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Discussions of the paper of Mr. Gayley read by title at the Lake Superior hieeting, but first presented at the New York meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, October, 1904 (see p. 746). With the exception of Mr. Pourcel's discussion (p. 1038), these papers are here published under a mutual agreement between the Councils of the two Institutes, and will also be found, with others, in the Journal of the Iron and Steel In-slitute for the pear 1904, Mr. E. Windsor Richards, Past-President,' said that in 1799 Mr. Dawson, of Low Moor, read a paper before a scientific society in York pointing out the great diff'erence in the moisture of the air going into the blast-furnace in the hot months of the year and in the winter months. A cold blast-furnace was a very sensitive instrument, and showed this very clearly, for in June, July and August the furnace did not drive so well; it did not make the quality of iron and required more fuel; so that Mr. Gayley was on the right road to effect an enormous improvement in this direction. He considered that Mr. Gayley was on the way to great success, and hoped that the apparatus would not be a very expensive one. He supposed it mas too early for Mr. Gayley to let them know what the saviug was

Jan 1, 1905

By John A. Gann

The following investigation constitutes a brief réumé of the more important binary magnesium alloys from the standpoint of metallo-graphic technique, and the effect of heat treatment on structure and properties. The comparative newness of the subject justifies this procedure as a preface to a more detailed study of each individual series of alloys. The work was started with the idea of practical application in the industry rather than as a theoretical investigation. The alloy compositions studied were selected as those most likely to show whether heat treatment would produce beneficial results. Furthermore, it was considered satisfactory to use commercial 99.9 per cent. magnesium, the best commercial grade of alloying ingredients, and to limit the time of heat treatment at the expense of incomplete equilibrium. These facts must be kept in mind when examining the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn. Preparation of Alloys All melts were made in an oil-fired cast-steel pot, approximately 12 in. dia, by 12 in. deep. Approximately 15 lb. of flux and 50 lb. of magnesium were melted and the calculated amount of alloying metal was added. After thorough alloying and puddling, the metal was chill cast in a graphite mold with four 1/2 by 1/2 by 4 in. bars fed from a common sprue and runner. The next higher composition alloy in a given series was made by adding the calculated amount of metal to the heel from the preceding cast. The pot was thoroughly cleaned after each series and new flux then introduced, thus avoiding possible contamination from earlier melts. The percentage compositions given in Table 1 are the calculated values. While not all alloys were analyzed, enough were checked to indicate that the reported compositions are correct to a few tenths of one per cent. A more detailed description of the foundry methods employed has been given in a previous paper. 1

Jan 1, 1929

By John A. Gann

The following investigation constitutes a brief réumé of the more important binary magnesium alloys from the standpoint of metallo-graphic technique, and the effect of heat treatment on structure and properties. The comparative newness of the subject justifies this procedure as a preface to a more detailed study of each individual series of alloys. The work was started with the idea of practical application in the industry rather than as a theoretical investigation. The alloy compositions studied were selected as those most likely to show whether heat treatment would produce beneficial results. Furthermore, it was considered satisfactory to use commercial 99.9 per cent. magnesium, the best commercial grade of alloying ingredients, and to limit the time of heat treatment at the expense of incomplete equilibrium. These facts must be kept in mind when examining the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn. Preparation of Alloys All melts were made in an oil-fired cast-steel pot, approximately 12 in. dia, by 12 in. deep. Approximately 15 lb. of flux and 50 lb. of magnesium were melted and the calculated amount of alloying metal was added. After thorough alloying and puddling, the metal was chill cast in a graphite mold with four 1/2 by 1/2 by 4 in. bars fed from a common sprue and runner. The next higher composition alloy in a given series was made by adding the calculated amount of metal to the heel from the preceding cast. The pot was thoroughly cleaned after each series and new flux then introduced, thus avoiding possible contamination from earlier melts. The percentage compositions given in Table 1 are the calculated values. While not all alloys were analyzed, enough were checked to indicate that the reported compositions are correct to a few tenths of one per cent. A more detailed description of the foundry methods employed has been given in a previous paper. 1

Jan 1, 1929

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of April, 1913: BARNES, BLAKESLEE, Min. Engr Burrwood, La. BOYLSTON, HERBERT M., Cons. Met. Engr 26 Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. BUEHLER, HENRY A., State Geol Rolla, Mo. CASTO, WILLIAM H., JR., Mining Bonanza, Idaho. COHEN, MAXWELL B., Mill Operator Miami, Ariz. EVANS, MILTON R., Shop Draftsman 92 Division St., Kingston, Pa. HARPER, WALTER S., Asst. Treas 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y. JAMES. JAMES S.. Min. Engr Telluride. Colo.

Jan 5, 1913

For handling rough rock, the shovel-train system is unexcelled. The ideal application is a physically large, but not excessively deep, open-pit mine from which the coarsely blasted ore and waste must be transported distances in excess of three miles. If, in addition, a high production rate is to be maintained, railroad haulage will probably afford a lower cost per ton transportation than will any other haulage method. Relatively gentle grades must be employed- usually 3% for uphill hauls and 4% for downhill hauls. The greater the differences in elevation the greater are the railroad track grade space requirements. By way of illustration, a 3% ramp out of a pit only 300 ft deep must be almost two miles long. Mainline track locations should be selected carefully so that the frequency of movements during the life of the mining operation is minimized. This applies both to ore and to waste haulageways. Such moves are not only expensive but difficult to execute without adversely affecting production rates. The large mine affords greater opportunities for judicious location of semi-permanent trackage.

Jan 10, 1967

By H. E. Exner

This article is a critical review of the influence of surface preparation on crack formation at Vickers indentations in the test used by Palmqvist3-7 to evaluate the toughness of cemented carbides. Experimental results are presented which clearly show that grinding introduces compressive surface stresses into the cobalt phase and thus reduces the crack length. The deformed surface layer is removed by polishing and a stress pattern is approached corresponding to that in the bulk material. Cracks of maximum length are characteristic of this stress state. Deformation stresses can be removed by annealing above 800°C. On the basis of these results , sample preparation for the crack length test can be simplified, the accuracy of measurement is improved, and a simple and significani parameter is found to describe crack resistance of cemented carbides. FOLLOWING suggestions by Ammann and Hinniiber,1'2 Palmqvist3-7 developed a method for testing the toughness of cemented carbides using as a measure the sum of crack lengths at the four corners of a Vickers hardness indentation. This method has several advantages over the bend test commonly used in carbide technology: a) specially formed samples are unnecessary; b) sufficient information can be obtained from one sample; c) the scatter is relatively small; d) the range of actual values for commercial cutting alloys is wide. Thus, this test is both cheaper and more precise than the bend test. Nevertheless, Palmqvist's method is not widely used, mainly for two reasons: a) The relationship between crack length and the technological properties of the material (wear and shock resistance) is not clear. b) The crack length is strongly dependent on surface treatment. It is necessary, therefore, that surface preparation be very precise and reproducible, conditions usually hard to obtain. While any other simple mechanical test has this first drawback, the second became crucial in the application of the crack length method as a practical test. The reasons that this drawback could not be eliminated are, in our opinion, misleading and inconsistent interpretations of the influence of surface preparation on the crack length given in literature. In the following, after a short review of previous experimental results the interpretations given by different authors,4?'-11 cf. Table I, are discussed critically and a consistent explanation is presented on the basis of which improvements of the method of crack length testing are proposed. 1) PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS In his first attempt to use the cracks at Vickers impressions as a quantitative measure of the toughness of cemented carbides, palmqvist3 calculated the work necessary to initiate cracks by the formula: Sk =k.Pk. [I] where k = numerical constant = 6.49, Sk = critical work to initiate cracks (gf cm), Pk = critical load (load necessary to initiate cracks) HV = Vickers hardness (kp per sq mm). The difficulties involved in experimental determination of the critical load were overcome by the observation that a linear relation holds between the applied load and the sum of the crack lengths at the four corners of the indentation. This linear function, given by Eq. [2] below, was confirmed by Dawihl and Alt-meyer9and by our experiments, see Fig. 1: I = a1.P +a2 [2] where 1 = sum of the crack lengths at a Vickers indentation, P = applied load, al, a2 = parameters dependent on the toughness of the alloy and the surface preparation. The critical load, Pk, is now given by a2, which can be obtained by extrapolating the load vs crack length line to zero crack length, see Fig. 1. This simple relationship, Eq. [2], led Palmqvist1,7 to a parameter which was more reproducible and easier to obtain experimentally than the critical work: the work, S300, put into the sample to produce an average crack length of 300 µm per indentation. This parameter is calculated using the formula: where the load, P3oo, giving a crack length of 300 µm, can be taken from the load-crack length plot, Fig. 1,

Jan 1, 1970

By Charles A. Thomson

RECENTLY a prominent Brazilian' doctor wrote to an American friend: "I feel that cultural relations between the American and Brazilian people could be promoted in a very speedy and effective way by establishing contacts between men of the same professions. . . . A Brazilian mechanical engineer could be immediately interested in relations with American colleagues, even if he had never heard of Longfellow and was not interested in Stokowski's orchestra. . . . A large number of cultural ties could be established between specific groups of men who have already some common interest, and who, whenever they meet, can do something that naturally brings them closer, that is, `talk shop."' In appointing a committee on Inter-American Engineering Relations to cooperate with the Department of State in its program of fostering cultural relations with the other republics of this hemisphere, the American Engineering Council has taken a step which should lead to a greater sense of unity and fraternity among engineers of the Americas. That such unity and fraternity are part and parcel of the moral defense of the hemisphere is obvious. For years engineers of the United States have been traveling South and South-east to construct roads and bridges, dam rivers, harness waterfalls, build ports, install and operate mining equipment, and erect buildings and plants, often at the risk of life. Those in the teaching profession in this country have had as pupils a growing number of students from our neighboring republics whom they have sent back home trained in the most efficient engineering methods. In a sense, however, these relations with the other nations on this side of the globe have been haphazard and left to chance. Personal acquaintance among engineers has played its role but no organized attempt appears to have been made to take advantage of the natural relationship which geographical and historical factors should encourage.

Jan 1, 1940

By Graham Bright

T HE chairman of the Mines Committee of the A. 1: E. E. for 1920-21 has had the honor of being also the chairman of a similar committee, the Mine Equipment Committee, of the A. I. M. E. It has been the endeavor during the past year to have the two committees work together since the object of these committees is very much the same. A meeting of the committees was held in Chicago in November of 1920, at which time it was decided that one of the best ways to work together would be to foster joint meetings of the local sections of the A. I. E. E. and A. I. M. E. By these meetings, it was hoped that various engineers in the local sections interested in mining subjects could be brought together and not only become better acquainted but be greatly benefited by the interchange of ideas and by the discussion of papers presented on mining subjects.

Jan 1, 1921

By AIME AIME

A CERTAIN area in the State of Indiana seems to be a breeding place for presidents and near president about eighteen miles southeast of Elwood is the little village of Daleville, and there, on April 9, 1890, John Robert Suman, newly elected President of the A.I.M.E., was born. It was not long before he migrated to California, however, where he went to the Los Angeles High School, then for two years to the University of Southern California, after which he went up to Berkeley

Jan 1, 1940

THE Boston meeting, August 29-31, was in many ways one of the pleasantest the Institute has enjoyed in years. Much hard work had been done by the committee, and with excellent results. The program had been purposely restricted with the idea that a smaller, more homogeneous audience formed the best basis for a regional meeting, and the event fully justified the plan. The one hundred and sixty-three members and guests attending were dominantly interested in geophysical methods or their application, and, despite the highly technical character of the papers and the unusual heat, attendance and interest in the technical sessions were well sustained. The exhibition of geophysical instruments and aerial maps added greatly to the meeting.

Jan 1, 1928

By AMY F. JENNINGS

TO give a concise history of the Woman's Auxiliary of the A. I. M. E. is a difficult task and much interesting information must needs be omitted. The organization has grown and evolved so much from its early simple beginning that it seems best to adopt the technique of some of our modern novelists and begin with the latest development. As the headquarters of the A. I. M. E. is in New York, it follows that the Woman's Auxiliary to the A. I. M. E. necessarily has also its central office and government there. The affairs of the organization are administered by a duly-elected president and five vice- presidents, a treasurer, recording secretary, and corresponding secretary and a board of directors, the personnel of which includes each chairman of a section or an elected or nominated representative who is able to attend the monthly meetings of the board and correspond with the section for which she acts, and the chairmen of the five standing national committees, i. e. Educational Fund, Library, Emergency, Membership and Hospitality. The chairmen of these committees are all responsible to the president and board of directors and their activities must be indorsed with their approval.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. E. Gross

A plausrsle method of drilling beyond the continental shelves is set forth with limitations of the method. The continental shelves comprise the water-covered portions of land masses out to 600 ft. of water, or roo fathoms. The problems and possibilities of drilling beyond this depth are discussed in this paper. Introduction Much attention is being given the problem of developing petroleum beneath the open sea. Geophysical surveys have been made 26 miles offshore1 from the continental United States, and onco offshore ownership is established it is likely that there will be drilling for oil on the continental shelves. More than two years ago the author presented the means for drilling in deep water.2 at the fall meeting of the Petroleum Division of the AIME at Los Angeles. His concepts then were based on the use of rigid foundations suitable for drilling in water up to 600 ft. deep. The present paper suggests a method for drilling in deeper water. Possibilities and Problems of Drilling beyond the continental shelves It being conceded that because restricted deep-water portions of the hydrosphere might contain oil in commercial quantities, and that at any rate it is pertinent to know more of the nature of the lithosphere beneath the hydrosphere, the possibilities and problems of drilling beyond the continental shelves should be set forth. Drilling in open water would offer few if any advantages over drilling on land. These are: 1. The ocean transportation is available to deep-water drilling sites, and extensive pipe lines and roads are unnecessary. 2. Refinery facilities and markets perhaps are established on the near-by shore where adjacent fields on land are nearing depletion. 3. There is freedom from jungle pests and tropical diseases. 4. Competitive drilling is less likely. 5. Extensive areas attractive for development arc not yet under lease or concession. Disadvantages are great and numerous: 1. Storm hazards from wind and wave. 2. Expensive foundations, either rigid or floating. 3. Shutdown times because of weather. 4. Marine Regulations of Federal Bureaus in addition to customary regulations on land. 5. Frequent difficulty in moving men and materials to and from drilling platforms. 6. Extra precautions required in open sea. For drilling in water more than 500 or 600 ft. deep, rigid foundations2 become too costly, and floating foundations must be used, and they must meet the following requirements:

Jan 1, 1947

By H. E. Gross

A plausrsle method of drilling beyond the continental shelves is set forth with limitations of the method. The continental shelves comprise the water-covered portions of land masses out to 600 ft. of water, or roo fathoms. The problems and possibilities of drilling beyond this depth are discussed in this paper. Introduction Much attention is being given the problem of developing petroleum beneath the open sea. Geophysical surveys have been made 26 miles offshore1 from the continental United States, and onco offshore ownership is established it is likely that there will be drilling for oil on the continental shelves. More than two years ago the author presented the means for drilling in deep water.2 at the fall meeting of the Petroleum Division of the AIME at Los Angeles. His concepts then were based on the use of rigid foundations suitable for drilling in water up to 600 ft. deep. The present paper suggests a method for drilling in deeper water. Possibilities and Problems of Drilling beyond the continental shelves It being conceded that because restricted deep-water portions of the hydrosphere might contain oil in commercial quantities, and that at any rate it is pertinent to know more of the nature of the lithosphere beneath the hydrosphere, the possibilities and problems of drilling beyond the continental shelves should be set forth. Drilling in open water would offer few if any advantages over drilling on land. These are: 1. The ocean transportation is available to deep-water drilling sites, and extensive pipe lines and roads are unnecessary. 2. Refinery facilities and markets perhaps are established on the near-by shore where adjacent fields on land are nearing depletion. 3. There is freedom from jungle pests and tropical diseases. 4. Competitive drilling is less likely. 5. Extensive areas attractive for development arc not yet under lease or concession. Disadvantages are great and numerous: 1. Storm hazards from wind and wave. 2. Expensive foundations, either rigid or floating. 3. Shutdown times because of weather. 4. Marine Regulations of Federal Bureaus in addition to customary regulations on land. 5. Frequent difficulty in moving men and materials to and from drilling platforms. 6. Extra precautions required in open sea. For drilling in water more than 500 or 600 ft. deep, rigid foundations2 become too costly, and floating foundations must be used, and they must meet the following requirements:

Jan 1, 1947

By Charles H. Fulton

IT is assumed that the word "college" for the present purpose signifies technical school or technical department of a college or university. About ten or fifteen years ago, and more recently in some instances the contact between the technical school and the industry, as represented by the operating companies, was very limited. The school made no effort to place its graduates in the industry and the graduate's first position was obtained by his own or his friends' efforts; the friend often was a professor. The industries, or the operating companies, seemingly had little interest in the training of the technical graduates they employed or in seeking to discover their personal characteristics and fitness for the work. In the public mind there was little relation between technical training and industry. Such training was in the field of education; industry was in the field of business; and the interrelationship was not a matter of common knowledge or concern.

Jan 1, 1929

By W. A. Wall, R. L. Kidd

IN present-day flotation practice, grinding of the flotation feed is carried to extremely fine sizes, 70 to 80 per cent minus 200 mesh being customary. The greatest flotation losses occur in the coarsest and finest sizes, but the losses in the very fine sizes are, of course, much the more important because of the large proportion of fines in the feed. These losses are particularly high in zinc ores so a study of the effect of size on the flotation of sphalerite has been made. The mineral used in these experi¬ments was a pure sphalerite, especially free from copper, from the Joplin district in Missouri. The sizes coarser than 200 mesh were separated by screening, the sized mineral then being deslimed on a Wilfley table. The sizes finer than 200 mesh were obtained by water elutriation as described by H. R. Bradford (M. S. Thesis, University of Utah, 1932) ; particles finer than 6.5 microns could not be obtained with the apparatus used.

Jan 1, 1933

By Renato G. Bautista, Robert A. Hard

A comparative study has been made of the ex-tractability of several of the transitim metals from thiocyanate sohtions using methyl isobutyl ketone as the organic solvent. Extractions were made of scandium (III), chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), and cobalt (II), of which only the scandium , iron, and cobalt were readily extracted. All extractions were made at pH 2 and at 25.5 °C. A series of extraction experiments was made on scandium, iron, and cobalt to determine the effect of thiocyanate cmcentration added as the ammonium and also as the calcium salt. Also determined was the effect of metal ion concentratim and ionic strength on the distribution ratio. Analyses of the organic extracts indicated the scandium and iron were extracted principally in the uncharged trithiocyanate form, while the extractable form of the cobalt contained the cobaltotetrathiocyanate anion. THE chemical separation of metal complexes in solution by solvent extraction has in recent years been developed for large scale separation as well as bench scale work in the laboratory. It has also found increased application in analytical chemistry. Its extension to extractive metallurgy as a unit operation is best illustrated in the recovery of uranium and vanadium from their leached liquor.5-8 The extractability of some thiocyanate systems have been extensively investigated. The rate earths have been separated from one another using butanol as a olvent. Scandium was effectively extracted in ethyl ether using ammonium thiocyanate as the com-plexing agent.'' Similarly, the separation of hafnium from zirconium has been reported using ether""' or hexone13 as the organic solvent. The extractability of various metal thiocyanates in ethyl ether is given by 0ck.l Sharp and Wilkinson15 prepared nickel-free cobalt slats by thiocyanate extraction. The mechanism of extraction of titanium (IV) thiocyanate with methyl isobutyl ketone was determined by elafosse.''" The characterization of cobalt (TI) thiocyanate complex using methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent at near neutral aqueous solution and the spectrometric studies of the ex-tractable cobalt complex has been made by Hard." It is noteworthy to mention at this point that the fundamental characteristic of ketone (oxonium) solvent extraction is that the extractable species are uncharged ion pairs solvated by the ketone molecules, but probably still partially hydrated.

Jan 1, 1963

By Henry Fernald

THE accounting system or bookkeeping methods of any company are principally the concern of that company and of those who are in control of its affairs. Its published financial report is, however, primarily intended for those who are not already fully informed regarding its operations and finances. Whatever may be the advantages of standardization of accounting and bookkeeping methods, it must be admitted that a company has a certain right to handle its accounts and keep its books and records in whatever manner may seem to it best adapted to its affairs, even though such methods may differ materially from those generally adopted by others. In its financial reports it should not, however, either ask or expect that the statements it makes or the terms which it uses will be given in its case a meaning and interpretation different from that which they are ordinarily considered to have in similar reports and statements of other companies. The particular form and arrangement of such reports is a matter concerning which there may be much difference of opinion. It is of little importance whether current assets come first or last in the Balance Sheet, but it is important that there should not be included under this designation any items which are not properly current assets within the generally accepted meaning of that term. The extent to which stockholders or others interested are to be made acquainted with the full details of a company's business is a question which the proper authorities must in each case decide. It should, however, be recognized that there are certain facts regarding a mining com-pany which must be set forth in a financial statement if it is fully to cover the conditions and affairs of the company. For example, a financial, statement which does not include or is not accompanied by a statement, of the ore reserves of the company does not fully set forth its financial condition. This is true whether the absence of such a statement of ore reserves is because it is not desired to make public the figures or whether it is because the ore reserves themselves are not definitely known, or accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1928

By G. C. RIDDELL

THE metallurgist, chemist, and physicist are blazing trails that lead far afield. Pushing on into an "Alloy Age" they see a non-ferrous era over- taking iron and steel. Delving into the nature of the physical world, they break down a supposedly indivisible element, hydrogen. Not content with terrestrial problems, they peer back along the cosmic ray into iaterstellar space, glimpsing forces that are, apparently, still busy with the task of atom-making. Mastering and organizing the material and physical, they advance steadily toward that borderland of science where the concept of matter itself seems abandoned, and force is the substance left.

Jan 1, 1930

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943

By W. H. Hough, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during 1942 led to the discovery of 26 new fields in the Texas Gulf Coast, as compared with 27 during 1941. Of these, 19 are classed as oil fields, 4 distillate fields, and 3 gas fields. Production from the new fields amounted to 614,467 bbl. to October 1942. Producing Sections.—Discoveries in I942, compared with the previous two years, classified by producing formations, are shown in the following table: It is interesting to note the increase in Wilcox discoveries due to the extensive geophysical campaign that has been con. ducted since 1940. Drilling.—During the year 688 wells were drilled, of which 574 produced oil or gas and 114 were dry. This represents a considerable decline in activity over the previous year, when 1405 wells were drilled in the area, of which 1081 were producers and 324 failures. Jackson County continued to hold the lead, with 222 wells completed. Production.—-Despite curtailed drilling, production amounted to 118,009,451 bbl. for 1942, indicating a slight increase over the 113,726,893 bbl. produced during 1941. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include condensate and distillate as oil production, because many Gulf Coast fields produce oils with a wide variation of specific gravities, all of which are commingled in pipe lines. Table 3 shows by counties most of the activities referred to. The number of wells drilled includes only field wells; not wildcats. Outstanding Fields of 1942 The Texas Gulf Coast covered in this report has 270 more or less active oil and gas fields, including the new discoveries of 1942. Of these the most outstanding from the standpoint of production are listed in Table 4. Each of these fields produced one million barrels or more during 1942. Some of the fields where new extensions are occasionally referred to as separate fields, such as West Columbia and New West Columbia, or Thompson and South Thompson, are combined to give a more accurate outline. Two interesting facts may be noted from this list of some 26 oil fields: (I) that the Lolita field, Jackson County, is the only discovery since 1938 to produce more than one million barrels annually, although there have been 79 discoveries since Jan. I, 1940; (2) that 20 of these 26 fields produce from the Frio. New Fields ALief, Harris County.—Pure Oil Company's No. I Mike Albanese was drilled to 8637 ft. in Cook Mountain shale. After numerous tests the well was completed on Apr. 20, 1942, in a Yegua sand at 7919 to 7924 ft. for 54 bbl. of 52' gravity oil and 3,335,000 cu. ft. of gas through

Jan 1, 1943