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By Dwain K. Butler

INTRODUCTION Characterization of a site for the prediction and simulation of dynamic events requires the determination of mechanical properties of the rock at stress/strain levels and rates and at a scale appropriate for the events and critical structures involved. The structures of interest can be on the surface, underground, or designed to impact and penetrate into the site (projectiles). Dynamic events of interest are equally diverse: seismic waves from distance earthquakes or explosions; close-in phenomena associated with earthquakes and explosions; vibrations associated with heavy equipment or machinery; and stress transients associated with impact and penetration. The complexity of site characterization depends on two factors not specifically related to the nature of the site itself: the stress levels generated by the dynamic event and the sophistication of the prediction and simulation techniques. For very high stress levels, such as occur near a nuclear detonation, and for low stress levels, such as occur during seismic wave propagation, site characterization is simplified, and often certain details of the site are not particularly important, such as shear strength variations in the case of very high stress levels. In the intermediate stress range, however, all descriptive relations are non- linear, a complete finite strain constitutive model is required, and all details of the site, such as lithology and fracture distribution, become important. The site characterization must be complete enough to support the most sophisticated prediction and simulation technique that will be applied to the analysis of the dynamic event. The procedures of site characterization are illustrated in this paper by a specific dynamic event, projectile impact and penetration, and a specific site, an outcrop of Dakota Sandstone near San Ysidro, New Mexico. The structure of interest was the projectile itself: nominally, 1.5 m in length, 0.165 m in diameter, 180 kg

Jan 1, 1984

By J. A. Wilcox

A NEW LINE of specialists has arisen as a result of the trend toward labor socialization and collectivism in all branches of industry. These men are the ones who will govern the destiny of many companies and the labor policy of our government in coming years. They must be men of integrity and of rather exceptional qualifications; men who can foresee the trend of labor relations with business, and who are willing to sacrifice the immediate fruits of technical training for manual labor and study. They must take their place in industry, not with the idea of following the orthodox line of advancement, but knowing that they must stay at the bottom until they have learned to understand the viewpoints, the work, the advantages and the disadvantages of each classification of labor. They must not be of a radical nature or become easily biased, and they must study. You will say I am looking for a superman and in one sense that is true, but the business man and our government are both in the market even now for this type of man, and with the proper training and background, many of our young technicians can readily enter this field of work.

Jan 1, 1942

By John B. Cook

Most of today's open pits take the form of conical-shaped excavations in the relatively flat or undulating terrain surrounding them. Ore is usually hauled uphill from the pit bottom by truck, rail, or skip to crushing, beneficiation, railroad loading, and stockpiling facilities near the edge of the pit. There are, however, a few orebodies whose locations in mountainous terrain causes special problems that generate different technical solutions. LAMCO's 10.5 million metric tons per year high-grade iron mine in the Nimba Range in tropical Liberia is probably one of the most extreme of these exceptions (Fig. 1). At Nimba there is a 2,000-ft difference in elevation between the upper- most levels of the orebodies and the start of the railroad below at the foot of the mountain. Haulage to the crusher is usually downhill at grades of up to 12% dictated by the topography of the rugged terrain. Ore is transported from the crusher down the mountainside by a conveyor sys- tem 10,096 ft long, whose average grade is 18%. The belt is braked by asynchronous generators, feeding power into the local network. The original crusher must be relocated at a lower elevation outside the final pit limit to allow that part of the mountain on which it now stands to be excavated. HISTORY The LAMCO Joint Venture is owned 75% by the Liberian-American- Swedish Minerals Co. (LAMCO) and 25% by Bethlehem Steel Corp. LAMCO is comprised of a 50% interest by the Liberian Government and 50% interest by Liberian Iron Ore Ltd (Fig. 2). This joint venture was launched to develop the high-grade iron ore deposits of the Nimba Range.

Jan 1, 1969

By Olin M. Hart

Uranium ores occur in the Lower Cretaceous Inyan Kara group of heterogeneously stratified fluvial and fluvial-marine sandstones in the Black Hills of western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. There are three principal mining districts, each in the ancestral and present drainage area of a major river partially responsible for stripping the region to its present topographic form. Primary minerals in the deposits are coffinite and uraninite with minor amounts of paramontroseite and haggite. The ore minerals coat sand grains and fill interstices of complexly cross-stratified sandstone along solution fronts similar to "roll" type deposits of the other districts. Minerals of oxidized deposits are typically carnotite and tyuyamunite with different proportions of secondary vanadium accessory minerals. Ground water was the transporting medium and deposition of primary uranium and vanadium minerals occurred in reducing environments produced and controlled by physio-chemical characteristics of the sedimentary rocks.

Jan 1, 1968

By Nathan C. Rockwood

BASIC mineral commodities may be divided into two general classifications in their market or price characteristics. In one class are commodities sold on a world-wide basis, as gold, silver, nickel, asbestos and petroleum, and in the second are those produced and sold locally. Of course, no precise line of demarcation exists between the two; coal, for instance, belongs more or less in both. If there are enough producers of any commodity to prevent control of production by any one person or group, a free market then exists and the price in a buyer's market is determined by the most favored producer-meaning the producer, with the lowest production cost or the lowest cost of transportation, or both, to the particular market, or place of use. With minerals in the first classification, their high intrinsic value far outweighs the transportation cost and a uniform market price is accepted as an essential element in the economy of distribution. But with common minerals of small. intrinsic value and relatively high transportation costs, economists are reluctant to admit that a uniform price may also be an essential element in distribution.

Jan 1, 1940

By John A. Baker

S EVERAL FACTORS have brought about a vastly greater interest in the gold-mining industry in the last two or three years. Outstanding is the fact that there is an open market at a fixed price for all that can be produced. a condition that holds for no other commodity. Costs of production have decreased greatly, owing to lower prices of supplies and equipment and lower wages. Improved metallurgical processes and equipment are also available. To big new gold district is being opened up but virgin ground is being prospected with some success in many of the more remote parts of the world and right here in the United States many old properties are being reopened 111 the light of present condition<, tailing dumps are being re- worked, and profitable leases taken on abandoned property. Many of the men who are becoming interested in gold are mining engineers whose experience has all been with base metals heretofore: some are engineers with no mining experience; some are not engineers at all but men who cannot find profitable employment in their usual field of activity and are attracted by the age-old lore of the yellow metal. Some are business men with a little money and an idea that under present conditions gold mining offers a safer investment for it than most other kinds of business. It is to those more or less inexperienced new- comers in the gold-mining industry that this article i4 ad dressed. Those who are connected with the large gold mines or who have had rears of experience with the small ones will find in the following pages little or nothing of interest but it is hoped that the newer generation of small mine operators, on whom the healthy growth of the industry depends so much, may find here some helpful hints.

Jan 1, 1932

By E. G. Bailey

PLANTS that normally burn coal now able too obtain a substantial increase over their normal supply for their greater power needs, and also additional tonnage for extra storage against the uncertainties of the future. Many plants previously burning oil or gas have already been converted to coal, and those which must yet change to coal will undoubtedly be able to obtain ample tonnage of coal of standard quality at reasonable prices. What a contrast this is to the conditions of 25 years ago, when the shortage of coal and transportation led to prices of $5 to $6 per ton at the mines, and degradation of quality, until the already overburdened railroads were called upon to haul 100,000 ton per day of extra ash alone. This was the result of a runaway market and the loading of gob, slate, and sub-quality coal amounting to an estimated increase in ash of 5 per cent of the total tonnage hauled. The problem of getting increased steam output from inferior coal caused unbelievable reductions in the low normal boiler efficiency of that time and untold labor in firing the hand- and stoker-fed furnaces of that day.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

FEW mining schools possess an art gallery and certainly none can equal the collection of paintings depicting the mineral industries now hanging in the comparatively new building of the School of Mineral Industries at The Pennsylvania State College. Dean Steidle, who conceived the idea, early this spring boasted of 55 paintings in the collection, by 24 different artists, the gallery being appraised at $18,000. Since then, eleven additional paintings have been added. Opportunity will he presented for an inspection at the meeting of the Industrial Minerals Division, to be held at the College, Sept. 24-26.

Jan 1, 1936

By Thomas Varley

IN THE congressional act establishing the Bureau of Mines one of the functions outlined was "to assist I the industry in the prevention of mineral waste." This had not only to do with the waste in mining but in milling and metallurgical practices, including smelting. The organization of the Bureau of &apos;Mines includes many divisions, each working in a particular field and charged with certain investigative work. The metallurgical division has the above duties under its immediate supervision, and the station located at Salt Lake City is directed by the chief of this division: There are ten experiment stations of the Bureau of Mines, located in various parts of the country, most of them being housed at state universities under cooperative agreements. Considerable care was exercised in locating the stations and in choosing the particular type of work to be investigated at each place. Inasmuch as the Bureau was designed to serve and cooperate with the industry it is only natural that the investigative work be of interest and importance to the territory immediately adjacent to the respective stations.

Jan 1, 1925

Engineering Experiment Station, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas. For publications or a list of publications, address the above Of the 29 Bulletins issued by the Engineering Experiment Station, a few on cement and road-building materials may well be listed here: Bulletin 12, Road materials of Kansas; 15, Tests of Kansas road materials, 17, Some strength characteristics of portland cement; 25, Volume change of concrete, 26, A study of fourteen brands of standard portland cement and four early-strength concretes, 28, The durability of concrete, 29, The effect of aggregate and other variables on the elastic properties of concrete

Jan 1, 1933

Organization Place - Date 1918 American Iron and Steel Institute New York, N. Y. May American Water Works Association :.. St. Paul, Minn. May 20-25 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Berlin, N. H.. June 19-22 American Concrete Institute Atlantic City, N. J. June 24-26 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 25-28 New York Electrical Society New York, N. Y. June National Association of Stationary Engineers Cincinnati, 0. Sept. 9-13 National Exposition of Chemical Industries New York, N.Y.. Sept.23-28 American Chemical Society Cleveland, 0. Sept. National Petroleum Association Atlantic&apos; City, N. J. Sept.

Jan 5, 1918

THE twelfth annual meeting of the American Asso-ciation of Petroleum Geologists will be held in Tulsa, Okla., on March 24 to 26, at the Mayo Hotel. The per-sonnel of the committee on arrangements for this meet-ing is as follows : Chairman, M. M. Valerius ; finance, J. H. Gardner; program, Sidney Powers,; publicity, Luther H. White; reception, L. G. Welsh; registration, Frank A. Herald; exhibits, Frank C. Greene; entertain¬ment, Harry H. Nowlan ; ladies&apos; entertainment, T. E. Weirich; golf tournament, A. L. Beekly; hotels, G. C. Potter; transportation, A. W. Duston; banquet, R. Hughes; decoration, V. H. Hughes.

Jan 2, 1927

Organization Place Date 1917 Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Edu¬ cation Evansville,Ind. June 19-22 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Buffalo, N. Y, June 20-22 American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30 Mine Inspectors Institute of U. S. A. Indianapolis Ind. July 9-11 National Association of Stationary Engineers... Evansville, Ind. Sept. 10-15 National Exposition of Safety and, Sanitation .. New York City Sept. 10-15 American Iron, Steel & Electrical Engineers.... Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 10-14

Jan 6, 1917

US 4,190,434 - In the thermal production of magnesium metal, a mixture of calcined dolomite, an iron- silicon-aluminum alloy as a reductant, and residual slag from the production of ferrochromium is smelted to evolve magnesium vapor, which is then condensed. The use of bauxite is lessened or eliminated because of the relatively high alumina content of the residual slag. R. Bonfils, A. Mena, C. Payn, and L. Septier, assigned to Ste. Francaise d’Electrometallurgie (SOFREM). Feb. 26, 1980. 6 pp. (75-10R). Filed: 6-14-78 (915,387). Priority: France, 6-24-77 (77/20,227).

Jan 1, 1982

By H. F. Dunlap, R. R. Hawthorne

A method of calculating formation water resistivities from chemical analyses is presented which is somewhat faster and more accurate than previously described methods. For 26 formation water samples taken from wells in the Texas Gulf Coast, the average deviation of calculated from measured water resistivities was 3.3 per cent, with an average bias of + l.l per cent in the calculated values. This compares with average deviations of 4.6 per cent and 7.8 per cent, with corresponding average biases of +3.2 per cent and -6.3 per cent, for the two methods previously described in the litera-

Jan 1, 1951

By R. R. Hawthorne, H. F. Dunlap

A method of calculating formation water resistivities from chemical analyses is presented which is somewhat faster and more accurate than previously described methods. For 26 formation water samples taken from wells in the Texas Gulf Coast, the average deviation of calculated from measured water resistivities was 3.3 per cent, with an average bias of + l.l per cent in the calculated values. This compares with average deviations of 4.6 per cent and 7.8 per cent, with corresponding average biases of +3.2 per cent and -6.3 per cent, for the two methods previously described in the litera-

Jan 1, 1951

Institute of Metals Division Ferrous and Nonferrous Physical Metallurgy Established as a Division April 26, 1918 (Bylaws published In the 1944 TRANSACTIONS Volume of the Division) A A SMITH, JR, Chairman E A ANDERSON, Past-Chairman F N RHINES, Senior Vice-Chairman W A DEAN, Vice-Chairman H A MALONEY, Treasurer ERNEST KIRKENDALL, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N Y Executive Committee R M BRICK 2 W A JOHNSON 1 H I DIXON 2 E W PALMER 1 M GENSAMER 2 J H SCAFF 3 J D HANAWALT 1 J D SULLIVAN 3

Jan 1, 1952

By AIME AIME

ON Thursday, Oct. 9, oil men from far and wide gathered at Beaumont, Texas to participate in a three-day celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the completion of the famous Lucas gusher well at Spindletop field just south of Beaumont, and to pay tribute to Anthony F. Lucas, for whom the Lucas Medal of the A.I.M.E. is named. In the afternoon the gathered host drove to the site of the discovery well to dedicate a 58-ft. granite monu¬ment erected on the spot where the original derrick stood. Representatives of the A.I.M.E. took a prominent part in the dedication ceremonies, giving the two principal addresses of the afternoon&apos;s program. Everette DeGolyer, past President, paid a personal tribute to Capt. Lucas, as a pioneer producer, an engineer, and a friend and well wisher of all young engineers. He gave a splendid picture of the useful and full life of Capt. Lucas who always took a great interest in the activities of the Petroleum Division of the Institute, from its inception to the time of his death.

Jan 1, 1941

By Oliver Bowles

DISCUSSIONS of trade and commerce are generally more comprehensive today than in the past; the problems are approached with a vision unrestricted by national boundaries, and broad enough to comprise the entire world. The extent to which the limited viewpoint that has characterized past ages is yielding to an economy of world-wide scope is exemplified by the Atlantic Charter which blazes a trail in the direction of trade principles that aim to preserve the interest of each individual country in the commonwealth of nations. Its fourth article promulgated the principle that all nations should have access on equal terms to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which may be needed for their economic prosperity. Future developments in reciprocal international trade may have some effect upon the flow of nonmetallic minerals but such effects are not likely to be great because tariffs and trade policies have not affected that flow profoundly in the past. Nevertheless conditions may change and new problems may arise demanding important decisions. Sudden changes are not to be expected, but rather an orderly evolution in which national interests will merit due consideration in establishing broader policies.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. W. Duecker

SULPHUR is a peculiar combination of a nuisance and a useful element. Most of the nonferrous metallic ores contain large amounts of it in the form of sulphides, which the metallurgist has wasted up the chimney, since the sulphur dioxide formed is generally too dilute to make recovery economical and practical. Iron ore does not contain much of the unwanted sulphur; in pig iron and coke it is most unwelcome. Gold metallurgists can get along nicely without sulphides in their cyanide plants and yet they find matte-a sulphur compound -an excellent collector for gold and silver in base-metal smelting. Also, sulphur appears in the non-metallics as in barite, gypsum, Glauber&apos;s salt, and celestite, all to useful purpose.

Jan 1, 1938