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By Gary T. Brill

In the presentation, the development and new applications of the jet grouting technique in the North America are briefly introduced at first and followed by the outline and advantages of Jet Grouting. Several recent projects for jet grouting are presented in which the applications to underpinning and excavation support, foundation, groundwater barrier and seismic stabilization are briefly discussed.

Feb 10, 2003

By Akihide Nagao

The behavior of impurity hydrogen that is contained in starting material or picked up during processing has been little investigated up to now. The hydrogen microprint technique is applied to determine the microscopic location of impurity hydrogen during deformation in aluminum without hydrogen charging. Three kinds of pure aluminum of 99.99% are prepared, in which hydrogen content is varied by changing the atmosphere when they are melted and heat-treated. After rolling, tensile specimens with a gage size of 4 x 4 rnm and 0.5 mm in thickness are stamped out from these three kinds of aluminum sheets. These specimens are covered with a liquid nuclear emulsion of silver bromide crystals, stretched by 5,10 and 15 percent plastic strain or fractured, developed and fixed. SEM micrographs reveal a number of silver particles on the slip lines and on the grain boundaries. Also shown is that the more hydrogen present in the specimen, the more silver grains appear on the slip limes and on the grain boundaries. Consequently, it is concluded that impurity hydrogen is transported to the surface with gliding dislocations during deformation.

Jan 1, 1998

By Michael Fellows

Epidote is a common hydrothermal alteration product in many copper deposits of the southwestern United States. In many of these deposits epidote, along with calcite and chlorite, generally characterize a distal or halo propylitic alteration assemblage, but the mineral can occur within the central potassic alteration zone as well. Epidote is also a common alteration mineral in deposits formed in calcareous host rocks -- the skarn or pyrometasomatic ore bodies. Within the past 15 years, studies of the major and trace element composition of other alteration phases, principally biotite, associated with base metal ore deposits have demonstrated that some hydrothermal alteration minerals are compositional distinct from their igneous or metamorphic counterparts: However, the use of major and minor element content to identify and zero in on mineral¬ized areas does not appear to be very promising. Little work has been published upon the geochemistry of epidote from this standpoint and the results of my work suggest that a similar conclusion can be applied to epidote. My work (Fellows, 1976) suggests that epidote minerals in hydrothermal alteration suites from porphyry copper deposits in the southwestern United States are generally iron-rich rather than aluminum-rich. As a group, these alteration minerals differ compositionally from epidotes of regional metamorphic terrains. I ascribe these differences to the variations in the oxidation character of the respective environments. However, it appears as though the use of major element compositional variations of epidotes as an exploration tool is severely limited. Epidote is a complex calcium-aluminum silicate. Replacement of aluminum by ferric iron establishes a solid solution series between

Jan 1, 1977

In terms of tunnelling the mining industry is generally thought of as the crude cousin of the civil construction industry. Mining has tended to concentrate on speed and flexibility rather than the high standards required in civil tunnelling. Historically this difference has been based on the belief that such high standards were not required by the mining industry, they would slow down the development of the project and as a result increase the costs and extend the time period between start up and a positive cashflow.For civil works the construction of a tunnel is the project, for mining the construction of declines, crosscuts and drives are merely the means of accessing the orebody so that the real work can begin û MINING. Extraction of ore is the core business of most mining companies û it is what pays the bills.Though most mining companies have the equipment, the people, the knowledge and the ability to excavate tunnels, in the past mining companies did not appear to put the same energy into their tunnelling operations as they put into improving their ore extraction operations. In the past decade this appears to have changed, many mining companies now realise how important the correct excavation of a decline is to the success of the overall mining operation. They began to recognise that there were cost benefits to be gained in using the correct development techniques without overly sacrificing the benefits of speed and flexibility.This recognition also coincided with the growth of underground contractors whose predominant work was primary development (declines and ore access crosscuts and drives). The contractors again had the same knowledge, the same people, and similar equipment but their focus was different from that of the mining company û the contractors were focused on the development of the mine, the excavation of declines, crosscuts and drives. These deliverables were the contractorsÆ core business û itÆs what paid the bills.

Jan 1, 1999

By W. R. Lindsay

Anyox, where the Hidden Creek mine of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company is located, is situated on an excellent deep-water harbour in Granby bay, at the head of Observatory inlet, about 600 miles from Vancouver and 90 miles north of Prince Rupert. Anyox is the Indian name for the little stream which empties into Granby bay, and means 'hidden creek'. The Ore-Bodies The ore is a replacement deposit and occurs at and near the contact between argillites and a later intrusive greenstone. This contact locally has a general north-and-south trend, an irregular westerly dip, and in the vicinity of the ore-bodies there has been intense folding, accompanied by faulting. The mineralizing solutions supposedly were derived from the Coast Range granite batholith, distant one to two miles to the east and north. The whole area is cut by many dykes of varying widths, which seem to have had but little part in the ore deposition.

Jan 1, 1929

By H J. J Boshoff

Pit lakes, as a final void after completing open cut mining, are in most cases unavoidable. Initial mine designs and approvals require consideration and assessment of closure objectives, legislation and stakeholder acceptance to ensure suitable understanding of the closure liability. Mining companies undertake studies and engineering during the planning, operational and closure stages of mining to identify closure options for the final voids, which would be sustainable. Without adequate planning prior to and during the life of the mine, options during the closure stage become limited resulting in costly closure works or long-term liabilities. Engineering consultants provide a specialist service in the assessment of long-term pit lake water levels and characteristics. Ongoing advances in mining methodology and technology, coupled with improved data collection and data management aid in a better understanding of the complexities in estimating long-term pit lake water levels and characteristics. Closure objectives developed during the planning stage sets the requirements for long-term pit lake water levels, which could require maintaining a water level and pit water or discharge water quality. A variety of approaches could be used to assess these closure scenarios each requiring specific data and methodologies. Typically, limited data is available during the planning stage, which results in assumptions based on past experience and relevant case studies. Closure assessments are revisited during the life of mine and leading up to the closure stage, during which additional site-specific data is available improving the accuracy of the assessments.CITATION:Boshoff, H J J, 2018. Assessment of approaches, data requirements and methodologies for estimating long-term pit lake water levels, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2018, pp 28–31 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 25, 2018

By Horace Freeman

The sulphur consumed in Canadian pulp mills and acid plants is worth approximately three million dollars annually and amounts to one hundred and fifty thousand long tons, all of which is imported from the United States. Concurrently with a decline in the value of newsprint there has been a gradual increase in the price of this raw material. Most pulp mills in Canada are situated within reasonable distance of domestic pyrite deposits; nevertheless it has not yet been found possible to mine these deposits and utilize the contained sulphur in competition with the imported material. It is the purpose of this paper to elucidate the reasons therefor, and to describe? a commercial-scale experiment undertaken with the object of introducing a native raw material into the Canadian pulp industry on the purely economic basis. Reasons for the Preferred use of Sulphur The known sulphur deposits in the United States are very large, so that at least a twenty-year supply of this material is assured. It is recovered cheaply and in pure condition. Although large deposits of pyrite are known in Canada, nothing has yet been developed to compare in size, cost of mining, or purity with the United States material. It has been necessary to handle and transport more than two tons of pyrite to equal a ton of sulphur.

Jan 1, 1930

By N. Djordjevic

It is commonly accepted that the strength of rock measured from small samples tends to give unrealistically high estimates of the strength of larger samples, in situ blocks of rock or the rock mass in situ. The Weibull theory of the statistical strength of material provides a possible means for calculation of the strength of large rock volumes, based on the routine testing of small samples. Application of the Weibull approach to estimation of the strength of Moura coal showed an encouraging agreement with experimental results and the method was also applied to hard-rock andesitic and porphyry ore from Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina

Jun 21, 1905

By N. Nemeth

A brief summary of available filtration research is given. Its usefulness and shortcomings to practical application are examined and suggestions for new avenues of research outlined.

Jan 1, 1967

By P. D. Navarro

The behavior and operability of LIX 1104SM extraction was studied at laboratory scale on the Solvent Extraction at Sb3+, from high concentration sulfuric acid. In order to evaluate the reactant batch tests were made at laboratory scale as well for extraction as for re-extraction of Sb3+. Experiences achieved were: extraction kinetics, temperature effects, selectivity tests and re-extraction selectivity. A extraction kinetics was found, reaching equilibrium in 2 min, high selectivity of Sb3+ extraction in front of Cue , existing As5+ co-extraction and Fe3+ At the re-extraction stage, equilibrium was reached in 3 min, getting high Sb3+ re-extraction efficiency with HCl concentrations within 6 and 8 M. A high selectivity was achieved on Sb3+ re-extraction in front of As+5, existing Fe+5 re-extraction.

Jan 1, 1999

By Thomas E. Browne

The Electric Power Research Institute Energy Supply Program is developing coal supply forecasts. By coal supply forecasts I mean the future relationships between coal price and production levels. A representative supply curve is shown in Figure l. It will make the rest of my presentation clearer if at this point I give you some background about EPRI and the Energy Supply Program. EPRI is funded by the nation's electric utility industry to develop new technologies for the production and conservation of electricity. Most of the research is conducted by outside contractors. We participate in joint projects with the Department of Energy and other organizations. The Energy Supply Program is one of three "economic" programs. The other two are Energy Demand and Conservation, and Systems. The Systems Program's main function is to provide the means to integrate the output of the other two Programs. The primary function of the "economic" programs is to provide information pertaining to future energy prices, availability, requirements, etc. to the EPRI personnel planning R&D programs. A secondary role that is becoming more and more important is providing information of direct use to the electric utility industry. I should note that the results of all EPRI's contract work are available to the general public. A "Coal Supply Analysis System" is being developed for EPRI by Charles River Associates. To the extent possible it will draw upon existing work, but much additional work needs to be done in the area of coal supply economics.

Jan 1, 1977

By David T. Bunney

In .December of 1987, International Mill Service, Inc. signed an exclusive licensing agreement with Tetronics Research & Development Co. Limited of Faringdon, Oxfordshire., England to commercialize plasma technology which had been demonstrated in an EAF dust processing application. The intent of the process is to reduce and volatize the zinc, lead and cadmium oxides inherent in EAF dust and collect these elements as metals in an ISP (Imperial Smelting Process) zinc splash condenser, and to render the resultant slag an inert, non-hazardous material. With these objectives in mind, IMS started commissioning facilities in 1989 at Florida Steel in Jackson, Tennessee and Nucor-Yamato Steel in Armorel, Arkansas. This paper will address the commercial development and progress of the technology at these two installations. Process Description In the EAF steelmaking process typically the off gas stream is cleaned by some form of baghouse. The particulate collected is known as Electric Arc Furnace dust and has been designated by the U.S. EPA as hazardous waste number K061, once it leaves the collection system. This designation was given to the material due to the high toxic concentrations of lead and cadmium (nickel and chromium for stainless EAF dusts) inherent in the dust. IMS' method of operation is to locate the facilities on the client mill's property adjacent to the baghouse. The dust is transported directly to IMS via a closed conveyance system. This method enables the technology to be an additional processing step in the steelmaking process. Once the dust has been transported to the IMS facility, it is fed, metered and mixed mechanically in the feed conveyance system with a carbon reductant (typically coke breeze). The carbon reductant is approximately 10% of the dust feed rate. This mixture passes through the feed system and enters the furnace

Jan 1, 1992

By William F. Riggs

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company, located in a semi-arid climate in Arizona, continually struggles with a water problem. This applies to quality as well as quantity. When the EPA considered installing a new centralized sewage plant to handle the combined waste from the municipalities of Globe and Miami, Arizona, they automatically assumed that He could use the sewage effluent for process water in flotation. The treatment plant was to be a tertiary system producing 1600 gpm of sewage effluent. Inspiration decided that this could possibly be a source of additional process water. It was decided to test sewage effluent from Miami Treatment Plant at the rate of 400 gpm since it was only a primary treatment plant. The 400 gpm was combined with the 5000 gpm of process water going to the Concentrator. After one week the results were disastrous. The recovery and final grade had each dropped approximately 5%. With the results from this brief run, it was concluded that sewage effluent from a primary treatment plant could not be used. Research was then brought into the problem to begin an evaluation of sewage effluent in flotation.

Jan 1, 1977

By Smith, George Otis

THE matter that I have on my mind this evening is engineering's need of an open forum. Our fathers of three centuries ago were pro-testanta for freedom of speech and thought in matters religious; later, our fathers were revolutionists for freedom of speech in matters political; until today freedom of speech has become so universal throughout the land that even in the sanctuary of our homes, at times, we have to turn off the loud-speaker. Talk is not always a condition of progress, but light is everywhere necessary to growth, whether the growing thing is a blade of grass, a baby chick, or a young idea, and we must regret anything that tends to shut out the light from the operations of business and industry. Of course, I realize there is little that is novel in what I am saying. Indeed, I have found that Dr. James Douglas-a name we love to honor in our Institute-as long ago as 1907, gave an address at the Toronto meeting that any of us would be proud to be author of twenty-one years after. Dr. Douglas at that time spoke on secrecy in the arts and the text then taken by this leader in metallurgical technique and in the constructive management of big business was "the dangerous temptation to adopt secretive methods by very large corporations." In both thought and language Dr. Douglas was direct and vigorous and he needs no internreter. He advocated the wide open door for ideas on two counts: advancement of technical knowledge and education of public opinion. A few sentences will serve not only to prove the vision of James Douglas, but also, I hope, tempt you to hunt up his address in the Institute's TRANSACTIONS, and thus get his whole thought first hand.

Jan 1, 1928

By G. Paillard, I. E. Puddington, A. F. Sirianni, F. W. Meadus

Experiments with some selected Nova Scotia coals and a single sample of American anthracite, reconstituted in granular form with lower sulphur and ash contents by spherical agglomeration methods, are described. The effect of different bridging liquids, grinding times, gangue depressents and modes of agitation on the final product are discussed. The application of agglomeration techniques as a means of drying wet coal fines is also noted.

Jan 1, 1968

By G. B. SOUTHWARD

MECHANIZATION is being developed to some extent in every coal field in the United States and it is rather difficult to say which State or section of the country has made the greatest advancement. Statistics now being compiled for 1928 will show the tonnage mined, the amount of equipment used in each of the coal-producing States, and the comparative tonnages and percentages of total tonnage mined in each of these States, and will reveal which field is making the greatest advancement as far as quantity of production is concerned. However, while the tonnage figures are of great importance there-are other phases of coal-mine mechanization, such as the types of equipment, the mining methods and coal bed conditions, which are of equal interest. The change from hand-mining practices in all of the various operations from the face to the railroad cars is, perhaps, more indicative than any other one thing of the real progress being made.

Jan 1, 1929

By Hans Lundberq

WHEN geophysical methods were first employed in the search for ore deposits and oil accumulations, it was hoped that they would provide a direct means of locating such concentrations. Magnetized needles were used long ago in prospecting for magnetic iron ore, and soon after the discovery of galvanism in about 1790 attempts were made to find concentrations of valuable minerals electrically. Evidence indicating that the early geophyeical instruments were regarded merely as improved divining or dowsing rods is to be seen in the names "mineral finders," "ore finders," etc., that were applied to them. Today, appellations of this kind raise serious doubts in informed minds as to the intelligence and integrity of individuals advocating the use of such euphemistically named methods or instruments, for experience and research have shown that, geophysical, it is never a question of directly locating a given mineral but merely of delimiting its possible occurrence.

Jan 1, 1939

By Philip D. Wilson

WHEN the United Nations win the war and the decision has been made to control future armament in the Axis countries, plans for the extent and operation of such control must have been prepared, to be ready to put into immediate execution. Such control to be effective must be premised upon complete military occupation of the two countries for a substantial period, with an arrangement at the end of such occupation for continued supervision of these industries into an indefinite future.

Jan 1, 1944

By H. R. MacMichael

IN the Chihuahua district of Mexico the first smelting was that inaugurated by the early Spaniards for the production of silver bullion. The ores treated were high in silver and lead. Silver-lead bullion was first produced and the lead then cupelled to waste, with the slag produced running from 5 to 10 per cent in lead and about 25 to 40 per cent silica. The ore was mined by peon labor, often being carried out of the mine on the backs of the men, and then transported by burros. Furnaces were of primitive construction, adobe or rock being used in the earlier period and some iron later when it became available. Blast was originally supplied by bellows manually operated. Such smelting was carried on to a greater or lesser extent until the latter part of the last century, and so extensive was it that many hundred thousand tons of leady slag remained to be treated in modern furnaces. In 1908 a smelter was placed in operation at Chihuahua by the American Smelting & Refining Co. At that time the ore was practically all oxidized and by a little selection, self-fluxing mixtures could be made, but with an average lead content usually under 10 per cent and sometimes as low as 7 per cent. The bullion produced would carry from 150 to 300 oz. silver per ton. The slag made approximated 30 per cent SiO2, 42 per cent FeO, 21 per cent CaO, and perhaps 3 per cent Zn. The ores varied from hard, coarse material which was passed through a crusher, to a considerable quantity of fines which had to be smelted as it came, as crushing the coarse was the only preparation for smelting.

Jan 1, 1933

By Chester B. White

ARGENTINA is a country that has never been properly prospected. This is my settled conclusion after reporting on mines in this country ever since 1914, crossing all the mining provinces from Chubut, in the South, to the territory of Los Andes, in the North, chiefly on muleback. It is difficult and costly to get from one district to another. Apart from petroleum, some mineral discoveries have been made but they have been the result of casual rather than systematic work. In Neuquen, Mendoza, San Juan, Cordoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, and Los Andes attempts at mine development have resulted in failures, involving in each instance several million pesos.

Jan 1, 1937