Search Documents

By John T. Galey

In southwestern Pennsylvania 151 wells1 were completed during 1938, a total of 61 less than the preceding year. Of this number 81 were gas wells and 28 oil wells, which shows a considerable decline from 1937, when 108 gas wells and 64 oil wells were completed. However, 42 dry holes were drilled during 1938, which is two more than the previous year. Shallow Development—Gas No new extensions to old pools, or new wells that would indicate any substantial reserves, mere found during the year. However, a number of commercial wells and many dry holes were drilled to the Big Injun sand in Menallen township, Fayette County. One well had an initial open flow of 6 million cu. ft. In Rich Hill township, Greene County, one well producing, from the Big Injun sand, 2 million cu. ft. was brought in. Several other gas wells were completed in Shaler township, Alleghany County and Center township, Greene County, both of which had initial open flows of 1 million cu. ft. from the 30-ft. sand. Another well, in Aleppo township, Greene County, had an equal volume from the Gordon Stray sand. Oil Development has proceeded at a retarded rate because of the low price of Pennsylvania-grade crude. A total initial of only 205 bbl., an average of 7.3 bbl. per well, was developed. This is 1785 bbl. less than during 1937 and no new repressuring operations have been contemplated to prevent the declining production. The average price received for oil was $1.56 per barrel, with a high of $1.88 and a low of $1.34. This oil costs $1.94 per barrel2 to produce. The average price paid for Bradford

Jan 1, 1939

By David A. Thomas, John F. Peck

Sam Leber (General Electric Refractory Metals Laboratory)—I think that the authors should differentiate between the curved grains obtained by swaging and the crumpled grains produced by drawing. This can be seen most easily in the transverse sections of Fig. 2d, and is also apparent in Fig. 2c. This difference in structure indicates that the mode of deformation shou1d affect the texture, since the cylindrical texture should be maintained or even increased by the curved grains developed by swaging. Drawing, on the other hand, crumples the grains. This should convert the cylindrical texture into a normal fiber texture. This has been substantiated by a comparison of tungsten wires fabricated by similar drawing and swaging schedules. Although cylindrical textures have been detected in drawn iron wires, they were weak in comparison to tungsten wires which included swaging as part of the fabrication process. It should also be noted that large curved surfaces developed by swaging are concentric with the surface. The postulated (100) surface of these crystals would be confirmed by a (100) cylindrical texture, as was observed in tungsten. The preservalion of the (100) cylindrical texture by swaging would maintain the <100> direction in the radial position required for easy flow. This might provide a partial explanation for the decreased rate of work hardening observed in the swaged wire. J. F. Peck and D. A. Thomas (authors&apos; reply) — The authors appreciate Dr. Leber&apos;s comments on the differences in textures, microstructures, and properties of swaged and drawn wires. The evidence of the prominence and persistence of the cylindrical texture in swaged bee wires seems quite consistent with our microstructural observations and interpretations. We are presently engaged in further work to correlate the development of texture and micro-structure in drawn bee metals.

Jan 1, 1962

Data about production are very meager. In this county from the earliest days until after the Civil War, the amount of coal used locally greatly exceeded that shipped on account of the iron produced; for many years the furnaces used raw coal for melting the ore. In 1846 it was stated that in this county one ton of iron required three tons of iron ore and three tons of local coal used raw.1 In 1864, eleven furnaces in Pennsylvania using 102,230 tons of raw coal produced 44,671 tons of iron, or 2.3 tons raw coal per ton of pig iron .2 This was probably as good a record as was made, as nearly all furnaces changed to coke some years later. Neither of these figures include the coal used for steam and other purposes around an iron plant. The Beaver and Erie Canal was opened in 1845 and the shipments shown from then to 1865, inclusive, are of coal received by the canal at Erie, and do not include any used at local points along the canal. From the completion of the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad in 1864 the tonnage shipped by canal decreased. rapidly, and, while the canal shipments after 1864 are supposed to be those received at Erie by canal only, they may include some rail tonnages. Tonnages on Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad may, and probably do, include some used locally; those on the Jamestown & Franklin Railroad do not. It is likely that both canal and Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad figures include some coal originating in Lawrence County, and possibly a little from Beaver County. These tonnages are not duplicated in the data for either of the other counties. Not all of the railroad reports can be found now.

Jan 1, 1942

By Gary J. Brown

AMAX Coal Company, the nation&apos;s third largest coal producer operating in Indiana, Illinois and Wyoming, is a division of AMAX, INC., a United States based natural resources corporation that operates world wide. The operations in Wyoming (The Western Division) include Belle Ayr and Eagle Butte Mines. Belle Ayr Mine, located 18 miles south of Gillette, Wyoming, presently employs 440 people. It was started into production in 1973 and has been the largest producing coal mine in the United States since 1977. Final figures will show that the mine was again the largest in 1980 with production levels of approximately 16.1 million tons, total production of coal in the United States being in excess of 800 million tons during this last year. As one of the first commercial producers of sub-bituminous coal in the Powder River Basin, Belle Ayr has served as an example for the many other mines which have since been constructed in that region. The four coal storage silos are the first and most dominant features of the mine to be seen for miles across the Wyoming prairie. Each silo has the capacity to load a 110-car unit train in excess of 11,000 tons. All service facilities at the mine are under one roof. Included in the service building are off ices, warehousing, seven garage bays, and washhouse facilities for all employees. Preparation of coal for shipping at Belle Ayr consists only of crushing from pit-run size to 2 x 0-in. Primary crushing is done under the truck hoppers to 6-8-in. product size. Secondary crushing is performed in the two large crusher buildings. The smallest plant can produce at the rate of 2,500 tph, while the larger can produce

Jan 1, 1983

By John T. Galey

In southwestern Pennsylvania 151 wells1 were completed during 1938, a total of 61 less than the preceding year. Of this number 81 were gas wells and 28 oil wells, which shows a considerable decline from 1937, when 108 gas wells and 64 oil wells were completed. However, 42 dry holes were drilled during 1938, which is two more than the previous year. Shallow Development—Gas No new extensions to old pools, or new wells that would indicate any substantial reserves, mere found during the year. However, a number of commercial wells and many dry holes were drilled to the Big Injun sand in Menallen township, Fayette County. One well had an initial open flow of 6 million cu. ft. In Rich Hill township, Greene County, one well producing, from the Big Injun sand, 2 million cu. ft. was brought in. Several other gas wells were completed in Shaler township, Alleghany County and Center township, Greene County, both of which had initial open flows of 1 million cu. ft. from the 30-ft. sand. Another well, in Aleppo township, Greene County, had an equal volume from the Gordon Stray sand. Oil Development has proceeded at a retarded rate because of the low price of Pennsylvania-grade crude. A total initial of only 205 bbl., an average of 7.3 bbl. per well, was developed. This is 1785 bbl. less than during 1937 and no new repressuring operations have been contemplated to prevent the declining production. The average price received for oil was $1.56 per barrel, with a high of $1.88 and a low of $1.34. This oil costs $1.94 per barrel2 to produce. The average price paid for Bradford

Jan 1, 1939

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its president and its secretary, may be published in Mining and Metallurgy or the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as Student Associates or Junior Members of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied by suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership. The Affiliated Student Societies receive the following privileges: 1. A copy of Mining and Metallurgy free; 2. The use of Employment Service; 3. The use of Mining and Metallurgy for publicity purposes, such as printing notices of their activities, etc.; 4. Assistance in obtaining speakers for their meetings, lists of moving-picture films, etc. To retain the privileges of the Affiliated Student Society, its officers must keep in touch with the Secretary of the Institute and advise him of its activities. The foregoing plan is not confined to students in mining engineering or metallurgy. Any undergraduate society of engineers may avail itself of the privileges offered. Societies desiring to be recognized as Affiliated Student Societies are requested to make application to the Secretary of the Institute, giving particulars as to the nature, membership and officers. The following list gives the names of the Affiliated Student Societies as of December 1, 1929, and their presidents and secretaries.

Jan 1, 1929

By A. E. Nehrenberg

IN an earlier publication&apos; it was shown that the.. shape assumed by a volume of growing austenite is inherited from the prior structure. The matrix grains of pearlitic microstructures are equiaxed, and austenite grows in an equiaxed manner in these prior structures. Martensite and bainite, on the other hand, have an acicular grain structure, and the austenite produced in such structures grows in an acicular manner. In the discussion of this paper&apos; it was pointed out that in cold-rolled tempered martensite, austenite grows in an equiaxed, rather than an acicular manner. The results of an experiment carried out to arrive at an understanding of this behavior are illustrated by the micrographs. Fig. 1 shows the acicular microstructure produced by heating tempered martensite to a temperature within the Ac1-Ac3 range, 1350°F. When tempered martensite is cold rolled, then heated to the same temperature, the equiaxed structure shown in Fig. 2 is produced. A sample of cold-rolled tempered martensite heated at 1350°F just long enough for the formation of a small amount of austenite is shown by Fig. 3 to have an equiaxed (recrystallized) ferrite grain structure. The small particles of. austenite which formed at 1350°F in the equiaxed ferrite matrix are likewise equiaxed. Thus, the equiaxed growth of austenite in cold-worked tempered martensite is not a contradiction of the principles described in the previous paper, for the growth pattern reflects the matrix grain structure existing at the time of austenite formation. References A. E. Nehrenberg: The Growth of Austenite as Related to Prior structure. Trans. AIME (1950) 188, pp. 162-174; Journal of Metals (January 1950). 2 J. R. Vilella and R. A. Grange: Discussion of ref. 1. Trans. AIME (1950) 188, pp. 1378-1381; Journal of Metals (November 1950).

Jan 1, 1953

By B. H. Bergstrom

The Gaudin-Meloy1 size distribution equation requires the evaluation of two constants, xo and r. The common log-log representation of a screen analysis as cumulative weight percentage passing versus size, readily yields the required constants as illustrated for curves A and B in Fig. 1. The 100% passing (y = 1.0) size is simply x,. If the straight portion of the curve be extrapolated to the 100% passing (y=1.0) abscissa, the intercept is the Schuhmann size modulus, k. The ratio of xo to the size modulus, k, is r as shown: The Gaudin-Meloy equation requires that the slope, a, of the size distribution approach unity in the finer sizes, as is the case for curves A and B. Often distributions are better characterized by slopes other than unity. The schuhmann2 equation is able to represent these distributions if the upper portions of the curves are ignored. Empirically, the Gaudin-Meloy equation can be modified to yield slopes other than unity by writing it as Here, a is the familiar Schuhmann slope, and xo is the 100% passing size. The value of r is still given by Eq. 2. Eq. 4 with its easily determined constants is more versatile than either the Schuhmann or the Gaudin-Meloy equations, since a wide variety of size distributions can be closely described. It is easier to fit than the Rosin-Rammler3 equation, and has the advantage that the top size, x,, is finite. REFERENCES A. M. Gaudin and T. P. Meloy: Model and a Comminution Distribution Equation for Single Fracture, AIME Transactions, 1962, Vol. 223, pp. 40 to 43. R. Schumann, Jr.: principles of comminution, I., size Distribution and Surface Calculations, AIME Technical Publication No. 1187, 1940. P. Rosin and E. Rammler: The Laws coverning the Fineness of Powdered Coal, J. Inst. Fuel, 1933. Vol. 7, p. 29.

Jan 1, 1967

By John Gross

THE method of measurement of surface on quartz particles was given in a previous paper.1 With such a method the relation of surface produced in crushing quartz can be compared to the work in crushing without recourse to sieve sizing or microscopic measurement. In crushing, the work input must be known with a fair degree of accuracy. With crushers, rolls, ball mills, and similar apparatus the measurement of the work in crushing is subject to possible errors, due to friction in .the transmission as well as in the machine itself. Moreover, relatively large quantities of material must be crushed to get an average figure. In the selection of a method of crushing, simplicity in design and operation was desired and this was most readily obtained by the use of a free-falling body. A description of the apparatus embodying this principle is given herewith. THE CRUSHING DEVICE The apparatus used is shown in Fig. 1 and in cross-section in Fig. 2. The material to be crushed is placed in the crushing chamber C in the steel mortar M. The mortar is 3 in. dia. by 3 in. high. Two mortars are used, one having a crushing chamber 1-in. dia. by 1/2 in. deep, with a capacity of 4 g. of quartz, the other having a crushing chamber 1 ½ in. dia. by 3/4 in. deep, with a capacity of 12 g. of quartz. The position of the mortar is adjusted by means of three centering screws A. The steel plunger P, which fits neatly into the chamber, is placed on top of the material to be crushed. Plungers of different lengths were tried and as they were found to give practically identical results the length adopted was equal to the depth of the chamber.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. J. Reagan

MANY factors enter into the manufacture of basic open-hearth steel of high quality. Perhaps the two most important are temperature and the iron oxide content of the metal. If we can control these two factors we can essentially control basic open-hearth practice. SOURCE AND EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE Earlier investigators, especially Herty and his associates, have shown that iron oxide is introduced into the open-hearth furnace in four ways:1 1. - By oxidation of the scrap by furnace gases. 2. By decomposition of the limestone. 3. By oxidation of the iron oxide in the slag by furnace gases. 4. By direct addition of iron ore to the charge. We also know that the speed of operation of an open-hearth furnace depends, for a given charge and given combustion conditions, on the rate at which iron oxide will diffuse from the slag into the metal. The rate of diffusion depends upon a number of variables, such as iron oxide content of the slag, slag viscosity, etc., which also depend upon the amount of iron oxide in the metal, amount of carbon present, temperature, and so forth. For a given carbon and a given temperature, the iron oxide content of the metal is in proportion to the iron oxide content of the slag. This fact can be easily verified by analysis of slag samples taken as described by Herty.2 It is preferable to take these samples just before deoxidation. In killing the steel samples with aluminum it is desirable to use aluminum rod of 99 per cent purity; ordinary commercial aluminum rod with a purity of approximately 92 per cent is not satisfactory. In drilling these samples it is also essential to take the largest amount of drillings possible. This gives more accurate results because it eliminates spotty segregation of Al203.

Jan 1, 1932

By Arthur Taggart

FOREWORD THE tests herein described are part of an extended series of experiments, performed by the authors together with J. F. McClelland and L. W. Bahney, on the reclamation of metallics from foundry and manufacturing-plant scrap. The most obstinate problem encountered was the proper cleaning of the metal. INTRODUCTION In the manufacture of brass and brass products the weight of the finished product leaving the plant is much less than the total weight of copper and zinc entering. A small part of this discrepancy is due to the unavoidable oxidation of the metals in melting, but by far the largest part of the loss is in the form of metallic particles of copper, zinc, and brass. These losses occur principally at three points in the process: (a) in the casting-shop ashes; (b) in the slags from furnaces melting scrap brass; (c) in material spilled on the floor throughout the manufacturing process. The amount of these products in some plants is nearly 100 tons per 24 hours. Casting-shop ashes contain the metal spilled from the crucibles during melting and pouring, and the metal included in the slags formed in the melting process. The ashes also contain pieces of broken crucibles with adhering metal; 20 to 30 per cent. of unburned coal is also present. The metal in casting-shop ashes contains clean pieces of zinc or copper ingots weighing 1 to 2 lb., jagged pieces of metal of all shapes ranging in size from several inches down to the finest dust, and shot and botryoidal shapes ranging in size from 2 or 3 in. down to 0.01 mm. or less in diameter. Slags from furnaces melting scrap brass contain metal in the form of small shot.

Jan 2, 1916

By W. D. Donnelly, M. L. Rudee

THE crystallography and morphology of ?-Al3Fe precipitates in an A1 + 0.5 wt pct Fe alloy have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The alloy was cast in cylindrical ingots, 15 cm in diameter and 60 cm in length, and cooled slowly. The measured composition was 0.527 wt pct Fe, 0.001 wt pct Mg, and 0.003 wt pct Cu. Spectrographic analysis revealed no additional trace impurities. Thin slices were cut from the ingot and reduced by more than 95 pct by rolling to a thickness of 0.1 mm with no intermediate annealing treatments. These thin sheets were then vacuum-annealed for 1 hr at 612°C and air-cooled in their capsules. Thin foils for examination in the electron microscope were prepared by electropolishing. The precipitate is found in the form of oval platelets on the (110) planes of the matrix. The major axes of the platelets are parallel to the (110) directions of the matrix, and vary in length from 1/2 to 2 p. The thickness is about 1/10 µ. Examples of platelets, both in the plane of the foil and normal to the foil, are shown in Figs. l(a) and l(b), respectively. lack&apos; found that ?-A13Fe (more correctly Al13Fe4) belongs to the monoclinic system. Using Black&apos;s structural data and simultaneous electron-diffraction patterns from the matrix and precipitates, the habit planes and directions were determined to be: (001)? 1 (110)Al [100]?|| H [001]Al The orthogonal crystallographic axes of the precipitates are accurately in the habit plane, while the measured coincidences of the directions are only within 10 deg. The major axis of the platelet is parallel to [010] in the 0. This orientation corresponds to the direction of nearest registry of the lattices.

Jan 1, 1964

Professor Sir John Cadman, K. C. M. G. (1918) D. Se., F. G. S., M. Inst. C. E., was for two years Technical Adviser&apos; of the Chemical Warfare Department and Liaison Officer between British and French Forces. The Cross of Officer of the Legion of Honor was awarded him in 1917 by the President of the French Republic "in recognition of valuable services rendered by him in the cause of the Allies." At the moment, Sir John is Director of the Petroleum Executive and Chairman of the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference. In 1915, he was Technical Adviser of the Trench Warfare Supply Department and was awarded C.&apos;M. G. in 1916. J. Edwards-Leckie, C. M. G., D. S. 0., went to Valcartier as second in command of the 72d Regiment, Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, with rank of Major, and later sailed for France as second in command of the unit now known as the, 16th Battalion, the Canadian Scottish. He was promoted to Lieutenat-Colonel on Aug. 14, 1915, and returned to England to take command of the 2d Canadian Reserve Training Brigade at Shornecliffe. On Jan. 2, 1916, he was promoted to Colonel. R. G. Edwards-Leckie, Lieut.-Col. of the 72d Regiment, Seaforth Highlanders of Canada (which unit later became known as the 16th Battalion, The Canadian Scottish, and under that name distinguished itself in France), left Canada for "Over There" on Sept. 14, 1914. He was promoted in France to the rank of Brigadier-General on Aug. 14, 1915, and served until severely wounded in February, 1916. He was Acting Chief of the General Staff, Canadian Overseas Forces in England from September to December, 1916. He returned to Canada in May,

Jan 8, 1918

By William B. Heroy

During 1932 no important changes occurred in the position of Africa as a producer of petroleum. The progress of development and production in each of the areas of interest is described below. Egypt The producing fields of Egypt are Hurghada and Gemsa, located on the west short of the Red Sea, and Abu Durba in the Sinai Peninsula. Most of the production is obtained from the Hurghada field, chiefly from beds of Cretaceous age. To the end of 1930 the Hurghada field had produced 2,831,751 tons of petroleum. The Gemsa field, discovered in 1909, reached its peak of production in 1914, when 88,000 tons were produced. Of late years the production has greatly declined. Total production of the field to the end of 1930 is 182,870 tons. The total production of Abu Durba to the end of 1930 is 7069 tons. The production of Egypt for recent years is as follows: 1928, 269,324 tons; 1929, 271,520; 1930, 281,997 (1,996,000 bbl.); 1931, 288,260 (2,038,000 bbl.); 1932, 253,182 (approximately 1,790,000 bbl.). Mozambique The operations of Inyaminga Petroleum Ltd., which was engaged in drilling in the colony, have been suspended. Angola Drilling operations in this colony, conducted by Companhia de Petroleo de Angola under a concession from the Portuguese Government, were continued. A test well drilled at Cacoba, about 60 miles southeast of Luanda, to a depth of 5651 ft. was not a commercial producer. A second well was being drilled in the vicinity at the end of 1932. Morocco Until last year the search for petroleum in Morocco was in the hands of several private companies but during 1932 the National Office of Liquid Fuels of the French Government took an active interest in the develop-

Jan 1, 1933

By Fred P. Dewey

Early last March Mr. Jerome Coldren, an old miner add prospector, undertook a prospecting tour through the western part of Kansas, and discovered a very peculiar bed of rock, which yielded a white metal on fusion with soda. Mr. W. D. Church, city chemist at Topeka, examined the metal and found it to contain nickel. This discovery created much excitement, and was at first doubted. Many samples of the material, from a range of twenty miles, were sent to the Smithsonian Institution for examination ; and in every instance a qualitative test showed the presence of nickel, although the amount appeared to vary greatly. The ore is quite different from any other nickel-ore. It consists of a quartzose conglomerate from bean-size down, with much decomposed material between the pebbles, and the whole cemented by a more or less manganiferous limonite. In the qualitative tests, the nickel appeared to vary with the manganese. In all the tests, simple treatment with HCI dissolved a great deal of AI2O3. The principal deposit is near the top of a small hill on the divide between Smoky Hill river and Butte creek. The surface-rock is the conglomerate, and, at varying distances, stains of the limonite appear and gradually increase ; so that the ore is simply the lower portion of a bed of conglomerate which has been heavily charged with the manganiferous limonite. Below the conglomerate is a layer of selenite; below this, a soft sandstone, containing well-preserved fossils, and below the sandstone, a shale. From 2 to 6 per cent. of nickel in selected samples has been reported by different chemists; but the following two analyses on large samples show the average composition of the material:

Jan 1, 1889

By P. E. Demmler

PHOSPHORUS combines with copper in various proportions, forming true alloys, some of which are of commercial importance. These materials find wide application as deoxidizers and as a means of introducing phosphorus into other alloys, as in phosphor-bronze. Phosphor-coppers containing 10 and 15 per cent. of phosphorus are the commercial grades that are most generally offered. Each has certain advantages when used in making other alloys. The 10 per cent. grade of phosphor-copper has an advantage over the 15 per cent. in that it has a much lower melting point and can be prepared by certain methods with a much lower loss in phosphorus. The 15 per cent. grade has the advantage of lower freight rates per unit of phosphorus and, by the method to be described, a uniform product can be prepared with practically no loss of phosphorus. Alloys of copper and phosphorus containing any desired percentage of phosphorus lower than 15 per cent. can be prepared by melting together the requisite amounts of copper and 15 per cent. phosphor-copper. Processes for making phosphor-copper may be divided into two classes as follows: (1) Those depending on the smelting of phosphate rock or superphosphate of calcium with copper or copper-bearing materials, and coal or other carbonaceous material; (2) those depending on the direct combination of metallic copper and elemental phosphorus. A number of formulas for preparing phosphor-copper according to the first method have been published. The Metal, Industry&apos; gives-the following: Superphosphate of calcium, 60 lb.; granulated copper, 301b.; finely powdered coal, 10 lb. Similar formulas are given by Brannt2 and others, and detail &apos;variations are covered by patents, such as those of L A Jeffs3 and H A Webster.4

Jan 8, 1920

By M. C. Flemings, R. Mehrabian

In a recent series of papers,1-3 it was shown that a variety of apparently different types of macrosegrega-tion result from the same basic mechanism, the inter-dendritic flow of solute rich liquid to feed solidification and thermal contractions. The important parameter governing sign and extent of segregation was shown to be (v.?T)/ where v is interdendritic flow velocity, ?T is temperature gradient, and E is rate of temperature change. It was proposed in one of the previous papers that the "negative cone of segregation" often found at the base of large ingots results from the large value of (v. VT)/E expected to pertain there. The reason why this parameter is expected to be large in that location is the high flow velocity to be expected there, as discussed earlier,&apos; and as shown schematically in Fig. 1. In this note, two experiments are summarized which are intended as laboratory simulations of the inter-dendritic flow behavior sketched in Fig. 1 and, therefore, of the "negative cone of segregation". Experimental procedures employed are as described in the the earlier work.3 Alloy cast was nominally Al-4.5 pct Cu. Fig. 2 shows one of these ingots, a "prism" ingot, 6 cm high by 12 cm wide by 10 cm long, unidirectionally solidified from a water cooled base. In this ingot, in-terdendritic flow velocity increases near the upper portion of the ingot because of the gradually decreasing ingot cross-section. Calculations were presented earlier of the negative segregation to be expected in this type of ingot,&apos; and results presented in Figs. 2 and 3 agree closely with those of earlier calculations. A more direct (although less easily calculable) simulation of the "negative cone of segregation" is the

Jan 1, 1970

By J. O. McCaldin, P. Duwez

ALLOTROPIC transformations between 1000° and 1900°C have recently been reported for several metallic elements. Since the proposed transformations are based on limited evidence, it was decided to examine the elements in question as well as some refractory metals by thermal analysis with a photoelectric technique similar to that described by Hug-gins, Roll, and Udin.1 In this method, a lead sulphide cell was used to detect thermal radiation from an electric-resistance heated strip specimen. A thermocouple spot welded to the specimen was used to calibrate the temperature of the system under steady temperature conditions, and recording was accomplished with a cathode ray oscilloscope. In the method used by the present authors, the temperature calibration was omitted and the cathode ray oscilloscope was replaced by a recording galvanometer. This technique, in which electric current passing through the specimen heats it, will be referred to henceforth as Method 1. Another arrangement was required for those cases where the specimen could not be formed into a wire or strip suitable for resistance heating. In such cases the specimen was a sintered compact heated by thermal radiation from a hot tungsten strip, Fig. 1. The specimen was insulated from the heating strip with a thin layer of thoria powder or suspended on 0.004 in. tungsten wires. The take-up spring had just sufficient tension to prevent buckling of the heating strip due to thermal expansion. This technique will be called Method 2. Both methods were tested with specimens of iron and titanium and the well known allotropic transformations, a toy and ? to 8 in iron and a to in titanium, were very clearly detected. Fig. 2 shows one of the records obtained for titanium. For this particular experiment, the iodide titanium specimen was a square rod 0.080 in. on an edge and 3 in. long.

Jan 1, 1955

By C. K. Leith, W. J. Mead

In 1911, we published in the Transactions a brief account of the lateritic alterations of serpentine in eastern Cuba, producing the important iron-ore deposits of the Mayari and Moa districts.&apos; The special feature of that article was a quantitative treatment of the alterations, based on analyses, to show just what had happened in terms of chemical, mineralogical, and physical changes. Professor Kemp has published an interesting account of these ores, containing additional quantitative observations of his own, tending essentially to confirm the nature of the changes that had been worked out.2 His discussion suggests to us the desirability of publishing certain additional quantitative data which were not included in our previous article. This seems especially desirable because quantitative measurements of lateritic alterations are rare, and this particular case may be regarded as typical of a fairly wide range of alterations of this kind. At the time of our examination of Mayari and Moa deposits 29 complete analyses were supplied us by the chemists of the Spanish-American Iron, Co., representing a graded series from the unaltered serpentine rock below to the ore at the surface. These analyses are given in the accompanying table. The mineralogical composition of the ores and rocks is comparatively simple and can be easily calculated from the analyses. In Fig. 1 the mineralogical changes from the serpentine rock below to the lateritic iron ore above, based on the analyses, are expressed in terms of weight, assuming alumina to have remained constant during the alteration. It is not easy by mere inspection of this table of analyses to determine what the progressive chemical changes have been in development of the ore. In order to bring this out clearly, the analyses have been graphically represented in Fig. 2 in such a fashion as to show the progressive additions and losses of substances during alteration.

Jan 1, 1916

By C. F. Tolman

In February 1913, Prof. L. C. Graton and Dr. Joseph Murdochl presented to the American Institute of Mining Engineers a notable contribution to economic geology under the title The Sulphide Ores of Copper. The value of the work was recognized by mine operators, and Mr. Graton was assisted in his plan to extend his investigations, by the organization of a commission to undertake a "secondary enrichment investigation." In this work he secured the cooperation of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The report2 on the chemical phascs of the investigation has just been published. Incidental to investigations3 carried on in our laboratory of Economic

Jan 1, 1916