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By K. Takahashi

Generally speaking, wastewater coming from the metallurgical process for recovering precious metal contains precious metals such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag), etc., which concentration is about 10 mg/L. In addition, there are other metals such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), which concentration varies from several mg/L to more than 10,000 mg/L. It should be noted that the concentration of metals in wastewater is relatively high, considering the fact that these metals of similar concentration can be found in ores. However, most of these valuable metals are not treated, due to the high processing cost and technical problems. Within this frame, the authors put forward a new process that includes neutralization/reduction, precipitation and fusion. The idea is to recover and recycle Au, Ag, and Pd metals as well as protecting the environment by saving the resources. It was found that this new process was able to recover more than 90% of Au, Ag and Pd.

Jan 1, 2014

Before presenting this address I desire to express my appreciation of the honour which has been conferred on me by my election as iPresident of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. At this stage it might not be out of place to recall that Broken Hill was the birthplace of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, originally formed as the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers in 1893.In selecting for my address the topic of "The Broken Hill Mining Industry and its Contribution to the Economy of Australia" I realise it is impossible to cover fully every aspect of the nation's economy which owes all or part of its origin to the Broken Hill field. Nevertheless, I feel that some attempt should be made to give credit to the Broken Hill mining industry for its part in the progress which Australia has made over the past seventy years.. If we care to reflect for a moment it soon becomes apparent that, not only is the Broken Hill mining industry an important producer of base metals for domestic and overseas consumption, but its profits have provided the means whereby many of Australia's leading secondary industries have been established or built up. Examples which come to mind are the founding of the iron and steel industry by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company; the establishment of plants at Port Pirie in South Australia, and at Risdon in Tasmania, for the production of metallic lead and zinc; and also at Port Kembla for the smelting of copper ores. From profits derived from operations at Broken Hill, capital has also been provided to assist other new essential...

Jan 1, 1956

Objective To develop safety training tools for mine safety and health trainers that can be used for both new-miner training and annual refresher training. Background For the past 3 years, NIOSH has been developing training materials for mine safety trainers in response to gaps identified during stakeholder meetings. Most materials have been directed to the hazards of underground mines, but the recent passage of Part 46 of CFR 30 required new-miner and annual refresher training in aggregate operations. One result was the identification of another audience needing basic information about safety in mining. Trainers characterized trainees in this segment of the industry primarily as young males, many of whom had little work experience. Approach Training specialists from the Arizona State Mine Inspector’s Office approached NIOSH researchers early in2002 about the possibility of a collaborative project to develop safety training materials for new trainees in aggregate operations. A preliminary search of MSHA accident statistics identified over a dozen common hazards that could be targeted in a training video. A storyline was developed for review by safety specialists in the aggregate industry, and a script was written to cover the selected hazards. Although the target audience was primarily new hires, the finished video was also to be relevant to more experienced workers.

Jan 1, 2003

By K F. Tang, J-W Li

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Xiong’ershan district in the southern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) contains more than 20 gold deposits hosted in the late Neoarchean to early Palaeoproterozoic amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks or late Palaeoproterozoic unmetamorphosed volcanic rocks. Gold mineralisation consists mainly of auriferous quartz veins and disseminated ores in hydrothermally altered zones, with additional gold mineralised breccia pipes. Gold orebodies are strictly controlled by secondary- or higher-order brittle/ductile-brittle faults. Isotopic dating reveals two separate episodes of gold mineralisation: the Shanggong and Dianfang deposits formed in the range of 236 ± 1.4 to 202 ± 18 Ma, whereas the Gongyu, Qianhe and Qiyugou deposits formed between 135.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 124.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Stable isotope and noble gas geochemistry studies indicate that the Triassic gold deposits were precipitated from deeply-sourced, low-salinity fluids at 250–350°C, but whether the fluids were mainly derived from metamorphic devolatilisation or magmatic degassing remains unresolved. In contrast, the Early Cretaceous deposits most likely precipitated from a dominantly magmatic fluid, although metamorphic and meteoric components cannot be ruled out. Results from this study, when combined with regional geological and geochemical data, suggest that the Triassic gold mineralisation was generated by the deformation associated with the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons, forming the Qinling-Dabie orogen. In contrast, the Early Cretaceous gold veining was a result of lithospheric destruction of the NCC, a process initiated by plate subduction from both the south and north since late Palaeozoic but ultimately triggered by the westward subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate in the late Mesozoic. This study helps to reconcile the long-term debate on the timing, genesis and geodynamic setting of gold mineralisation in the Xiong’ershan and other districts along the southern margin of the NCC.CITATION:Li, J-W and Tang, K F, 2015. Gold deposits in the Xiong’ershan District, Southern North China Craton – products of Triassic deformation and Cretaceous craton destruction, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 341–344 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By Wayne Green

The Regional Municipality of York, located north of the City of Toronto in Ontario, Canada, has experienced unprecedented growth during the past decade, with new home construction averaging 15,000 units per year. This rate of growth is planned to continue well into the future with a projected growth of more than 500,000 new residents by 2031, combined with a tar-get of more than 300,000 new jobs to provide a sustainable economic base for the region. It should be noted that York region has been designated as one of the key growth centers by the province of Ontario, aimed in part to meet the housing and employment needs of Canada?s growing population. York Region is a mix of urban and rural areas and is one of the most desirable areas to live in Southern Ontario. York region offers an attractive lifestyle, with its nine municipalities and the amenities created by the many rivers, streams and protected greenbelt areas that encompass more than 69 per cent of the region?s area.

Jan 1, 2010

By Douglas A. Anderson

Mine the Internet? You bet. Precious information resources are there to be found by those willing to explore. Of course, the stratigraphy and the exploration tools must be learned. This article is is designed to help learn those tools and how to find the information that can help the reader. However, beware the Internet. It can be addicting. On the other hand, information can be found that you never suspected. And users can make contact with people who might otherwise never have crossed their paths.

Jan 1, 1996

By W. A. Calhoun

The purpose of this investigation was to develop economical mineral dressing processes for removing objectionable quantities of impurities, such as quartz and pyrite, from refractory clay deposits in east central Missouri. The presence of excessive quartz in these clays causes crazing. Pyrite causes bloating and unsightly dark blobs on the surface of fired refractory brick. The iron concentration in the proper state of oxidation may also act as nucleation centers for carbon crystal growth which can result in bursting of the refractory. Numerous deposits, representing a very large tonnage, have been examined and prospected by various refractories companies and found to contain impurities in objectionable quantities. Upgrading these clays would greatly extend our reserves of high-quality refractory clays. Wet-tabling and wet-cyclone concentration were found to be effective for removal of impurities from clays. Of the two methods, wet-cyclone concentra¬tion would be cheaper and more effective. Although wet-tabling improved the refractory properties of each clay, beneficiation by wet-cyclone produced clays of superior quality. Clay recoveries by wet-cycloning ranged from 56.1 to 81.8 percent of the weight of the crude samples, and the beneficiated clays contained from 71.9 to 94.4 percent of the total alumina. The pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) was increased from 1 to 3 cones by wet-cycloning. The beneficiated clays also met the reheat shrinkage requirements on refiring to 1,400° C. Missouri is one of the major domestic sources of fare clay. In addition to deposits of high-grade refractory clays, there arc many deposits that contain small percentages of impurities, which render the clays unfit for the production of high-heat-duty firebrick. Development of methods to beneficiate these submarginal clays to usable materials would greatly increase commercial fire clay resources.

Jan 1, 1961

By Andre Zingano

The variation in pillar behavior at underground coal mines working in the Bonito coal seam is observed in both research and mining company case studies. There is no consistency in pillar behavior, as it varies from mine to mine. In some cases, it is possible to find rib yields for both excavation modes and pillar sizes. This paper?s objective is to investigate pillar behavior for different load conditions and pillar sizes. Three-dimensional numerical simulation models considering these factors were built. A matrix was then assembled to compare pillar behavior between loading conditions, as well as between different pillar sizes with the same loading condition. The results showed some pillar rib plasticity due to vertical loading and stress relief independent of the pillar size and load. For the same load conditions, the yielding thickness is the same for different pillar sizes.

Jan 1, 2012

GENERAL CONTRACTOR: ALEXANDER CONSTRUCTORS, INC. STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: CAGLEY & ASSOCIATES, INC. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER: F.T. KITLINSKI & ASSOCIATES, INC. PILE FOUNDATION CONTRACTOR: L.G. BARCUS AND SONS, INC. PROJECT PROFILE: 108-10 in. diameter AugerPiles installed to an approximate depth of 32 ft. Piles were installed through Stiff Clayey Fill and Medium-Dense Sands to Decomposed Shale. Piles were drilled to a refusal criteria of 1 ft. / 3 min. Piles were installed using a Barcus Mantis AugerPile rig which is large enough to install piles 25 to 50 ft. long outdoors. The Mantis is also ideal for indoor and low overhead installations. On top of being extremely versatile, the Mantis is also very economical to mobilize. The existing structure is supported on H-Piles. The AugerPiles were furnished and installed for less than the material price of the H-Piles. Design loads were under 40 tons which eliminated the need for a load test. AugerPiles were selected for minimal vibration, limited noise, and economy.

Jan 1, 2001

By J. W. Jamieson, J. Escartin, A. Steinführer

Evidence of hydrothermal activity on two Mid-Atlantic Ridge oceanic core complexes (OCCs), at 13º30’N (the Semyenov 1 through 5 fields) and 13º20’N (the Irinovskoe field) (Fig. 1) were studied using CTD casts, dredges, TV-grabs and SP surveys during previous research cruises to these sites (Cherkashev et al., 2013, McLeod et al., 2009). In late 2013, the Semyenov and Irinovskoe fields were revisited, this time with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) during the ODEMAR (Oceanic Detachments at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) cruise on the French research vessel "Pourqoui Pas ?". Here we present the first visual surveys and direct sampling of these vent sites. High-resolution (~2 m) bathymetry of the 13º30’N and 13º20’N OCCs and their associated vent fields was collected during 4 and 5 AUV dives, respectively, using the GEOMAR AUV "ABYSS" (Fig. 1). These surveys were flown between 70 m and 100 m above the seafloor, typically at a constant height to reduce vehicle movement. The AUV was equipped with Eh, turbidity, and temperature sensors in order to detect active hydrothermal venting. Over twenty ROV dives with the ROV "VICTOR 6000" allowed for the visual exploration of the OCCs and collection of 59 hydrothermal rock samples from the vent fields. As a result of these exploration activities, the first robust estimates of the size of the deposits, and the geologic controls on sulfide accumulation at these sites can be determined.

Sep 1, 2014

By J Mercuri, S Dunford, P Rothman, E Bartsch, J Snyder, D Newton, R Maron, D Cirulis

The purpose of a mineral comminution circuit with a ball mill running in closed-loop with a hydrocyclone classification cluster is to feed the downstream process with the target particle size. Maintaining the optimal particle size in the flotation feed can significantly improve plant cash flow. In particular, reducing the amount of coarse material is often a major challenge. Existing instrumentation to provide particle size measurement is considered standard equipment in most modern concentrator plants. However, availability is often very low, mainly owing to high maintenance requirements of the analyser and associated sampling system.CiDRA Minerals Processing has developed two novel and robust technologies that address this challenge by providing high reliability and very low maintenance systems for on-line measurement of coarse material in the overflow of individual hydrocyclones. The first system is non-invasive and measures pebbles and rocks greater than 6 mm. This paper focuses on the second system, which is a ruggedized wetted sensor design with no moving parts and provides a real-time trend of the desired target grind size parameter, such as percentage above 150 micron.Both systems have simple robust designs and measure in the primary overflow stream of the individual hydrocyclone. Individual hydrocyclone measurement enables identification of poor performing hydrocyclones in addition to providing a representative measurement of the whole hydrocyclone cluster. The systems do not require sampling and associated sample transfer piping circuits that are prone to plugging, thus avoiding high maintenance requirements.The wetted sensor will be described in detail along with its implementation in a robust control scheme in a major copper concentrator in North America. Plant data shows very high availability, achieved with very low maintenance, has enabled improved process control, thereby maintaining throughput and ball mill target power while reducing grind size.CITATION:Cirulis, D, Dunford, S, Snyder, J, Bartsch, E, Rothman, P, Maron, R, Newton, D, O’Keefe, C and Mercuri, J, 2015. Process optimisation using real-time tracking of coarse material in individual cyclone overflow streams, in Proceedings MetPlant 2015, pp 93–109 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 7, 2015

THE Wonthaggi coal-field lies south easterly from Melbourne at a distance by rail of 86 miles, on the flats of the Powlett River, immediately to the south of the deep-cut valleys and steep intervening ridges in the Jurassic rocks of the Bass Range and itsfoot-hills. The coal-bearing area is covered with a thin layer of late Tertiary and Recent deposits, which serve to mask the true character of the underlying coal-bearing rocks and effectually prevent the appearance of any coal outcrop. Two or three bores sunk prior to 1890 had shown the locality to be really a potential coal-bearing one. Only one additional bore was sunk in the State Coal Mine area until 1908, when energetic boring was resumed, with the result that in November, 1909, when an acute shortage of black coal in Victoria resulted from the prolonged strike on the New South Wales coal-fields, coal-seams had been located at Wonthaggi offering sufficient inducement to start an...

Jan 1, 1918

By R. Falcon, P. den Hoed, A. Luckos, R. Erasmus, V. du Cann, D. Comins

Carbon as a reductant, additive or filler is an essential element in the processing of metallic ores and the manufacture of iron and steel in the metallurgical industry. In most cases, the element carbon is derived from coal and its carbon derivatives. The properties of carbon required for the different processes in each metallurgical sector vary significantly and, for this reason, matching the correct carbon product for each specific process has become an important if not vital function in all sectors of this industry. This selection process, however, has become increasingly difficult. In many cases, the substitution of new products, despite being similar in all relevant chemical specification characteristics to previous products, has resulted in different performance properties relative to that expected. Under these circumstances, the prediction of performance of unknown carbon products has become fraught with difficulties unprecedented in the past. In order to initiate an investigation into addressing these issues, a test case was selected for indepth study the results of which are reported in this paper. The case concerned the use of a specific carbon feed in a conventional submerged arc furnace which gave rise to an unprecedented amount of unreacted or only partially consumed residue trapped in the frozen slag on the refractory walls of the furnace. During the course of these investigations, different advanced analytical technologies were employed including, inter alia, Raman spectroscopy, surface dimensional tests, organic petrology and various thermal reactivity factors. All results have been integrated into a multidisciplinary assessment presented in summary in this paper. Based on the above, and previous experience, the concept of an all-embracing 3-D coal-carbon ?framework? is briefly introduced. This approach has succeeded in obtaining greater depth of knowledge and a better understanding of the issues at stake with specific reference to the organic composition, structure, texture, internal surface area and consequent reactivity of the carbon materials concerned. In consequence, it would now appear that various properties of relevance to the metallurgical industry may be predicted with greater precision than has hitherto fore been possible.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. G. Bruwer

Paper written on project work carried out in partial fulfilment of B Eng Met Surface coatings persisting on zircon particles, after being leached in an acidic solution, are believed to be the cause of zircon misplacement during the electrostatic separation of heavy mineral beach sands. Electrostatic separation is employed to separate non-conductive zircon particles from more conductive rutile particles. Surface coatings on zircon particles are believed to render the non-conductive zircon particles more conductive, resulting in the contamination of the more conductive rutile stream with zircon particles. Resistivity measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to compare the surface characteristics of zircon particles found in the different product streams following electrostatic separation. XPS analysis showed that no significant difference exists in the outermost layer of the zircon particles found in the different streams. SEM analysis showed the existing surface coatings on zircon particles from different product streams to have similar chemical compositions. Resistivity measurements confirmed the results obtained from both the XPS and SEM analysis; no significant differences in the resitivities were observed. From the results obtained it suggests that surface coatings present on zircon particles are unlikely the primary cause of zircon misplacement. Zircon losses can possibly be a result of machine related aspects. Key words: XPS; SEM; resistivity measurements; electrostatic separation; heavy mineral sands.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. Feather

The Minataur? Process (Mintek Alternative Technology for Au Refining) is a novel route for the production of high-purity gold using solvent extraction. Following the successful demonstration of the process on a pilot-plant scale, a full-scale 24 t/a production plant has been commissioned at Harmony Gold Mine in Virginia, Free State. The commercial implementation of this process represents not only a significant advance in gold-refining technology, but may be instrumental in initiating important changes in the legislation regulating the marketing of gold in South Africa. Gold of either 99.99% or 99.999% purity can be produced from intermediate process products having a wide range of gold contents. The process comprises oxidative leaching of the solid feed, followed by selective solvent extraction of the gold from the leach liquor to reject impurities, and precipitation of high-purity gold powder. This paper outlines the process, presents selected results of two pilot-plant trials in which 5 kg/d of high-purity gold was produced from silver-refining anode slime and gold-electrowinning cathode sludge, and provides some details of the cost benefits.

Jan 1, 1997

By William A. Beck

The Construction Aggregates Corp. operates a plant for processing sand and gravel from two deposits in Ottawa County, Mich. The bulk of the sand is obtained from a sand dune on the shore of Lake Michigan, and the gravel is dug from a glacial-drift deposit farther inland. Mining is done with draglines, and the material, both at the digging site and in the plant, is moved mainly by systems of conveyors. The Ferrysburg plant serves customers along the Great Lakes, which is unusual for a business normally local in character. Annual production exceeds 1-1/2 million tons of sand and gravel as concrete aggregate and 200,000 tons of core sand for foundry use.

Jan 1, 1962

The development of technologies to improve mining and mineral processing is an ongoing process. These new technologies are the result of the industry’s drive to lower costs and improve productivity. Many technical conferences allow mining industry professionals to learn about these new technologies and possibly implement them in their own operations. In early November 2005, The 14th symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection (MPES) was held in Banff, Alberta. It was jointly held with the Fifth International Conference on Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries (CAMI).

Jan 1, 2006

By AIME AIME

COMMITTEES. CENTRAL GENERAL COMMITTEE.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; Win. M. Brewer,. Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF NELSON, B. C.-A. S. Farwell, Chairman; W. C. Bayly, Secretary; William Blakemore, M. S. Davys, S. S. Fowler, R. R. Hedley, Leslie Hill, A. H. Telly; W. C E. Koch, J. J. Campbell. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ROSSLAND, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hamilton, Chairman; AV. H. Aldridge, Charles Biesel, H. H. Claudet, F. W. Guernsey, R. Marsh, J. W. Astley, R. W. Brock, A. A. Cole, A. G. Larsen, R. H. Stewart. Also the Rossland Board of Trade, Robert Hunter, President; K. E. Mackenzie, Vice-President; A. B. Mackenzie, Secretary. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF GRAND FORKS, B. C.-His Worship Mayor Hammor, Chairman ; A. W. B. Hodges, A. L. White, G. M. Fripp, L. A. Manley, W. T. Spier, G. W. Wooster. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VICTORIA, B. C.-Wm. Fleet Robertson, Chairman; William Al. Brewer, Secretary; Harold Grant, Thomas Kiddie, Clermont Livingston, E. C. Musgrave, W. J. Sutton, Francis A. Thomson. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF VANCOUVER, B. C.-C. F. Jackson, Chairman; His Worship Mayor F. Buscombe, J. J. Banfield, A. Bethune, John Boyd, H. C. Clarke, A. B. Erskine, E. P. Gilman, William Godfrey, W. D. Haywood, R. K. Houlgate, H. T. Lockyer, J. I. McAdam, H. M. McDowell, C. W. McMeekin, W. H. Malkin, F. Richards, T. J. Smith, George A. Walkem, G. Slieldon Williams. LOCAL COMMITTEE OF WHITE HORSE, Y. T.-Robert Lowe, Chairman.; T. W. Jackson, Secretary; George -Armstrong, A. L. Bindley, Rev. Father Corbeil, L. De Gex, A. E. Fisher, W. P. Grainger, P. D. McMillan, Rev. Mr. Main, George C. Mallot, Alfred Parre, George Pulham, George Reid, William Robinson, J. P. Scharschmidt, J. C. Schraeder, Major A. E. Snyder, Rev. Mr. Stringer, Judge George L. Taylor, William Taylor, H. Wheeler, E. J. White, J. P. Whitney;' ; LOCAL COMMITTEE OF DAWSON, Y. T.-Hon. W.W. B. McInnes, Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; Major Z. T, Wood, Assistant Commissioner of the Yukon Territory, Honorary Chairman; J. B. Tyrrell, Chairman; J. Moore Elmer, Vice-Chairman; George Black, Secretary; Hon. Mr. Justice Dugas, Hon. Mr. Justice Macaulay, Hon. Mr. Justice Craig, Dr. Alfred Thompson, D. A. Cameron,. E. W. Griffin. The first session, held in the ministers' room of the Parliament Building, 3 p.m., Saturday, July 1st, was presided over by Past-President Robert W. Hunt. His Excellency the Lieut.-

Nov 1, 1905

By Tian Sugui

By means of the measurement of the enduring property and microstructure observation, an investigation has been made into the influences of the element Re and TCP phase on the enduring property of the single crystal nickel base superalloys. Results show that the needle-like TCP phase is precipitated along the <110> orientation on {111} planes in Re-containing/free superalloys during the long term aging, the TCP phase is identified as µ phase, and the precipitated µ phase in 4.5%Re alloy is gradually spheroidized during aging. Thereinto, the needle-like µ phase may obviously decrease the enduring lifetimes of the alloys due to the consumption of the refractory elements and the effect of the stress concentration. But the stress concentration is not easily generated in the regions near the spherical-like µ phase, which is a main reason of reducing the enduring lifetime of 4.5%Re alloy to a small extent.

Jan 1, 2010

By J. -P. Tshibangu, A. Vervoort, A. Lavrov

Abstract: The aim of the research presented is to study the effect of complex loading schemes on the fracturing process during loading and/or unloading. A first set of experiments was done using a poly-axial cell. These experiments in combination with numerical simulations showed a difference in micro-fracturing (shear and tensile cracks), but not in macro-failure between various loading/ unloading schemes. The second set of experiments was based on the three-point bending test and several cycles with or without rotation between cycles were applied. If the specimen was rotated by 90° or 180° about its long axis between the first and second cycle, no Kaiser effect was observed. Résumé: Le but de la recherche présentée est d’étudier l’effet de schémas de charge complexe sur le processus de fracturation durant la phase de charge et de décharge. Une première série d’expériences était réalisée utilisant une cellule polyaxiale. Ces expériences combinées avec des simulations numériques ont montré une différence de micro-fracturation (fissures de cisaillements et de traction) pour les différents schémas de charge et décharge, mais en ce qui concerne la macro-fracturation ce n’est pas le cas. La deuxième série d’expériences était basée sur des essais de flexion trois points avec plusieurs cycles, avec ou sans rotation entre les cycles. Si l’échantillon est tourné de 90° ou 180° selon le grand axe entre le premier et le second cycle, l’effet Kaiser n’est pas observé. Zusammenfassung: Der Zweck der vorliegenden Forschung bestand darin, den Einfluß von komplizierten Beanspruchungsschemen auf den Bruchprozess im Laufe von Belastung und/oder Entlastung von Gesteinen zu untersuchen. Der erste hier beschriebene Satz von Experimenten wurde mit einer dreiaxialen Belastungsmaschine angestellt. Diese Experimenten zusammen mit dazugehörigen numerischen Simulationen zeigten Unterschiede zwischen Be- und Entlastungsbeanspruchungen in Bezug auf mikrobruchmechanische Mechanismen (d.h. Scher- oder Zugrisse) an, aber nicht in Bezug auf den Makrobruchprozess. Der zweite Satz von Experimenten umfasste Gesteinsbeanspruchung in mehreren Zyklen von Drei-Punkt-Biegung, indem die Gesteinsproben zwischen den Zyklen um einen angegebenen Winkel (0°, 90° oder 180°) gedreht wurden. Falls die Probe um 90° oder 180° gedreht wurde, wurde kein Kaiser-Effekt im zweiten Zyklus beobachtet.

Jan 1, 2003