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By L. R., McLeod

NO important changes in metallurgical practice are exhibited in the smelter that has been erected for treating the Morenci concentrate: the material is charged to reverberatory furnaces without roasting, and the matte subsequently blown in Peirce-Smith converters to separate the iron and sulphur from the copper. In fact the process is essentially the same, except for preliminary roasting of the concentrate, that was adopted in the new smelter that was built for the Arizona Copper Co. at Clifton, a few miles away, to treat Morenci concentrate just before the start of the first World War, and which went into service in October, 1913.

Jan 1, 1942

By J. Serra, M. Turpin, R. Alberny

A new method is proposed to obtain automatically an unbiased estimate of the interdendritic spacing A. It is shown that the structure can be built by a random distribution of a rectangular basic unit. The usual definition of the interdendritic spacing yields a value 1 which, coupled with A, gives the shape of the basic rectangular unit. A study of the relationship between dendrite arm spacing and solidification rate was conducted as a part of a research program on dendritic solidification. For any comparison between theory and experiments to be meaningful, it is necessary to measure reproducible and clearly defined spacings. Fig. 1 shows clearly that even in a fairly simple structure such measurements are difficult. if we compare photos (a) and (b), we can hardly assess which one shows the larger spacing. Moreover, the quantity to be measured can be defined in several ways. On a small scale, dendrites seem to be distributed in a very regular and ordered way. However, on a larger scale, this regularity no longer exists. The usual way to measure spacings is to pick up some rows of dendrite stalks; such measurements are obviously biased since less orderly regions are not taken into account. A more objective method is to section the picture with randomly oriented straight lines and average the measured interdendritic spacings. The purpose of this paper is to show that such measurements, which can be conducted automatically, yield objective and reproducible results which are directly related to characteristic features of the dendritic structure. I) THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 1-1) Mathematical Morphology and Function of Co-variance. Matheronl and Serra2 enlarced- the definition and geometrical meaning of the notion of covariance to encompass problems in mathematical morphology. A brief review of part of their theory can be stated as follows. Let A' be an isolated particle, and let us consider a group of two scanning points h is the vector joinlng these points, h its modulus, and a its direction. Let us also define a boolean function, k(x), whose value is 1 if x lies inside the particle and 0 if it 1s outside. The total number of events in which both points are inside A' IS the covariance Ii',(h): is the measure of the intersection of A' with the particle ALh obtained by translating A' of -h Obviously K,(O) is the volume of the particle A', or its area if A' is a two-dimensional body. The average value of K,(h), when the direction of a vector h of constant modulus is rotated, is: An important property of the covariance is illustrated on Fig. 2: if the shape of a particle shows some regularity along a direction a, K,(h) generally presents a maximum. We now consider a group A, made of many particles A' distributed in space; then k(x) is taken as the realization of a stationary random f~nction.~ The volume fraction (or fraction of area if the problem is two-dimensional) occupied by A equals the average value q of k(x): meaning "average value of"). We also replace

Jan 1, 1970

By E. J. Eisenach, Edward Matsen

AT the present time the Climax Molybdenum Co. is the largest molybdenum producer in the world and the operator of the largest underground mine in North America. It has grown steadily and rapidly since its beginning in 1917. Only 250,000 lb of MoS2 were produced during the first year from 1917 to 1918 when the company was formed. Operations were suspended shortly thereafter because of the lack of a market and knowledge of the uses of molybdenum. During World War I it was used as a substitute for some rare metals and for minor chemical purposes. After 5 years of intensive research and sales promotion, Climax metallurgists succeeded in finding proper applications for the newly discovered metal and the mine was reopened in 1924. Demand for molybdenum increased gradually and in 1930, 3.5 million lb of MoS2 were produced. In the meantime, research work for additional uses of molybdenum continued until it had established itself as one of the most important alloying elements in producing high quality steels. After the start of World War 11, from January 1942 to October 1953, 43 million tons of molybdenum ore were mined and 484 million lb of MoS2 were produced. Climax mine is located in Colorado, 100 miles southwest of Denver and 12 miles northeast of Leadville on the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains. The principal mine workings range from 11,170 to 12,000 ft in elevation. Topographically, it lies in the base of a large cirque that is surrounded by Mt. Bartlett to the north, Clinton Peak and McNamee Peak to the east and Ceresco Ridge to the south. This cirque opens to the west and to the Ten Mile Valley.

Jan 3, 1954

By A. D. Schwope, L. R. Jackson, A. M. Hall

IN the course of an extensive investigation of the comparative properties of several types of copper, data were obtained on the cold working and subsequent recovery and recrystallization of the copper. In this paper, relations between the degree of cold work and the course of recrystallization are developed. In particular, it is shown that the course of recrystallization over long periods of time and at low temperatures can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from short-time high-temperature recrystallization data. MATERIALS USED IN THE INVESTIGATION Three types of copper were used in this investigation; these were tough pitch, OFHC, and OFHC copper with 15 oz per ton of silver added identified herein as Lots C, D, and F, respectively. The material was supplied by the American Metal Co. Ltd., and processed by the Rome Cable Co. The analyses of the three types of copper are given in Table 1. Originally, it started as wire bars 4 X 4 X 54 in. These bars were heated to 871°C in air and hot rolled to 3/8 in. rod. This rod was cold drawn to 0.204 in. rod (70 pct reduction) in three passes and annealed at 427°C for 4 hrs. A portion of the 3/8 in. rod was saved for more detailed cold-drawing experiments. Starting with the annealed 0.204 in. rod, hard-drawn wires were produced by cold drawing to 0.081 in. wire in 7 passes (84.4 pct reduction in area). Half-hard wires were made by cold drawing the 0.204 in. rod to 0.102 in. wire, (75 pct reduction) in 6 passes and annealing at 427°C for 4 hrs. This annealed wire was then drawn to 0.081 in. wire, (37.1 pct reduction) in 2 passes. Square rod was made by hot rolling wire bars to 9/16 in, rod in 8 passes. This rod was then cold drawn to 0.445 in.-diam rod and annealed for 3 1/2 hrs at 538°C. It was then cold drawn to 0.325 in. rod and again annealed at 538°C for 3 1/2 hrs. Hard square rods were then made by cold rolling this material to 0.257 X 0.257 in. rod, a reduction in area of 20.5 pct. Half-hard square rods were made by cold rolling to 0.268 X 0.268 in. square, annealing for 332 hrs at 538°C and cold rolling to 0.257 X 0.257 in., a reduction of 8.5 pct. Soft wire or rod was made from all types of copper by annealing the hard-drawn material at 343°C for 3 hrs in steam. The grain size of the annealed 0.081 in. wire varied slightly among the three lots: from 0.015-0.025 mm in the silver-bearing OFHC to 0.035-0.045 mm in the OFHC copper. The annealed 0.257 in. wires were more uniform in grain size, averaging about 0.035-0.045 mm. Representative structures are shown in Fig I. EFFECT OF COLD DRAWING AND TENSILE STRAIN ON STRENGTH OF COPPER Conventional tensile tests were performed on the three types of copper in the various degrees of hardness described above. Results of these tests are tabulated in Table 2. The results in Table 2 are

Jan 1, 1947

By J. S. Kasper, R. M. Waterstrat, B. F. Decker

THE large difference in the X-ray scattering factors for molybdenum and manganese makes the o- phase in the Mn-Mo system an interesting one to study with respect to ordering of the atoms. Such a study has been carried out using data obtained from a powder sample, and the resulting evidence for ordering in this compound is presented here. It is not possible, of course, to obtain all the details of structure for a u phase from powder data only. Most difficult of all would be the determination of precise atomic parameters. There is reason to believe, however, that the atomic parameters do not vary greatly in the different s'S and that the precise values obtained from one s structure would then allow decisions as to the ordering of atoms to be made when there is a large difference in scattering factors. In particular, the powder intensities for Mn-Mo s are for the most part in good agreement with those observed for Co-Cr, for which single crystal studies have been made by the authors.' There are a few marked discrepancies in the intensity comparison of the two s's, and these cannot be removed by adjustment of the parameters. They are interpreted as resulting from a more pronounced effect of ordering of the atoms. Accordingly, the parameters of Co-Cr s' have been used for the calculations of the Mn-Mo intensities. For Co-Cr, the space group is D4h14-P4/mnm with atoms in the following positions: 1—2 in (b); 11—4 in (f), with x=0.1031; 111—8 in (i), with x= 0.3713 and y=0.0370; IV—8 in (i), with x=0.5662 and y=0.2396; and V—8 in (j), with x=0.3160Y and y — -0.250. The unit cell is tetragonal, with an==9.10A and cn=4.74A for the Mn-Mo u phase studied here.

Jan 1, 1955

By A. D. Hughes

C. W. MERRILL*-Mr. Hughes' paper not only is very well presented but is most timely in that it covers a subject of vital interest to the United States. Tin is one of the strategic metals which has not been found here in appreciable quantities. The total United States tin output since the first recorded production over 100 years ago would not supply current consumption for a fortnight. On the consumption side, tin is extremely important in national defense because of its use in tin plate which, in the form of tin cans, makes it possible to feed properly the armies that the United States recruits from its civilian population in emergencies. Moreover, the internal combustion engines so important in powering tanks, planes, and other war machines, require large quantities of tin alloys for bearings and for soldering. These considerations, along with the fact that Malaya, historically, has been the leading source of tin to the United States, make the kind of information that Mr. Hughes has presented so ably, a matter of vital interest.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. W. Downey, M. V. Nevitt

DURING the course of the present investigation of alloy phases involving transition metals, phases were found in the systems Os-Ta, Os-W, and Ir-Ta. The (Os, W) phase was also recently reported by Raub.1 Pertinent information is given in Table 1. The approximate composition range of sta- bility was determined metallographically on arc-melted buttons that were annealed 72 hr at 1200°C and water quenched. X-ray powder patterns were obtained with a 114.6 mm diam powder camera using filtered copper radiation. The composition for (Os, W) given by Raub (66 atomic pct W) is in agreement with the composition range reported here. However, the lattice constants reported by Raub are: a0= 9.913±0.007, c/a= 0.515. The reason for the discrepancy between the lattice constants reported by Raub and those given here is not known. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank M. H. Mueller and H. W. Knott for assistance with the X-ray diffraction work, and R. A. Morris for the preparation of the alloys. This paper is based upon work performed at the Argonne National Laboratory under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Jan 1, 1958

By W. W. Anderson, D. G. Girton

The photoluminescence of Pr, Nd, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb in CdS, and Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb in ZnSe has been observed from crystals Prepared by diffusion using rare earth metals and an excess chalcogen pressure. For a given temperature, time, and chalcogen pressure the spectral characteristics were very reproducible from run to run, and the emission intensity for Nd, Er, and Yb in CdS was as high or higher than the best vapor phase doped crystals we have grown. For a few rare earths it was found that certain conditions of diffusion tend to yield optimum rare earth emission intensity with respect to the background lattice emission. Photoluminescence measwements of Yb in CdS as a function of depth gave a profile which was neither a Gaussian nor complementary error function. Part of the profile appears to arise from a fast component of the diffusion and the other part from a slow diffusing component. At 960°C and 33 atm S pressure, a com -plimentary error function approximation of the slow diffusing component gave a diffusion coefficient of D = 1.3 x 10-9 sq cm per sec. MOST of the studies of emission from rare earth ions in II-VI compounds have been reported on crystals doped during growth,1,2 although Kingsley and Aven prepared ZnSe:Er by diffusion for paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence studies. Pappalardo and Dietz prepared CdS:Yb by diffusion, but they made optical absorption measurements., We know of no study on the properties of rare earth diffusion in the II-VI compounds. To date we have diffused Pr, Nd, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb into CdS, and Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb into ZnSe and observed the rare earth emission spectra. For a given temperature and chalcogen pressure, the emission characteristics are very reproducible from run to run and for Yb, Nd, and Er in CdS, as good as the best crystals we had prepared by doping during vapor phase growth.2 The emission of Pr, Ho, and Tm has been observed in CdS prepared by diffusion for the first time. Previous attempts2 to prepare these later three materials by vapor phase growth were unsuccessful. The problem of obtaining reproducible characteristics in II-VI semiconductor compound work is well known.5 Not only is it difficult to reproduce results from one laboratory to another but it is sometimes difficult to reproduce results from one growth run to another under ostensibly identical conditions within one laboratory. This situation has been particularly bothersome in research on the luminescence of rare earth activated ZnS1 and Cds2. Crystals from one vapor phase growth run would show very strong rare earth line emission while crystals from a nearly identical run would show no rare earth emission. It was also observed on occasion that the intensity of the rare earth emission was not constant over the entire volume of a single crystal. MATERIAL PREPARATION AND INSTRUMENTATION Vapor phase grown boules of CdS were supplied by Dow Corning. This material was characterized by a free electron concentration of n - 3.5 x 1015 cm-3 and Hall mobility of 350 sq cm per v sec at room temperature. There were microscopic voids and decorated precipitates in some samples. The precipitates annealed out at diffusion temperatures but the voids remained. Single crystal rectangular samples of mm dimensions were sawed from the boules. The ZnSe was polycrystalline, UHP grade from Eagle-Picher. Poly-crystalline samples were sawed from the ingots. The samples were lapped, polished on one side, etched in a solution of 0.5 M K2Cr2O7 in 16 N H2SO4, and thoroughly washed in distilled water. A sample, excess sulfur (or selenium), and 5 mg of rare earth metal (turnings) were sealed in a 3.6 cm3 quartz ampoule at about 2 X 10-5 torr. The high chalcogen pressure used (1 to 30 atm) prevented thermal etching of the crystals and affected the diffusivity and solubility of the rare earth ions in the crystal lattice. For meaningful or reproducible results, it is thus necessary to specify the vapor pressure at which the diffusion was carried out. It is assumed that a negligible amount of the chalcogen was used in the formation of rare earth sulfides or selenides Our sulfur vapor pressure calculations are based on data assuming S2, S6, and S, molecules only in which case the equilibrium constants are given by6 where the pressures are expressed in torr. Selenium vapor consists of a mixture of Se2, Se4, Se6, and Se6 molecules. The selenium vapor pressure was calculated using equilibrium constants given by The status of the rare earth source during diffusion is unknown, i.e., the partial pressures of the rare earth metal and of the rare earth chalcogenides has not been determined. All emission spectra were recorded at 77°K on a Perkin-Elmer model 98-G spectrometer using a 640 line per mm grating. No correction was made for the spectrometer and detector spectral sensitivity. Excitation was by means of an XBO 1600 w xenon arc

Jan 1, 1970

By W. H. Caruthers

ECONOMIC utilization of all by-products has long been the goal of American industry. One of the first groups that was popularly supposed to have achieved its aim was the meat-packing industry, which reputedly found a use for everything except the squeal of the hog. To the metallurgist, slag has always been the principal wasted by-product, representing a loss not only of material, but of heat. Slag does not possess many qualities that appeal to man's imagination or suggest a romantic influence on the daily life and progress of a community or nation. It is a bulky product, and space for its disposal within reasonable hauling distance of a smelter is not always available; the iron-ore smelter especially has been wont to find space for slag disposal at a premium. Therefore, the success that has been attained in recent years in finding a use for iron blast-furnace slag is notable. It has become a vital economic factor in the construction industry in areas where it is available. Its use may suggest further possibilities of an economic outlet for the slags from nonferrous smelting as well.

Jan 1, 1940

By Paul M. Tyler

THE winning of metals from Nature has been advanced to a degree of efficiency that commands admiration even in this Machine Age. Economy of human effort underground, in surface plants, and in treatment works, and better means of performing all manner of operations have cut costs and im¬proved products to an extent that seems far beyond the wildest imagin¬ings of those that labored in the days of hand mining and muscular metallurgy. Principles and methods borrowed from other professions and sciences - mechanical engineering, chemistry, and physics-all have con¬tributed to the rapid development of ore production and treatment, but no small part of the achievements must be credited to the free exchange of ideas within the industry itself and mass attack upon problems of mutual concern. The esprit de corps or class consciousness that has contributed so effectively to the progress of the metal industries has been less apparent among nonmetallic mineral producers. As a class they have been handicapped by inadequate contact with the metal-mining fraternity as well as among themselves.

Jan 1, 1935

By E. P. Klier, V. Weiss

IN studies of the X-ray diffraction line geometry of iron with chromium radiation using techniques aimed at minimizing the background intensity, Kp and Ka emission satellites* were resolved with three techniques. These satellite lines are present with sufficient intensity to lead potentially to erroneous structure analysis, if not properly interpreted. The techniques used were: 1) film technique with un-filtered radiation and polycrystalline specimen, 2) film technique with unfiltered radiation and single crystal, and 3) counter technique with unfiltered radiation and single crystal. An example of results obtained with technique 1 is given in Fig. 1.

Jan 1, 1958

By E. J. Lintner

CLAY mining in the 'United States is by no means a small industry for approximately ten million tons of shale and clay are recovered yearly. The bulk of this tonnage enters into the manufacture of paving, building and refractory brick, draintile, pots, sewer pipe, stoneware, and wall and floor tile. This group of manufactures is commonly known as the heavy clay products industry. The winning of the raw materials for this industry constitutes merely a step in the manufacturing process because the manufacturer usually owns and operates his own source of supply. The mining of kaolin and the whiteware and chinaware claps, however, is usually a separate industry.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. F. Myers

AT the Regional meeting in Columbus, Ohio, in September 1949, the authors presented a progress report of the first year's operation with a Hardinge tricone mill in closed circuit with a Dorr hydroscillator. The present report covers our findings on this grinding circuit to January, 1950. In order to clarify our position, the authors wish to state that no invention or discovery is claimed. The Tennessee grinding circuit is simply an engineered arrangement of known equipment arranged to incorporate all of the recognized efficiency factors of comminution as they are known today. As we concluded our first report, it was not clear how effective the Tennessee mode of operation would be on harder ores. The only information we had at that time was that the Bond grindability test at 48-mesh gave 6.04 g of undersize per revolution. A later test on the same sample at 100-mesh reduced this to 2.04 g, which is definitely in the harder ore class, and which makes the reported 8.80 kw-hr per ton of -200-mesh produced a very creditable figure.

Jan 1, 1950

INTRODUCTION The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is affiliated with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) but operates with a separate staff and funding. It supplements the activities of the Bank by providing, to private business, equity and loans without government guarantees in whatever form and combination most suited to the project. IFC frequently complements the Bank's activities by utilizing, for example, the Bank's public sector infrastructure activities to support IFC's private sector projects. In the case of local financial institutions especially, IFC collaborates with the Bank by providing technical and financial assistance. IFC is the world's largest multilateral organization which finances private sector business in developing countries. IFC's fundamental purpose is to promote the economic development of its developing member countries through the support of the private sector. Of the 124 member countries of IFC, more than 100 are developing countries. Since it began operations in 1956, IFC has been associated with more than 2,000 companies and financial institutions in supporting over 700 business ventures in more than 80 countries. The total capital costs of these projects exceeds $26,000 million. In the 1984 fiscal year, IFC approved 62 projects in 37 countries with a total project cost of $2,473 million. IFC will make investments only if sufficient capital cannot be obtained on reasonable terms from other sources. IFC often serves as the catalyst for a project by encouraging other investors--from inside and outside the host country--to make their own equity investments along with the local sponsor for a particular project. IFC'S SPECIAL ROLE The significance of IFC's role extends beyond just its financing and technical assistance: IFC's capability to raise investor confidence in a project and to help all the participants to arrive at mutually satisfactory investment arrangements is its distinctive character. Direct Investments IFC invests in all types of projects both large and small. Heavy industrial ventures not only supply essential materials and equipment for other domestic enterprises, but also earn foreign exchange through exports. In recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on agriculture and agribusiness products, aquaculture, food and food processing, and other renewable and nonrenewable resources such as metals and energy. [ ] An overall objective of IFC is to assist entrepreneurs and others in the private sector raise the needed capital for business ventures. IFC does not compete with, nor seek to replace private initiative and capital. Rather, IFC helps to raise funds in order to undertake projects that would otherwise be held back by the lack of adequate funding. IFC can do this in several ways: IFC can invest in equity and make loans for its own account. But beyond that, IFC can reach out into the international capital markets in search of additional capital. Because of IFC's 25 years experience and record, outside investors who might otherwise be

Jan 1, 1985

By Alden B. Greninger

The study of mosaic structure of crystals1 has been confined until recently to the field of theoretical physics. Crystallographers, in general, have neglected the subject, although X-ray crystallographers constantly make use of formulas for intensities of X-ray reflection as modified by mosaic structure. Work on mosaic structure has centered chiefly on the task of proving or disproving the secondary-structure theory of Zwicky,² and very little attention has been paid to the visible imperfections of crystals. A. Goetz has been responsible for most of the supposed experimental confirmations of Zwicky's theory.3 On the other hand, Smckal,4 and Orowan,5 among others, maintain that there is neither theoretical nor experimental evidence to substantiate Zwicky's secondary structure. Lately the subject has been intensively investigated by Buerger,6 one of whose recent papers led to a symposium on mosaic structures.'

Jan 1, 1935

By Alden B. Greninger

The study of mosaic structure of crystals1 has been confined until recently to the field of theoretical physics. Crystallographers, in general, have neglected the subject, although X-ray crystallographers constantly make use of formulas for intensities of X-ray reflection as modified by mosaic structure. Work on mosaic structure has centered chiefly on the task of proving or disproving the secondary-structure theory of Zwicky,² and very little attention has been paid to the visible imperfections of crystals. A. Goetz has been responsible for most of the supposed experimental confirmations of Zwicky's theory.3 On the other hand, Smckal,4 and Orowan,5 among others, maintain that there is neither theoretical nor experimental evidence to substantiate Zwicky's secondary structure. Lately the subject has been intensively investigated by Buerger,6 one of whose recent papers led to a symposium on mosaic structures.'

Jan 1, 1935

By David J. Dunn

At a time when mill availability is at a premium, production costs are rising, and lead time for mill liner casting is a year or more, mill liner design is an important factor in ore grinding. Testing and selection of the optimum liner profile for a given set of mill operating conditions can improve mill capacity, reduce liner wear rate, and lengthen liner life. The mill liner that grinds best, lasts the longest, and costs the least is a necessity for economic mill operation. After testing four mill liner profiles for 3.96 X 3.65-m (13 x 12-ft) overflow ball mills, Climax Molybdenum Co. found that an improved design increased mill tonnage by 2.72 t/h (3 stph) while reducing finish grind by 1.7% minus 100-mesh, reduced liner wear rate, and almost doubled liner life.

Jan 12, 1976

By F. R. Morral

HOT-DIPPED heat-treated zinc coatings on sheet steel were examined with X-rays. The phases identified were compared with those listed in the modern literature of the zinc-iron system. The zeta (FeZn13) phase is shown to correspond to the phase found by Schueler (1925) in heat-treated zinc coatings. An investigation was undertaken to determine the phases present in hot-dipped FIG. I.-SYSTEM IRON-ZINC ACCORDING TO J. SCHRAMM.11 heat-treated zinc coatings on steel sheets and wire. This kind of coating on wire was studied some years ago by Schueler1 by microscopic and chemical methods. He reported a new phase, FeZn10. Later, Clark and Stillwell,2 using X-ray crystal analysis, identified a new phase in ordinary galva-nized wire, which was assumed to be the FeZn10 phase.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. C. Harris

The Gaudin-Meloyl equation for the size distribution of fragments resulting from single fracture is where y is the mass fraction of material smaller than size x, and x, and r are parameters to be determined from the experimental data. In physical terms, r is associated with the number of active flaws in a particle of characteristic dimension xo . The special attribute of this equation is its emphasis on the coarse size region of a distribution. There are various procedures2-5 for obtaining the parameters in Eq. 1, but a simple graphical method is awaited. This situation contrasts sharply with that in the cases of the familiar Gates-Gaudin-Schuhmann and Rosin-Rammler equations.6 The purpose of this note is to present a method based on a procedure7 which has been successful in several other applications.8-13

Jan 1, 1967

By AIME AIME

ON THE occasion of the eightieth birthday of Captain Robert W. Hunt, the Iron and Steel Committee of the Institute, desiring to commemorate the great contributions made to the steel industry by Captain Hunt during his long career, conceived the idea of a Hunt Medal to be awarded annually by the Institute for meritorious contributions to the art of making steel. The project was received enthusiastically by all to whom it was proposed, especially by Captain Hunt's partners and employees who considered it their right, and asked for the privilege of -. - raising the necessary funds within their own circle. This was agreed to, and the Institute has received from them $7500 as an endowment fund to provide an annual award, and $1000 for the expenses of providing of medal.

Jan 1, 1920