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By E. R. Mitchell

When we grow up in an urban environment and choose to become a part of a way of life, it is sometimes difficult to appreciate the cost of this decision in terms of pollution. Explained in this article is our dependence on technology and the amount of pollution that technology produces. Inventories of air pollution on both a personal and a national basis are given so that the reader may judge the magnitude of the problem. In doing so, it is hoped that the reader will understand the need for a responsible attitude toward pollution by everyone and how he can make a personal contribution.

Jan 1, 1971

By Shuan-cheng Gu

Roof bed separation often occurred due to the deformation incoordination of surrounding rock following the excavation of mine roadway. Bed separation has effect on the bolts, and the estimation of the influence will directly affect the safety of support systems. In this paper, the hyperbolic function model to analyze the load transfer mechanism on the bolts was simplified as the exponential function form for easy calculation. An elastic-plastic analysis model of the bolt loading occurred by the bed separation was established. And the development low that the bed separation affected to the bolt loading was discussed. According to the parameters analysis of different separation values and locations, the influence law of the bolt loading caused by roof bed separation was summarized. Finally, the effects of bed separation were considered for the bolting design, it was able to provide a reference to the anchorage design of stratified rock.

Aug 1, 2013

By Karina Forster

Open stope design depends on the ore body geometry, loading conditions and rock mass properties to estimate stope dilution and ground support requirements. Rock mass conditions for design primarily rely upon estimates of well established rock classification systems. Many sources of data exist for obtaining estimates for these rock mass classification values which include core logging, geotechnical mapping, geological mapping as well as linking one classification system to another through the use of empirically derived equations. The extent of mapping coverage can also vary significantly based on the data collection technique. This paper proposes an approach where individual components of rock mass classification systems are collected by the different available data collection techniques. Data from different rock types are also considered separately based on their alteration characteristics and general observation products. Data from the Cameco Corporation Eagle Point Mine is presented and an approach is outlined for obtaining average representative classification values for stope hanging wall characterization. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of a data base of hanging wall dilution information.

Jun 1, 2012

By C. Carrasco

Caletones Smelter, Division El Teniente of Codelco Chile, has used Teniente Converter (TC) as the only smelting unit since November 2000. The modernization project considered the shutdown of the last reverberatory furnace, the installation of the fourth Teniente Slag Cleaning Furnace, the installation of a new fluidized bed dryer and the modification of the concentrate injection system into TC. The modernization project and related investments allowed for the increase of the smelting capacity up to 1.25 million t of concentrate annually.Next stage of the smelter expansion in the year 2004 considered the increase of the smelting capacity up to 1.44 million t/year. The expansion required technology modernization and the installation of the new equipment, such as concentrate injection system, oxygen plant, fluidized bed dryer and storage bin. Currently the annual smelting capacity is about 1.35 million t of copper concentrate, being limited by sulphuric acid plant treatment capacity. This paper presents the technology and production evolution in the Caletones Smelter in the years 2000 - 2006, demonstrating the potential of development and competitiveness of Teniente Converter as world-wide recognized smelting/converting reactor.

Jan 1, 2007

By Zhan Zhang, Hiromi Nagaumi, Zhen Li

"Recently, the remarkable strengthening effect of ??-Al(Mn, Fe) Si dispersoids at both ambient temperature and elevated temperature were found by several researches. A large amount of dispersoids can be formed by applying special heat treatments and within a suitable range of chemical composition of AA3xxx alloys. In the present work, the influences of Cr addition on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the Al-Mn-Mg-Si alloys were investigated. The mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures were evaluated by micro-hardness and yield strength. Moreover, the microstructures in as-cast and heat-treated conditions were quantitatively analyzed by optical and electron microscopes. Results revealed that Cr also had effect on the number density and volume fraction of dispersoids. Micro-hardness and yield strength at ambient temperature increased with the increasing content of Cr, and the Cr addition increased the yield strength at elevated temperature as well. Moreover, the creep resistance at 300°C improved dramatically with the increasing content of Cr.INTRODUCTION Traditionally, AA3xxx aluminum alloys were widely used in packaging, automobile and architecture industries, because of its good formability, excellent corrosion resistance and weldability. And AA3xxx alloys were considered as non-heat-treatable alloys. However, the strengthening effect of dispersoids in AA3xxx alloys was discovered recently (Li & Arnberg, 2003;Li, Muggerud, Olsen, & Furu, 2012; Li, Zhang, & Chen, 2016; Liu & Chen, 2015).Alarge amount of dispersoids could precipitate by a proper heat treatment.In order to further improve AA3xxxalloys, the composition of the alloys should be optimized. A few previous studies were reported to investigate the influence of compositions on AA3xxx alloys. Adding Mn element could enhance the precipitation of ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Si dispersoids and improve the yield strength(Muggerud, Mørtsell, Li, & Holmestad, 2013), as long as the concentration of Mn was under the solid solution limit. Fe decreased the solubility of Mn and accelerated the precipitation rate of ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Sidispersoids(Li & Arnberg, 2003), the yield strength and creep resistance at elevated temperature could increase with an optimized content of Fe(Liu & Chen, 2016). Mg element would affect the nucleation process of ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Sidispersoids by forming metastable Mg2Si(Hirasawa, 1975; Li, Zhang, & Chen, 2017a; Lodgaard & Ryum, 2000), metastable Mg2Si precipitated during heating process and promoted the precipitation of ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Sidispersoids, moreover, Mg provided solid solution strength for AA3004 alloys(Li et al., 2016). Si increased the volume fractionof ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Sidispersoids(Muggerud et al., 2013)and decreased the size of ??-Al(Mn, Fe)Sidispersoids(Li, Zhang, & Chen, 2017b). With the addition of Mo, the size of dispersoids became finer with a higher volume fraction, the volume percentage of dispersoid free zones was reduced. Elevated temperature yield strength and creep resistance improved due to Mo addition (Liu, Ma, & Chen, 2017).However, the effect of Crelements on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA3xxx alloys were rarely reported."

Jan 1, 2018

By Dallas Bienhoff

Boeing Study Team Participants Andrew Daga & Associates American Aerospace Advisors Hamilton Sundstrand Harris Honeywell ILC Dover Lunar Transportation Systems Oceaneering Orion Propulsion SICSA Thin Red Line USA LSSCA BAA Topic 2: MFHE Definition Minimum Functionality Habitation Element Deployable Habitat DHE Update The Path to Growth

May 1, 2013

By A. Valdivieso

Reducing accident rates keeps getting more and more complex as the usual tools enter a curve of diminishing results. Fortunately, nothing modifies behaviour in a stronger and wider way than having a robust safety culture. On the other hand, managing cultural change is difficult and the risk of back-fire is very high, especially if the workforce does not trust our intentions. A personalized approach of well chosen and targeted actions tends to be the only yet difficult option. We have found, via experience in the metallurgy and chemistry industries, a way of preparing the company and the workforce to accept these sorts of culture changing measures faster and easier. Using company-wide changes based on workplace perception, yields the most optimal acceptance. It is based in the principle that we all use clues in our environment as guides to choose our behaviour. So, controlling the perception that our workplace generates can affect behaviour and simplify our task before it even starts. It is a matter of using the tools that other disciplines such as marketing, social engineering and architecture bring to us and adapting them to a very defined objective: Having our installations “sell” safety so that our people unconsciously believe that they must adapt to safety values in order to “do well” in said environment. INTRODUCTION After decades of improvements in accident rates, we are understandably hitting a diminishing results curve: most actions that spectacularly reduced accidents in the past (e.g., Innovation in Personal Protection equipment, adapting international standards and legislation, and innovative safety programs; Figure 1) now hardly get us the exponential gains we saw years back, regardless of the investment we put on them. Furthermore, the improvements in safety of the last 3 decades have been creating new sets of issues that start to show their face such as: By reducing accidents we can create feelings of invulnerability as we lose view of the consequences. With innovative protection equipment we increase Risk Homeostasis, meaning that people behave in a more dangerous way in order to maintain a constant level of risk in their lives (Getting closer to fire after getting better fire-proof garments for example). Too much Legislation can create a feeling of disengagement from personal responsibility. And despite improvements, we haven’t really solved the production vs safety confrontation, it is now stigmatized and less visible, yet it tends to reappear in moments of weakness.

Jan 1, 2019

By Julie Hunt

Rimfire Minerals Corporation: early stage precious metal exploration specialists with discovery opportunities in partnership with major and mid-tier gold producers or prominent junior exploration firms. Mike Roberts, Senior Geologist

May 1, 2006

By Kri Inwood

"IntroductionIn 1879, when the Dominion government initiated its controversial program of industrial promotion, iron smelting in Canada was limited to one company producing coke iron on the mainland of Nov a Scotia and three small charcoal blast furnaces in Quebec. There was no steel production. By the eve of the first great war, iron and steel were being produced in very large quantities, the companies active in 1879 had disappeared and new centres of integrated iron and rolled steel production at Hamilton, Sydney and Sault Ste. Marie had come to resemble the industry as we know it today.The most dramatic change was that at Sydney, Nova Scotia, where in the early 1900s, two steelmaking companies established works. The Sydney developments have been explained as the result of resource discovery and technical change. W.J. Donald, in his authoritative account of the Canadian iron and steel industry, observes:""The most rapid growth of the Canadian iron and steel industry has occured since 1897... The remarkable growth has been caused largely by the new conditions of the industry. The discovery and use of Newfoundland ores, together with the availability of Cape Breton coal, has made the Nova Scotia industry not only possible but profitable ... It is a safe conclusion that the Canadian industry would not have been an important one, had it not been for the discovery of the Michipicoten and especially the Wabana (Newfoundland) ores""Donald also argues that metallurgical progress had been necessary to render the ores valuable,""Newfoundland ores ... contain a considerable amount of phosphorus, and were made available for steel-making by recent inventions.""The purpose of this paper is to re-examine Donald's story. It will be argued that the origin of steel -making at Sydney is somewhat more complicated than Donald has indicated. The difficulty with Newfoundland ore extended beyond its phosphorus content and a resolution required more than the basic open hearth furnace identified by Donald. Moreover metallurgical change was only one of several developments necessary to induce industrial investment at Sydney. Surprisingly, however, the discovery of iron ore in the late nineteenth century does not appear to be part of the explanation."

Jan 1, 1983

Carrying Energy ?Energy ?Power, data, signal, hydraulics, pneumatics? ?Needs to be conveyed from a stationary point to a system in motion ?Cable Carriers (steel and plastic), Festoon Systems, Cable Reels and Bus Bars Polymer Cable Carriers ?Life Line for modern machinery ?Transmitting power, data, signal, hydraulics or pneumatic energy ?Constructed and designed to work in harsh environments, at high speeds and to do this continuously ?Meet a wide variety of cable (Media) requirements ?Virtually maintenance free ?High efficiency

Nov 1, 2011

The Millennium deposit, located in northern Saskatchewan between the McArthur River mine and the Key Lake mill, has considerable potential for becoming an operating mine. Located in the Athabasca Basin, Millennium is blessed with both the riches and the challenges that this basin offers. The potential for ground water inflows during shaft sinking, and the unconventional challenges associated with underground uranium mining, render the successful development of a new mine in this area especially rewarding. The preliminary design and engineering of the Millennium Project has tapped into the experience of other operations in the area, and has utilized new applications of geophysics technology to enhance the understanding of the local geological structure. This discussion will focus on the innovations, and the challenges specific to uranium mining, for a deposit that is poised to be one of the next mines to supplement Saskatchewan's uranium resources.

May 1, 2008

By S. Pauly, U. Kühn, J. Eckert, I. Kaban, G. Wiehl, F. Silze

In the present work, the effect of Ga on the wetting behavior of the Cu-rich braze filler CuGa10 (wt.%) on the steel 304L was investigated. For this, the macroscopic and microscopic effects governing the wetting of pure Ga, pure Cu and CuGa10 alloy (wt.%) on the austenitic steel were analyzed and compared. Contact angle and surface tension measurements were carried out by means of the sessile drop technique and, in addition, the phase formation at the interface was determined. Pure liquid Ga spreads on 304L, which supposedly is related to the formation of intermetallic Fe-Ga phases growing into the liquid Ga. Depending on the annealing time, FeGa3 and Fe14.5Ga12 were identified. In contrast, CuGa10 as well as pure Cu show secondary wetting on the steel surface. Especially, liquid Cu prefers to spread laterally and vertically along the grain boundaries of the steel substrate. In spite of rather similar mechanisms, CuGa10 wets 304L steel at lower rate than pure Cu above the liquidus temperature.

Jan 1, 2014

By Catharine E. G. Farrow, David H. Watkinson

The Ni-rich Epidote Zone of the Fraser Mine at Sudbury is characterized by alteration assemblages rich in epidote, actinolite and magnetite which are roughly concentrically zoned and up to hundreds of meters in length. These zones form discrete areas within the igneous Footwall Breccia below the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The assemblages grade from epidotized Footwall Breccia matrix,through actinolite-bearing rocks with few vestiges of original Footwall Breccia textures, into the most intensely altered rock, a magnetite-rich facies. Pentlandite, pyrrhotite and pyrite are the dominant sulfdeminerals; chalcopyrite is minor. The strongest geochemical differences compared to original Footwall Breccia occur where epidote and actinolite dominate the alteration assemblage (EPDZact facies). The most intense alteration facies are typifed by low Cu/(Cu+Ni) values of <0.1. Strong positive correlations exist between Ni and Co, Cu and Au, and among Ir, Os, Ru and Rh. Chondrite-normalized Ni - PGE -Au - Cu plots display an overall increase in all elements from the least to the most intensely altered facies except for Au and Cu. As the proportion of actinolite increases in the EPDZact facies, the chondrite-normalized profles fatten considerably due to low Au and Cu contents. Abundances of Ni, Ir, Ru and Rhalmost ubiquitously increase with degree of alteration. In contrast, Cu, Zn, Ag and Au contents are low in almost all facies. It is suggested that saline hydrothermal fluids moved through the Epidote Zone formation and became more oxidized as they reacted with the Footwall Breccia and with footwall units, including ultramafic rocks. As this trend continued, magnetite-rich zones eventually developed. The occurrence of calcite locally in these magnetite-rich zones suggests that the pH of the fluid increased, causing Cu solubility to drop as activity in the hydrothermal system waned. Sudden changes in fluid composition such as this may have been due to an influx of fluid from bounding ultramafic rocks. Hydrothermal activity was focused along the margins of footwall ultramafic units. Individual hydrother-mal cells may have formed in the Footwall Breccia along pre-existing structures or sulfde concentrations. Metals may have been scavenged from sulfide-bearing Footwall Breccia and possibly Sublayer rocks. Nickel and some PGE were deposited in the Epidote Zone, whereas Cu, Au and Ag continued out-ward into the footwall where they were deposited as Cu-rich footwall veins. Copyright © 1996 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.

Jan 1, 1996

By Catharine E. G. Farrow, David H. Watkinson

Abstract-The Ni-rich Epidote Zone of the Fraser Mine at Sudbury is characterized by alteration assemblages rich in epidote, actinolite and magnetite which are roughly concentrically zoned and up to hundreds of meters in length. These zones form discrete areas within the igneous Footwall Breccia below the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The assemblages grade from epidotized Footwall Breccia matrix, through actinolite-bearing rocks with few vestiges of original Footwall Breccia textures, into the most intensely altered rock, a magnetite-rich facies. Pentlandite, pyrrhotite and pyrite are the dominant sulfide minerals; chalcopyrite is minor. The strongest geochemical differences compared to original Footwall Breccia occur where epidote and actinolite dominate the alteration assemblage (EPDZact facies). The most intense alteration facies are typified by low Cu/(Cu+Ni) values of <0.1. Strong positive correlations exist between Ni and Co, Cu and Au, and among Ir, Os, Ru and Rh. Chondrite-normalized Ni - PGE - Au - Cu plots display an overall increase in all elements from the least to the most intensely altered facies except for Au and Cu. As the proportion of actinolite increases in the EPDZact facies, the chondrite-normalized profiles flatten considerably due to low Au and Cu contents. Abundances of Ni, Ir, Ru and Rh almost ubiquitously increase with degree of alteration. In contrast, Cu, Zn, Ag and Au contents are low in almost all facies. It is suggested that saline hydrothermal fluids moved through the Epidote Zone formation and became more oxidized as they reacted with the Footwall Breccia and with footwall units, including ultramafic rocks. As this trend continued, magnetite-rich zones eventually developed. The occurrence of calcite locally in these magnetite-rich zones suggests that the pH of the fluid increased, causing Cu solubility to drop as activity in the hydrothermal system waned. Sudden changes in fluid composition such as this may have been due to an influx of fluid from bounding ultramafic rocks. Hydrothermal activity was focused along the margins of footwall ultramafic units. Individual hydrothermal cells may have formed in the Footwall Breccia along pre-existing structures or sulfide concentrations. Metals may have been scavenged from sulfide-bearing Footwall Breccia and possibly Sublayer rocks. Nickel and some PGE were deposited in the Epidote Zone, whereas Cu, Au and Ag continued outward into the footwall where they were deposited as Cu-rich footwall veins.

Jan 1, 1996

By J. A. Hudson

"The paper begins with a brief summary of Professor Müller’s formation of the ISRM and the contents of the previous six Müller lectures with their emphases on rock fractures. The geological origin of fractures is described via a deformational spectrum diagram and a matrix characterising the consequences of a sequence of superimposed deformational events. The different fracture frequencies encountered along lines in all directions through a fractured rock mass are explained. The value of computer modelling and simulation is demonstrated through an example of the effects of fracture zones on the distribution of the in situ stress field. The need to establish the validity of computer programs, i.e., that the modelling/simulation, does actually represent the rock reality, is discussed with reference to the work of the DECOVALEX project. Finally, examples are given of the effects of rock fractures on engineering design and construction, from pre-split blasting to caverns.INTRODUCTIONIt is a great honour to have been chosen as the recipient of the ISRM 7th Müller Award and I am grateful to the representatives of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) National Groups who voted for me. In addition, I am especially pleased because my working life in rock mechanics and rock engineering has been devoted to understanding the geometry and mechanical properties of rock fractures and rock masses—which were the key subjects that Professor Müller promoted. In the ISRM 50th Anniversary Commemorative Book, Hudson and Lamas (2012), Professor Charles Fairhurst notes that on 24 May 1962, i.e., the day before the constitutional meeting of the ISRM took place in Salzburg, a reporter asked Professor Müller, “Do we know the strength of rock?”, to which Professor Müller replied, “For rock tested in the laboratory, yes. For a rock mass, no. This is what we need to determine. This is why we need an International Society for Rock Mechanics”. Also, in his Opening Address at the 1st ISRM Congress in Lisbon, Professor Müller, as the then ISRM President stated,“Many experts agree with me that discontinuity and anisotropy are the most characteristic properties of the material rock and that the properties of jointed media depend much more upon the fabrics bond of the unit rock block system than upon the rock material. Therefore any theoretical investigation of that material has to go its own ways, in the same way as the construction material of soils years ago suggested to soil mechanics its own methods, which differ greatly from the way of thinking of technical mechanics”."

Jan 1, 2015

By N. Katsikaros, N. S. ‘ Yap, B. Adaszynski

"Cyanide is a well proven, effective lixiviant that has been utilised for centuries in gold extraction processes. Despite being used in close to 90% of gold processing plants, cyanide leaching is still being scrutinised due to its toxic nature. With governments tightening the regulations on cyanide management, and recently erected sites situated closer to community and environment, leach waste and tailings treatment has become increasingly important. Gekko Systems has worked with engineering companies and directly with gold producers to provide technical services and supply complete modular cyanide destruction (detox) systems for plants leaching both run-of-mine ore and high sulphide gravity and flotation concentrates. Although similar in principle, the different materials presented unique challenges in design and implementation. Similar to designing any section of a processing plant, the development of the cyanide destruction plant design began with laboratory test work to simulate the full scale operation. This paper focusses on the laboratory test work and how other critical factors such as geographical location, logistics, and local community play a role in the process design and construction. Two design and supply cases are discussed in this paper; one treating intensive cyanidation concentrate leach tails and one treating whole ore CIL tails. Although these plants both use the SO2/O2 process, each presented different challenges in laboratory testing and plant design, resulting in variations in final implementation including reagent choice, oxygen supply, and process control.INTRODUCTIONSince 1887, cyanide has played a large part in the beneficiation of gold from gold bearing ores. Cyanide is used to solubilise gold into solution, and is typically added in excess to maintain the leaching process. Some or all the excess cyanide can often be recovered and reused in the process however chemical destruction of cyanide is often necessary to manage cyanide levels in the tailings storage facility (TSF)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Eirik Sundvor, Hany Doss, Peter Vogt, Kathleen Crane

"Abstract - In 1989-1990, the SeaMARC II side-looking sonar (11 to 12 kHz) and swath bathymetric system imaged more than 80 000 km2 of the seafloor in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and southern Arctic Ocean. One of our main goals was to investigate the highly oblique (115°) junction between the Mohns and Knipovich ridges, and to determine, using new morphotectonic data, whether or not this junction is stable or in a state of readjustment. These findings are presented in this paper.Along the northern Mohns Ridge, we observed a highly segmented rift valley undisturbed by transform faults. In contrast to the elevated Reykjanes Ridge, the Mohns Ridge is dominated by deep en echelon fault-bounded troughs, which are bordered by high rift valley volcanoes. These segment boundaries are interpreted to be sites of recent to present volcanic activity, based on their high acoustic reflectivity. The northwestern flank of the Mohns Ridge is marked by shallow quasi-linear ridges parallel to the present orientation of the Mohns Ridge. The orientation and geographic position of these ridges suggest that they were formed at the Mohns Ridge. Only in the northernmost cases are some of these off-axial ridges non-linear. The degree of the non-linearities increases slightly with proximity to the Mohns-Knipovich bend. In addition, because no transform fault was detected between the Mohns and Knipovich ridges, we conclude that the Knipovich Ridge must be obliquely spreading to the NW-SE."

Jan 1, 1999

By Dong-kil Lee

A ventilation improvement index (VII) was developed in an effort to propose an optimal ventilation improvement measure for a designated mine. The index was designed to incorporate both ventilation effectiveness and cost efficiency. To verify the effect of the index, a mine experiencing a ventilation problem was selected, the ventilation assessed and ventilation network analyses were conducted. In the selected mine, four areas with ventilation difficulties were detected and an improvement schemes for each area were proposed. These were simulated through network simulation and evaluated using the ventilation improvement index. As a result, an optimum ventilation improvement scheme was proposed. The improvement scheme with the highest VII value was incorporated in the design.

Aug 1, 2013

By Roméo Roussin

"The yearly production from the Asbestos Hill pit is 1,550,000 tons of asbestos ore, with a yield varying between 18 and 20 % . The orebody was exposed at the top of a hill, and initial production started without having to remove any overburden. The projected ratio of barren rock to ore, based on the present orebody, was 2 to 1. However, as it was necessary to push back the upper benches, this ratio has changed to 3 to 1. The final pit will be 2,300 feet long by 1,000 feet at the longest and widest points. The final depth will be 680 ft. A pit slope stability study was carried out and an average wall angle of 60-70 degrees must be maintained. Preshearing of final pit limits will produce good wall stability. Permanent access ramps will be 60 ft wide, with an 8 % maximum grade. Geological conditions and the low rock temperature are the major causes of the operation's drilling and blasting problems."

Jan 1, 1976

By M. A. Clayton, D. Kinakin

The Mitchell Creek Landslide is a large, structurally controlled, complex bedrock instability located in northwestern British Columbia. Characterization of the landslide using aerial photograph, exploration geology, and geotechnical investigation data has been completed allowing the development of a three dimensional conceptual model of the landslide domains and slope behaviour. Three domains have been identified in the landslide, from top to bottom: the Sliding domain, a relatively intact slab slowly sliding into the valley; the Transition domain, located in the mid slope of the landslide and showing evidence of significant extension and continuing to subside and displace into the valley; and a Toppling domain, at the toe of the landslide in an area of overturned foliation. Movement is greatest in the Toppling domain, with long term estimated rates of movement up to 4 times that of the Sliding domain; the Transition domain exhibits the greatest range of displacement rates, with average long term values approximately double the slower Sliding domain. This paper documents the results of numerical modelling of the Mitchell Creek Landslide with variation in geomechanical properties, basal rupture surface configuration, structural fabric, and pore water pressure conditions. The locations of internal shear surfaces within the landslide have been estimated from surface scarps, structural fabric orientation, and borehole monitoring data. The performance of each numerical model was evaluated against observed behaviour of the landslide. The configuration and properties of the basal rupture surface were identified as critical to model behaviour, as was spacing and location of internal structures.

Jan 1, 2015