrying the leads to distant locations known to be free, but this is not good practice because the so-called compensating leads have a rather high re¬sistance, which materially affects the accuracy of even the high resistance instruments, unless they are specially calibrated for it. Moreover, the cost of these long leads is almost prohibitive. A better way is to run short lengths of compensating leads to electrically heated constant¬ temperature boxes conveniently located near the furnace in a place that is of fairly uniform temperature. These boxes are on the market and can be procured at a cost that is approximately equal to the cost of 100 ft. of compensating leads. They can be connected to any power or lighting circuit and once set require very little care. One box will ac¬commodate a number of couples.

Jan 12, 1919

By H. M. Chance

THE present value of most coal properties resides largely in the coal remaining to be mined, which thus constitutes the most important asset. The object of this paper is to discuss methods commonly used in computing the value of mineable coal. To distinguish clearly between such coal values and the values of other property, the several kinds of property values may be divided into classes; this is necessary to avoid unintentional omissions of items of importance. VALUE OF COAL RESERVES Judicial decisions prescribe, and appraisers commonly accept, current sales value as the preferred means for determining the value of transferable property. With few exceptions a property is worth the sum that can be realized from its sale by a willing seller to a willing buyer, a sale in which compulsion urges neither party, and between whom there is no community of interest to fix a value; or it is worth at least as much as a responsible buyer will offer for it. Actual sales of like property or bids from responsible buyers for the property, or for substantially like property, are the best established methods for determining values. Only in the absence of such sales or bids can valuations by other methods be entertained, and only for reasons of weight can sales values be set aside. Sales of coal in the ground, as customarily carried out through lease, under royalty agreements, are therefore the most trustworthy means available for determining the value of coal reserves.

Jan 6, 1926

By T. W. Watson, D. R. Flynn

,Measurements are reported for the thermal conductivity of four heat-resistant alloys which were measured at the National Bureau of Standards. Data are given for two samples of AISI Type 316 stainless steel covering a combined temperature range from -150° to + 800°C. The thermal conductivities of three samples of AISI Type 347 were measured over the temperature range from -150° to +150C. Thermal conductivity values are given for Carpenter 20 stainless steel from 100" to 800" C. Data are given for Inconel 702, in both the solution-annealed and the age-hardened condition, over the temperature range from -150" to +800C. SINCE 1958 the National Bureau of Standards, at the request of other government agencies or private laboratories, has carried out measurements of the thermal conductivity of a number of metals and alloys. This paper presents available thermal conductivity data obtained in this way on samples of four heat-resistant alloys. The data presented for Carpenter 20* stainless steel are, to the best of our knowledge, the only thermal conductivity values which have been reported for this alloy to date. Although thermal conductivity values for AISI stainless steels 316 and 347 have been reported by previous investigators, the present data are believed to be of particular interest because, for each alloy, the effect on thermal conductivity of small changes in chemical composition can be observed. The data on Inconel 702' are of interest, not only for

Jan 1, 1969

By C. K. McArthur

THE subject of classification is so broad that this discussion is con-fined to what the author believes is of prime importance in connection with proper grinding and classification. The years passed have witnessed many noteworthy changes in fine grinding and classification, which have been accompanied by a readjust-ment of ore-dressing flowsheets for the preparation of better ground and/or sized products at an expenditure of less. power, steel and main-tenance than formerly. Nowhere in the industry is more being done in the way of experimental work to lower costs than in grinding circuits, because, at best, grinding costs are high. Recent years have indicated that, on the average, finer grinding has a real application. Without careful preparation of the process feed, no operation can be highly efficient or successful. In an earlier paper, the findings of an extensive survey at representa-tive concentrators were presented1. Also, in the year of 1935, a technical discussion was given by Dr. J. V. N. Dorr (Some Notes on Classification Trends in America) before the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa. In both papers mentioned, much has been said regarding flowsheets, grinding and classification. The author is very familiar with these papers, having had considerable to do with the actual operation of the flowsheets, as well as large mills and classifiers in the work described. Some data from the second paper have been included in the following discussion.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. A. M. van Liempt

SINCE the discovery, of von Laue, that a crystal forms a natural grating for X-rays, our knowledge of the structure of solids has gone forward with rapid strides. This progress is not only of purely scientific interest, but has also yielded direct technological results. One of the most valuable results is the broadening of our knowledge of the structure of pure metals and alloys. To promote these studies it is often desirable to have at our disposal pieces of metal consisting of one single crystal. As is so often the case in the natural sciences, we obtain the best results by making our earliest experiments on pure, simple materials and avoiding unnecessary complications. The Cryogen Laboratory at Leyden followed this method with much success, because the work was done at such low temperatures that the heat movement of the atoms was almost' absent. Similarly we can simplify the studies of metals by leaving out of consideration the influence of the grain boundaries and the mutual influence of the crystals by using unicrystalline instead of polycrystal-line metal. Methods of making single crystals have been scientifically studied during the past few years. Some methods were already known in the arts, but these have been improved and new methods have been developed. The methods for making metallic single crystals may be divided into the following groups: A. From the liquid state B. From the gaseous state C. Electrolytically D. By recrystallization in the solid state

Jan 1, 1927

HENRY M. HOWE, Bedford Hills, N. T. (communication to the Secretary?).-The authors valuable results as to the effects of the air-hardening temperature on high-speed steel may be summed up thus: Influence of Rising Air-Hardening Temperature on. High-Speed Steel Air-hardening microstructure Cutting Properties temperature S Austenite Grain Free Carbide Grains Boundaries Too low Small or Narrow Maximum Too soft undeveloped Intermediate, Well-developed Intermediate Little or even Best correct none Too high Coarse hide, even with Minimum . Weak, brittle, three-rayed crumbling stars Here the suggestion is that as the air-hardening temperature rises it causes two prominent effects, one helpful and the other harmful, the increase of the former exceeding that; of the latter up to a certain point, at which the steel is most useful, and then in turn being outrun by it. The first is the progressive dissolving of the free carbide in the austenite, increasing the stability of the red-hard state. The second is the progressive coarsening of the grains, and thickening of the intergranular cement, developing at last into spandril-like three-rayed stars of the 1,288° specimen. (2,350° F.) of Plate D, thus giving clear proof of incipient fusion, that is of crossing the solidus. This causes intergranular weakness. The individual grains may have great red-hardness, but they do not cohere. They approach the condition of a bag of emery grains.

Jan 6, 1917

By W. T. Turrall, D. Porter

THE crystal laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was confronted with the problem of obtaining a supply of optical grade calcium fluoride (CaF2) for use in growing synthetic CaFe2 crystals. A search of the known fluorspar deposits did not indicate that any quantity of optical spar could be obtained. Even the best material had to be sorted by hand to remove impurities. The process for growing CaF2 crystals developed by Professor D. C. Stockbarger of the Dept. of Physics, M.I.T., necessitates very pure feed materials. Exclusion of impurities is required, even in amounts detectable only spectrographically. The impurities occurred as minute inclusions of SiO2, BaSO4, CaCO3, FeS2, water or air. Crystals up to 4 in. in diam and weighing several pounds are made by the Harshaw Chemical Co. in Cleveland. Since the time required to grow a 4-in. crystal is about one week, and since the cost of manufacture is high, removal of impurities by any concentration method appeared practical. The mineral engineering section of the Dept. of Metallurgy undertook to investigate the possibility of concentrating clear optical fluorspar, -4 mesh +10 mesh, from a feed containing over 99 pct CaF2. Various innovations of the known methods of concentration were considered, but in each case the minute amount of impurities associated with the crystal produced such extremely small differences

Jan 1, 1952

By A. F. Frederickson

A MINERAL can best be defined as a phase,' where the term "phase" is described as a homogeneous,* physically distinct, and mechanically sep- arable portion of a system. If one phase develops from another, certain nuclei must first be available.2.394 The manner in which new material is added to these nuclei, and the subsequent structural and other characteristics of the phase, is often markedly influenced by factors other than its temperature, pressure, and gross compositional environment. Rates of growth, presence of impurities, the availability or lack of oxygen, the pH of the system, and percentage of completion of the often determine which modification will develop. Many transitional phases develop when a relatively insoluble precipitate is formed from solution. Different modifications are formed, depending on the speed and percentage of reacting solution added. Some of these "forms" are stable and do not "age" or transform into the so-called stable modifications. These modifications are difficult to treat in terms of equilibrium diagrams for the simple reason that these minerals do not represent an equilibrium situation described by only two (temperature and composition) or three terms (when pressure is considered). Many crystals exist as stable or meta- stable phases in nature in environments much different from those indicated by certain equilibrium diagrams. Cristobalite octahedra grow on zeolite needles in vugs, diaspore develops from a medium that does not appear to have been subjected to high pressures and temperatures, authigenic feld-

Jan 1, 1952

By T. T. Read

In discussing the taxation of mining enterprises, it is desirable to place limits of both time and space on the field of discussion. For our present purposes it seems best to limit consideration to taxation of mining enterprises in the United States, and to further limit the subject to taxation under approximately current conditions. Even with such limitations the field is large enough, since in this country we have, in most regions, a number of taxing powers; so that state, county and village tax systems must ordinarily be considered, in addition to our national or federal taxes. Nor is it possible, in discussing United States mineral taxes of today, altogether to pass by similar taxation in earlier periods, or related systems in other countries. It is perhaps hardly necessary to remind you, at the outset, that each age in the history of the world displays its own system of public revenues, and that the taxation systems of today are everywhere different from those of older times. Theories as to taxation have varied according to the economic basis of the society in which they were formulated, and our ideas as to justice in taxation fluctuate with changes in social conditions. The word taxation is used in a fairly definite sense today, but you have only to glance into the history of taxation to find that the paragenesis of ore deposits is a fairly simple subject as compared to the paragenesis of taxation systems.

Jan 1, 1932

Greater automation of facilities is probably the best hope of the mining industry in its efforts to surmount continually rising labor costs. Underground mining, with its inherently low unit labor output, is especially vulnerable to rising costs, and here maximum automation is becoming increasingly important. One area of such operations that has been receiving a great deal of investigation is that of ore haulage and hoisting, two steps that often account for 10-35% of underground operating costs. Innovations and experimentation by mining firms and manufacturers over the past few years have resulted in larger, faster and more efficient tramming and hoisting equipment, but the White Pine Copper Co., at its operation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is preparing to start up an entirely new concept in haulage later this summer. Known as the Dashaveyor System, it consists of individually powered modules (cars) that run on tracks inside a rectangular tube or on an open trackway at predetermined speeds up to 50 mph. At White Pine the Dashaveyor will be used to carry ore (crushed underground to -10 in.) from the mine to the concentrator. Dr. James Boyd, president of Copper Range Co., which is a 25% shareholder in The Dashaveyor Co., has indicated that if the Dashaveyor meets the expectations for surface operation, it will also be used underground for ore transport in place of the several miles of conveyor belts currently in use (Business Week, July 29, 1967).

Jan 7, 1968

By Henry M. Howe

in Cast-Iron. It has been generally accepted that the presence of silicon in cast-iron leads to the formation of graphite; and this has been explained by saying that the silicon lowers the solvent power of iron for carbon at and somewhat below the freezing-point, so that, in the presence of silicon, the iron is unable to retain in solution or combination the whole of the carbon with which it has united while molten, and therefore expels the excess of carbon in the form of graphite, during and immediately after solidification. Probably the best way to study this question would be to examine pure cast-irons, i.e., those containing nothing but iron, carbon and silicon, which at the same time should have been saturated with carbon when molten. But the data for such a study are not at hand; so we must turn to commercial pig-irons as they are made in the blast-furnace, and before their composition has been changed by remelting. Much evidence has been offered of late, tending to oppose the theory of the action of silicon above set forth. Some of this evidence will be examined here. 1. Mr. Bachman's Results. In particular, Mr. F. E. Bachman† has published a collection of analyses of cast-iron, in which the proportion of graphite at first appears to be nearly independent of the proportion of silicon present. Thus, in his Table LI., we find that with pro-

Jan 1, 1901