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By U. W. O. L Vogler

"The behaviour of rocks depends on their material properties, and therefore it is important that these properties are determined by relevant and reliable laboratory testing methods. The ISRM Suggested Methods are very important documents in this regard, and a draft suggested method exists for the determination of the ’complete stress-strain curve for intact rock in uniaxial compression’. The method specifies the required geometry of specimens and the required testing procedures. The research described in this paper involved the determination of complete stress-strain curves for two materials, one exhibiting the Class I characteristic, and the other the Class II characteristic. To obtain a better understanding of the deformation behaviours in the post-peak region, tests were carried out on specimens of both material types with different length-to-diameter ratios. The results showed that the geometries of the test specimens influence the stressstrain curves in the post-peak region. The implication is, therefore, that the numerical values obtained for the slopes of the post-peak graphs are not material constants, but are geometry-dependent. Explanations for this behaviour are given. These findings have important implications regarding the use of post-peak data, for example for blast fragmentation considerations, and for evaluation of rockbursting potential. The research findings are based on a limited amount of laboratory testing, and should be confirmed by further testing. IntroductionThe most common approach for studying the behaviour of rock is by compression testing of cylindrical specimens in the laboratory. Rocks respond to forces by deforming and eventually breaking. The strength and the deformation characteristics are derived from the stressstrain curves produced. Standard shapes and sizes for the test specimens and standard loading rates are recommended in the Suggested Methods of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. In spite of these standards, there remain certain aspects of testing which require further attention. The research described in this paper deals with deformation and failure behaviour of rock materials using stiff, servocontrolled testing equipment. The particular objective was to test the premise that the behaviour of cylindrical rock specimens in the post-peak region of the stress-strain curves does not reflect only a material characteristic, but is influenced by the height-to-diameter ratio (the geometry) of the rock specimen. An additional objective was to investigate the effect of the stiffness of the test equipment on the outcomes of tests."

Jan 1, 2016

By Vladislava A. Ignatkina, Fillip O. Milovich, Vladimir A. Bocharov

"Complex research of flotation concentrates of monomineral fractions of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite included methods of adsorption of collectors, surface compounds by IR ATR, and surface films of flotoreagents by TEM. They revealed that the proportion of the parts of thionocarbamate (TC) and dithiophosphate had an effect on the adsorption rate of the components of minerals, on the presence of characteristic bands, and, what is an important, visualized surface film of organic flotation reagents on the particles of concentrates by TEM. The predominance of thionocarbamate in a composition selectively increases the adsorption rate constant of the components and recovery of chalcopyrite compared with sphalerite and galena. The highest flotation rate using TC is characteristic for chalcopyrite (0.62 min- 1) in case of individual use, and it's in combination with butyl xanthate (25% butyl xanthate or 3:1) 0.89 min-1 too. We studied the ternary blend - dithiophosphate: thionocarbamates: butyl xanthate. The increase of the proportion of butyl xanthate in combination reduces the contrast of the flotation rate among all sulfides.Practice flotation of refractory sulfide copper-zinc ores of the Urals (content sulfide iron - 75- 95%) confirmed that the use of a combination of selective collectors increases selective recovery of copper sulfide minerals up to 50% at the first fraction that is the conditioned copper concentrate. New selective sulfhydryl collectors resulted in high levels of recovery of copper into a concentrate - more than 90% - against 70-72% (butyl xanthate) from copper-pyrite ore. Low floatability of iron sulfides has been obtained by selective sulfhydryl collectors. Using weak selective sulfhydryl collectors can reduce pH into collective or selective flotation from pH 10-10.5 to pH = 7.2-7.5, which improves the quality of individual concentrates of nonferrous metals and their recovery. The same is true for polymetalic sulfide ore. The volume of gold recovery also increased."

Jan 1, 2016

By Ralph J. Holmes

"An accurate knowledge of the chemical, mineralogical and physical characteristics of ores and mineral products that are mined, processed and sold commercially is crucial to resource definition, effective resource utilisation, plant design, process control, metallurgical accounting and finally quality control to ensure that contract specifications are met and equitable payment is received for product sales. However, the responsibility for sampling is often entrusted to personnel who do not fully appreciate the significance and importance of collecting fully representative samples for analysis, and they seem satisfied as long as some material is collected and returned to the laboratory for analysis. Furthermore, sample stations incorporated into the design of new plants are often the first casualties when cost cutting exercises commence. There is really little point in accurately analysing samples if they are not representative in the first place, because the resultant analyses can be seriously biased and the effort taken to carefully analyse such samples is largely a waste of time and resources.Ultimately, a poor knowledge of the characteristics of ores and mineral products limits the ability of mining companies to optimise the life of ore resources and plant performance, and failure to meet final product specifications can have disastrous consequences, including price penalties and more seriously loss of sales contracts and significant revenue losses due to poor sampling practices at the point of sale. Consequently, it is critical that sampling is given the attention it deserves as the first important step in the quality measurement chain. The golden rule for correct sampling is that all parts of the ore, concentrate, slurry or other material being sampled must have an equal opportunity of being collected and becoming part of the final sample for analysis."

Jan 1, 2016

By Takayuki Sakai, Takefumi Takuma, Lee Roesner

"70-foot deep rectangular-shaped bulkheads were built with sheet piles as launching and receiving shafts for a pipe jacking operation for new underground waterlines in a densely populated section of Los Angeles, California. The Press-in Piling Method was specified to drive 95-foot long sheets (a record for the method) to form the bulkheads for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power’s LA-29 (DWP) Connection Modification and Pipe Jacking. The piling was chosen because of its very low noise and practically vibration-free nature since the site is surrounded by houses, an apartment complex, and existing water lines. The out front areas of the bulkheads were grouted to let the TBM go through without major ground water leaks. Hydrophilic foam grout was also injected in addition to welding steel scab plates on the inside to seal them to achieve sufficient watertightness behind a few split interlocks. BACKGROUND This project was located in the Crescent Heights area of Los Angeles which is a few miles south of Beverly Hills. The project represents the completion of the last phase of the Stone Hollywood Trunk Line. This was an 8-mile long water trunk line that averaged 60 inches in diameter and was built to improve the reliability of the DWP’s major water system. This section of the project involved driving 2 deep shafts to allow for the installation of a 350-foot-long 72-inch steel casing using microtunneling construction. See Figure 1 for the shaft locations and the tunnel alignment. The challenge for the project was that this water line would have to pass beneath the Hollyhills buried box drain (15 feet high by 20 feet wide). Further complicating the construction was the soils beneath the drain. The DWP chose to drive the tunnel at a depth of approximately 65 feet to ensure that the ground conditions were uniform and suitable for the microtunneling equipment. There were two previous attempts to construct this work which failed because of poor ground conditions and very high water levels. This third attempt was critical because the DWP could not afford to have another failure due to the fallout with the residents being impacted by the project."

Jan 1, 2016

By Boyd Davis, Vladimiros Papangelakis, Douglass Duffy, Michael Carlos

"The processing of lateritic saprolite in hyper-concentrated magnesium chloride brines offers several potential advantages for the hydrometallurgical production of nickel. An aggressive HCl-MgCl2 leach at atmospheric pressure can significantly reduce magnesium dissolution, and offers the ability to recover HCl and MgO by a less energy intensive process than conventional techniques via the formation of magnesium hydroxychlorides. Inevitably, the high chloride concentration renders iron fully soluble during leaching and thus requires subsequent iron control and disposal steps. Experimental measurements coupled with OLITM modeling were conducted to investigate the behaviour of iron in concentrated magnesium chloride brines, in terms of chemistry (nature of iron species) and solubility limits. The solubility of ferric chloride in magnesium chloride solutions of concentrations and temperatures relevant to this process was controlled by a previously unreported solid phase: 2.5FeCl3·MgCl2·7.5H2O. Iron precipitation tests on synthetic leach solutions without seeding indicate a metastable akaganeite precipitate which transitions to hematite upon equilibration. Magnesium chloride solubility in ferric chloride solutions was also investigated to allow the simulation of a ternary phase diagram for the MgCl2-FeCl3-H2O system, in order to determine process conditions that avoid unwanted chloride precipitation.INTRODUCTION In the search for more economical processes to treat lateritic saprolite for nickel production, chloride hydrometallurgy has been increasingly investigated. While High Pressure Acid Leaching (HPAL) can frequently economically treat lateritic limonite, the presence of saprolite negatively affects process economics. The higher magnesium content of saprolite increases acid consumption, because magnesium sulphate, unlike iron and aluminum sulphates, does not hydrolyze in HPAL. This soluble magnesium decreases the sulphuric acid strength by an amount greater than the amount of acid stoichiometrically required to leach magnesium, which must also be disposed of or recovered (Jankovic, Papangelakis, & Lvov, 2009). Due to these issues, pyrometallurgy is most commonly employed to treat lateritic saprolite, via the Rotary Kiln-Electric Furnace (RKEF) process; this process uses a rotary kiln to dry and partially reduce nickel and iron oxides before sending the calcine to an electric furnace for smelting to produce a ferronickel product for the stainless steel market. Although the problems encountered during hydrometallurgical processing are avoided and nickel recoveries are high, high capital and energy costs prevent the application of this process to lower grade lateritic saprolite deposits (De Bakker, 2011)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Patrick J. Maessen, Bart H. M. Hendrix

"In the Netherlands, the Dutch Tunnel Standard has been developed for the execution of road tunnel projects. The Dutch Tunnel Standard is based on the Dutch Tunnel Law (WARVW) which sets the minimum safety standard for road tunnels in the Netherlands. Uniformity of tunnels and the uniform perception of a tunnel by its users leads to a higher safety level. Therefore, several items in the Dutch Tunnel Standard are specifically developed to ensure safety in emergency situations through the plane of human factors. Taking human factors into account is important in regular traffic situations, but in an emergency situation, this can be vital. In this paper, the development and contents of the Dutch Tunnel Standard are explained in the first part and in the second part, the systems related to human factors are described. DUTCH TUNNEL LAW AND THE NEED FOR THE DUTCH TUNNEL STANDARD In the 90’s of last century and the early 2000’s, several serious accidents occurred in tunnels in Europe. These accidents involved fire and led to many casualties. After these accidents, the European Union decided to change the regulations for tunnel safety, leading to the EU directive 2004/54/EG. The primary goal of this directive is, that casualties are minimized in case of a calamity in a tunnel (e.g. fire). In the Netherlands, the EU directive led to the development of the tunnel law and a tunnel regulation (in 2006) to prescribe the safety features required for a safe tunnel. The new Dutch tunnel law – cited in the Building Act – was meant to make tunnel design easier – but resulted at first in the opposite effect. Tunnel design in the Netherlands and design standards of Rijkswaterstaat Rijkswaterstaat – the executing organisation of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment – is the owner of the tunnels in the Dutch national motorway network, thus owner of the majority of the road tunnels in the Netherlands. In the early years of tunnel building in the Dutch national highway network (approximately 1950 – 1970), Rijkswaterstaat was not only owner, but also designer of its own assets. Most Dutch tunnels are submersed tunnels, because these type of tunnels provide a cost-effective way to make river crossings. Another type of tunnel that is used, is a TBM tunnel. Because of the geological conditions in the Netherlands (merely clay/peat and sand), there are no NATM or drill-and-blast tunnels in the Netherlands. Since the last decades, land tunnels (covered roads) are becoming more common to provide for multiple use of surface space and to meet more modern environmental regulations as traffic increases near densely populated areas. Tunnel lengths in the Netherlands vary from 500 m to 1.5 km for river crossings up to 6 km for the Western Scheldt (bored) tunnel. The lengths of land tunnels vary from 500 m up to 3 km. With these increasing lengths, some safety topics and design topics arise, topics that were non-issues in the past, when tunnels were only used as river crossings."

Jan 1, 2016

By Daniele Martinelli, Rodrigo Winderholler, Daniele Peila

"This paper presents a technical description of an experimental procedure developed for the geotechnical characterization of granular soils conditioned for EPB tunneling using a modified direct shear box. As the main concerning parameters of the conditioned soil mass were their undrained properties, in order to preserve its pseudo-fluid characteristics, a watertight direct shear apparatus was constructed. A comparison between the results obtained under dry, saturated and conditioned conditions is presented. INTRODUCTION EPB shield machines have been used for tunneling excavation in many different types of soils thanks to the use of soil conditioning agents. These modify the properties of the soil into that of a plastic paste, thus permitting the homogeneous flow of the excavated soil from the tunnel face through the bulk chamber, the screw conveyor and finally the conveyor belt. Moreover this technique allows controlling the face pressure and its regulation in the bulk chamber, preventing water inflow when tunneling below the water table. Further advantages are a drop of the cutter head and screw conveyor torque and reduction of the friction between metallic parts and the soil, consequently reducing wear phenomena (Merritt & Mair, 2006; Vinai et al., 2007; Borio et al., 2010; Thewes & Budach, 2010; Herrenknecht et al., 2011; Barbero et al., 2012; Peila, 2014). Several studies have investigated the possibility of conditioning and the chemical materials to be used in different types of soils, mainly subdivided into three groups: cohesionless soils (sand and gravel), silts and clays, and rock masses. This various researches have set up several laboratory procedures for these achievements before and after soil conditioning, as stated in Thewes & Budach (2010) and Peila (2014) (for cohesionless soils), in Thewes & Burger (2005), Hollmann & Thewes (2013), Zumsteg et al.(2012) (for clay), in Peila et al. (2013) and Martinelli et al. (2015a) (for rock mass). Such tests should be simple to execute, reliable and easy to interpret at the in-situ excavation step. The reduction of shear strength is necessary in EPB operations, since it allows an effective transmission of the pressure from the material itself to the front. In some cases the slump is not sufficient to return a reliable result on the shear strength reduction, as in some cases some materials are behaving differently. Therefore this research is aimed to study this aspect more in detail, in order to show the effectiveness of the soil conditioning process on the material to be excavated."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Boiselle, C. Gielen, P. Henry, J. M. Bier

"Hydrometal is specialized in the production of zinc sulphate from complex secondary raw materials. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) dust is one of the more interesting potential sources to produce zinc sulphate. In order to minimize waste quantities generated from EAF dust treatment, our R&D team has developed and patented a new process to recover the Fe contained in the dust as iron oxide product to be used and sold into the pigment market. The process is based on a specific reductive leaching step of the zinc ferrite contained in EAF dust, followed by a purification step to remove impurities (Ni, Cr, Cu...) and finally the controlled precipitation of the iron oxide. The aim of the iron precipitation step is to obtain the right shape and length of crystals in order to guarantee the right color and tinting strength of the pigment. The innovative aspects of the process results in the controlled oxidation of the iron to get the right crystal size and good purity material. The iron product can be valorized as red or yellow pigment often produced by the Penniman-Zoph process.INTRODUCTION A Few Words about HYDROMETAL Hydrometal SA (Engis, Belgium) is a subsidiary of Jean Goldschmidt International SA (JGI) in Brussels. JGI is mainly involved in metal trading activities (Goldschmidt, 1995). In 1985, JGI acquired the leaching circuit of a Belgian electrolytic zinc producer located in Engis, a few kilometers south of Liège, near the river Meuse and it was decided to name this plant: SA HYDROMETAL. Hydrometal is well connected by water, rail and road from its central location in the industrial region of Liege, in the heart of Europe. The company received in 1997 an additional license to process and recycle toxic and hazardous waste. Figure 1 shows a picture of the plant."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. M. Elmahdy, T. Hirajima, M. Farahat

"Separation of molybdenite from chalcopyrite is mainly achieved through flotation technique to raise their grades up to 25% to be extracted in smelters. However, molybdenite recovery and grade obtained from this process is not satisfactory in most cases due to the natural hydrophobicity of both minerals. The influence of conventional heat treatment on pure chalcopyrite and molybdenite minerals was investigated. X-ray diffraction, TG-DTA and XPS techniques were applied before and after heat treatment. The results showed phase changes for both minerals. Magnetic separation experiments of single and mixture of both minerals at several magnetic intensities were made. For single mineral experiments, 100% molybdenite recovery was obtained at all experimental conditions as non-magnetic fraction whereas ca. 100% chalcopyrite recovery was achieved under certain conditions. In case of 1:1 binary mixture, 87% and 83% molybdenum and copper recoveries, respectively, were obtained. The increase in chalcopyrite magnetic recovery is related to the formation of more magnetic phases as confirmed by characterization techniques.The objective of this study is to increase the magnetism of chalcopyrite to make its separation from molybdenite by magnetic separation possible and to understand the mechanism behind it. These results indicate that it may be possible to upgrade molybdenite ores using heat treatment followed by magnetic separation to the required grade by smelters which is difficult to attain by froth flotation and the other techniques."

Jan 1, 2016

By Y. Guo, C. Cao

"China is rich in tungsten resource, but they are mainly associated minerals. The similar flotability of scheelite, fluorite, and calcite resulted in the difficult separation by flotation. This work summarized the current situation and the development of flotation reagents, technological process, and mineral processing equipments in China. Fatty acid served as the collector and water glass was the depressant to expand the flotability differences in traditional flotation technology. However the water glass inevitably influenced the flotation of tungsten minerals to a large extend, and the suppressed fluorite was difficult to recover by flotation. Abundant water glass lead to the bad settleability of the tailings and the tail water was difficult to circulate, resulted in serious environmental problems. Recent study proved that the selectivity of benzene armour hydroxyl oxime acid (BAHA) salts was adequate for the separation of tungsten minerals from fluorite, calcite and most silicate minerals without any depressant. By this way, sodium silicate was canceled completely in tungsten flotation, greatly improving the recovery of tungsten and the environmental problems caused by tail water treatment would be solved fundamentally. TUNGSTEN RESOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION IN CHINA China is rich in tungsten resources and the proved reserves accounted for 60% of the world's reserves [1]. However the wolframite has been dried up and the scheelite resources had become the main resource of the tungsten metal. Table 1 showed the most large and superlarge scheelite deposits in China. China has more than 40 large and superlarge scheelite deposits and the total metallic deserves is more than 3 million ton [2]. But most of the deposits were low-grade and the associated relationship was complicated. For example, scheelite was usually associated with wolframite, molybonite, bismuthinite, pyrite, fluorite, and calcite in Shizhuyuan and Yaogangxian mine."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Ghali, W. Zhang, M. Robichaud, G. Houlachi

"The performances of six mesh and one plate dimensionally stable anodes have been investigated in the zinc electrolyte at 38oC and compared to conventional silver-lead alloy anodes. The electrochemical behaviour of these anodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic, potentiodynamic, open circuit potential and electrochemical noise measurements. It was observed that at the end of 24 h of galvanostatic polarization at a current density of 50 mA/cm2 in the zinc electrolyte at 38oC, the mesh V had the lowest potential followed by mesh III, mesh VI, plate-V, mesh IV, mesh I, and mesh II electrode. When the potentials for mesh I, mesh III, mesh IV, VI and plate-V, mesh V were compared with that of the Pb-0.7%Ag anode (1920 mV/SHE), they were found to be 6%, 16%, 7% 10%, 17% lower, respectively.After 16 h decay following the 24 h polarization, the mesh III had the lowest corrosion rate (51 mS/cm2) among the seven specimens, followed by the plate-V, mesh V, VI, IV, I and II (221 mS/cm2). For the fresh surface as received, after two hour open circuit potential measurements, mesh I had the most positive (noble) potential (1382 mV/SHE) among the seven electrodes followed by the plate-V electrode, mesh V, mesh IV, mesh VI, mesh III and mesh II (751 mV/SHE). After consecutive series of electrochemical testing, mesh V, mesh III, mesh VI had lower corrosion rates (~ 343± 6 µA/cm2) than that of mesh IV, mesh I, plate-V, and mesh II (~ 644± 143 µA/cm2).INTRODUCTIONThe continued use of lead based anodes in the electrowinning process has been mainly due to their relatively low cost as compared to other materials (Msindo, Sibanda, & Potgieter, 2010). They have good electrical conductivity, stability during electrolysis, very good corrosion and wear resistance (Ivanov, Stefanov, Noncheva, Petrova, Dobrev, Mirkova, Vermeersch, & Damaerel, 2010). However, lead-based anodes give their high energy consumption and low corrosion resistance for electrowinning. To overcome these problems, Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSAs) has been chosen (Msindo et al., 2010). Comparing to the traditional lead anodes, the DSA anodes have many advantages: (1) no contamination; (2) no loss of anode material, pure electrolyte; (3) lower gas bubble effect through special anode designs; (4) use of higher current densities (Msindo et al., 2010). The success of DSA anodes has been attributed to their chemical stability that allows them to maintain nearly constant dimensions during the life of the anode even when operating in environment with low pH values. Due to their stability, the consumption rates of DSA are as low as 1 mg/amp.y (Alfantazi & Moskalyk, 2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Paul

"INTRODUCTION In 1990, the uranium production of SDAG Wismut in East Germany was stopped. 45 years of inconsiderate destructive exploitation had scarred both landscape and nature. With the “Wismut law” which came into force in December 1991, the Federal Republic took responsibility of the remediation of the legacies from former uranium ore mining and milling in Saxony and Thuringia. A unique opportunity turned out in order to remove environmental damage, to enhance the life quality of the local population, to shape new landscapes and to advance the economic restart. (1) The results of nearly 25 years of remediation activity are evidence that this opportunity was used at all former SDAG (Sowjetisch-Deutsche Aktien-gesellschaft) Wismut sites. The reference project “Wismut“ has evolved into a joint project of all parties involved and radiates beyond the affected regions. This is particularly reflected by the Know-how transfer starting from Wismut and the increasing activities for third parties abroad.WATER MANAGEMENT AT WISMUT REHABILITATION Within the Wismut project, water management and conventional technical water treatment are by far the most cost-intensive long-term tasks of the remediation programme. Over the medium term, there is no viable alternative to the operation of active systems to catch and treat contaminated mine waters at the Ronneburg, Schlema, Königstein, Pöhla, Seelingstädt and Helmsdorf sites. Based on the status quo, this paper outlines the key issues of the Wismut GmbH water management strategy over the medium and long term. It is focused primarily on achieving protection goals for potentially impacted water bodies in the surroundings of Wismut sites and on optimising associated remediation expenditures as well as on creating the prerequisites for achieving low post-remedial care and maintenance or walk-away system status over the long term. (2) The applied mining practices during the active SDAG Wismut period have not been up to the high standards of modern mining operations and their requirement to leave former production premises and deposited residues in a condition that was not only physically but also chemically stable. Rather the emission of mine and seepage waters laden with high acidity, metal and salt content is a frequent corollary and difficult legacy of historic mining and processing operations (4, 5). As a consequence, the control or mitigation, respectively, of environmental impacts associated with contaminated mine waters ties up enormous public resources worldwide (6, 7)."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. R. Farkoosh, K. Korgiopoulos, McGill University, O. Rodop, L. A. Villegas Armenta

"New generation of Al-Mg-Si alloys with thermally stable dispersoids that prevent recrystallization and grain growth during hot deformation are currently used in automotive components requiring good formability. Alloy chemistry controls the phase formation especially age-hardening precipitates, dispersoids, and primary intermetallic which have pronounced effect on grain structure, strength and formability. In this work, thermodynamic calculations have been used to predict the effects of varying levels of Si (0.5-1.5wt%), Mg (0.5-1.5wt%) and Mn (0.1-2.5wt%) on phase selection. Thermodynamic calculations have been performed in equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions via the FactSage™ software using the FTlite database. Selected compositions have been cast, heat treated, extruded and characterized through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron channeling contrast imaging techniques. The calculations showed that at the hot deformation temperature of ~540 oC, exceeding certain Mg and Si levels would lead to retained *-Mg2Si intermetallics and Si particles at the grain boundaries in addition to a-Al-(Mn,Fe)-Si. It was found that retained *-Mg2Si phase which adversely affects formability can be avoided for Si+2Mg levels lower than 2.3wt%. FactSage calculations also showed that increasing Mn from 0.5wt% to 1wt% leads to an increase in the amount of dispersoids (from 1wt% to 2wt%) that can potentially slow down recrystallization and grain growth during hot deformation and improve formability. Calculations at room temperature also show that for an alloy with 0.7wt% Mg, excess Si beyond 0.7 wt% promotes the precipitation of Si clusters in the Al matrix that accelerate natural age-hardening. Results were confirmed by experimental investigation.INTRODUCTIONAluminum alloy 6082 (Al-Mg-Si) is used in the automotive industry because of its high strength, and good weldability (I. J. Polmear, 2006). The alloy is age-hardenable through the precipitation of ß-Mg2Si and its precursors, and the recrystallization is usually inhibited by Mn- and Cr-containing dispersoids formed through high temperature heat treatments (I. Polmear & Couper, 1988). However, it is known that minor changes in alloy chemistry (Mg/Si ratio) can have significant influences on the ductility and formability of these alloys by altering phase selection and the resultant microstructure (Gupta, Lloyd, & Court, 2001; McQueen & Celliers, 1997; Zajac, Hutchinson, Johansson, & Gullman, 1994). For automotive applications where wrought alloys (usually extrusions) are cold-formed to produce suspension components, the chemistry of the alloys and the extruded structure are of crucial importance as they determine the formability at room temperature (Asensio-Lozano, Suárez-Peña, & Vander Voort, 2014). In this study, thermodynamic calculations along with experimental investigations were carried out on the Al-Mg-Si system to understand their phase formation and precipitation hardening as a function of alloy composition."

Jan 1, 2016

By Dae Young Kim, Sim Bo Kyung, Ebrahim Farrokh, Ki Chang Hyun

"TBM cutter life evaluation in abrasive granitic rocks is a very important issue, especially in pressurized face tunneling with mixshield TBM for which the planning of costly interventions becomes crucial. This paper presents an overview of methodologies for cutter life evaluation in rock. A comparative study is performed to indicate the predictability of cutter life evaluation methods based on detail data from the NS3 tunnel project in Singapore. A new model is developed based upon the cutter wear information of eight TBM tunnels from around the world. New methods are proposed to evaluate the optimum intervention interval length and the number of worn-out disc cutters for a tunnel project. Finally, two new laboratory tests in the evaluation of disc cutter abrasion, including a full-scale and a small-scale test, are introduced, and their test results are discussed. INTRODUCTION The issue of wear evaluation for hard rocks has been extensively studied in drilling and pavement industry. In this regard, several tests and evaluation methods have been proposed to estimate or evaluate the state of tool life (e.g. bit life for drilling). In the case of TBM tunneling, tool wear may depend on several factors such as mineral composition, strength, or type of cutting, but as the abrasion is usually the major mechanism for the tool wear in hard rock, the developed methods for cutter wear or cutter life evaluation are mostly based on the abrasion indices such as Cerchar Abrasivity Index (CAI). This paper attempts to review the major methodologies for disc cutter wear and life evaluation and to propose new methods to evaluate cutter life and intervention interval evaluation based on detail information of a mixshield tunnel project in Singapore as well as general information of some other projects from Iran, Italy, South Africa, and France. As the laboratory tests are crucial in the process of evaluation, two new lab tests are developed and used to inspect suitability of the new proposed model for disc cutter wear evaluation."

Jan 1, 2016

By Liguang Wang

The froth phase in flotation has received much less attention than the pulp phase despite the fact that froth stability plays an important role in determining flotation performance. Froth stability is largely determined by the stability of thin foam films, which in turn has a strong correlation with the critical rupture thickness (Hcr) of the films. In the present work, a new approach to predicting the Hcr values of thin foam films in flotation froth phase was proposed and examined. The Hcr values were calculated using an advanced capillary wave model with input parameters being surface tension, film radius, capillary suction pressure, and intersurface force. The intersurface force was estimated by using the Stefan-Reynolds lubrication approximation to fit the measured thinning rates of single foam films formed in a Scheludko ring cell, where the film radii were less than 50 microns and were kept constant during the film-thinning process. A comparison between the predicted and experimental Hcr values was made for the films with the use of sodium chloride as background electrolyte and in the presence of various frothing reagents such as methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 400 (PPG400), and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), at different concentrations and film radii. It was found that the model correctly predicted the trends of Hcr-versus-concentration and Hcr-versus-film radius curves. Moreover, the predicted Hcr values matched well with the experimental ones of the foam films containing either SDS or PPG400. For the foam films containing MIBC, however, the model overpredicted the Hcr values. The reason for this discrepancy was discussed.

Jan 1, 2016

By V. Ramirez, M. Mankosa, G. Luttrell, E. Wasmund

"The performance of column flotation is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of the gas sparging system. Unfortunately, field studies suggest that gas injector systems used for column sparging are not always optimized. This unfavorable condition can create a number of issues within the concentrator including lower recoveries, poorer metallurgical upgrading, decreased capacities, increased circulating loads, higher reagent consumption and inefficient energy usage. To help overcome these problems, techniques have been developed that can be adopted by plant operators to improve sparger performance. These techniques include (i) design modifications to sparger components such as nozzles, distributors and internal parts and (ii) operational improvements such as proper balancing of gas/water flows, elimination of unnecessary pressure drops, and staged injection of frothing agents. This article reviews the important criteria that govern sparger operation and provides data showing how simple low-cost improvements can positively impact column performance. INTRODUCTION Column flotation cells have become the most popular machine design for industrial applications that require high purity concentrates. The superior metallurgical performance of column cells can be largely attributed to their unique geometry, which readily accommodates the use of froth washing systems. The wash water minimizes the nonselective entrainment of ultrafine gangue minerals that would otherwise be hydraulically carried in the water reporting to the froth concentrate. The larger height-to-diameter ratio of columns allows a deep froth to be maintained, which is essential to achieve even water distribution. Due to these unique features, column cells can provide impressive levels of metallurgical performance closely approaching the ultimate separation curve predicted using the flotation release analysis method (Kohmuench et al., 2007). Another very important feature of column cells is the design of the gas sparging system. One popular choice in the minerals processing industry is the Eriez SlamJet® sparger. As shown in Figure 1, this type of sparger operates by passing compressed gas through a small discharge nozzle. Fluid turbulence created by the exiting gas disperses and distributes small bubbles into the flotation pulp. The sparger is equipped with an internal moveable rod that is attached to a pressure diaphragm in the back housing of the sparger. The internal rod automatically moves back/forward and opens/closes the nozzle outlet when the compressed gas is switched on/off. This patented design effectively eliminates the accidental backflow of flotation pulp into the injection tube during shutdowns. The sparger can be operated as a gas-only injector or with the introduction of a small amount of high-pressure sparger water (Kohmuench et al., 2010)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Pier-Olivier Devin, Daniel Hodouin, Maryam Sadeghi, COREM, Claude Bazin, François Lavoie

"Spiral concentrators are used for processing coal and heavy minerals such as it is the case for the concentration of iron oxide from light silica gangue. The concentration process for iron ore usually consists of a rougher bank of spirals followed by two stages of spiral cleaning. The process control applied to the concentration circuit aims at maintaining a target iron content of the final concentrate and is mainly conducted by adjusting the wash water addition and the position of the splitter gates at the discharge of the spiral. This paper describes the use of a simulator to study control strategies for a gravity concentration circuit using spirals.INTRODUCTION The Canadian iron ore mines are located in the Northern part of Quebec and in Labrador (Neal, 2000). These iron ores consist mainly of hematite with some ore bodies rich in magnetite and ilmenite. The processing of the coarse hematite iron ore consists of the extraction from an open pit mine, followed by the conventional crushing and autogeneous grinding of the ore to obtain a particle size smaller than 1.2 mm. The ground ore assaying 40% hematite (Fe2O3) with quartz (SiO2) as the main gangue is processed by spirals to produce an iron oxide concentrate assaying 90 to 95% hematite.Spirals separate the particles according to their specific gravity and size (Burt, 1984; Bazin et al., 2014). These environment friendly devices have been used for decades and are still used for the preparation of coal and for the concentration of heavy minerals such as iron oxide (Staff, 1977; Wills, 1992). However very little information is available concerning the control of gravity concentration circuits. This paper analyzes the control practice of a gravity concentration circuit using a simulator. The paper consists of 3 sections. The first section describes the operation of spirals and spiral concentration circuits. The second section briefly describes the simulator and shows some simulation results for a gravity concentration circuit. The third section shows the application of the simulator for the study of control strategies for a spiral concentration circuit."

Jan 1, 2016

By Hajime Miki, Gde Pandhe Wisnu Suyantara, Tsuyoshi Hirajima, A. M. Elmahdy, Keiko Sasaki

"Seawater has been reported to depress molybdenite in a copper-molybdenum (Cu-Mo) flotation process at high pH due to the precipitation of Mg(OH)2. Meanwhile, to improve mineral recoveries, collectors are usually added into the flotation cells, thus adding the complexity to the mechanism of bubble-particle interactions involved in Cu-Mo flotation. Therefore, understanding the interaction mechanism in seawater flotation and in the presence of collectors is important to explain the minerals depression. The present work investigated the effect of kerosene on the bubble collision and attachment to pure chalcopyrite and molybdenite surfaces in MgCl2 solution as one of the seawater major components at pH 6 and 11. Mineral surfaces were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, minerals floatability in the same system were tested in a column flotation. The study of bubble-particle interactions shows that following several collisions, bubble could displace the intervening liquid layer on the mineral surfaces, forming a three-phase contact (TPC). A TPC formed more rapidly in the presence of emulsified kerosene in a 0.01 M MgCl2 solution at pH 6 for both minerals. The reason is kerosene increased the surfaces hydrophobicity and destabilized the intervening liquid layer on the surfaces. Moreover, the average time required to form a TPC was shorter on molybdenite surface. This can be attributed to the effect of adsorbed kerosene on molybdenite surface and molybdenite surface roughness.INTRODUCTIONIn froth flotation, bubbles are used to separate hydrophobic mineral particles from hydrophilic particles. In this process, bubble-particle interactions (i.e., collisions, attachment, and detachment) are crucial with regard to mineral recoveries. The effectiveness of froth flotation depends on the formation of stable aggregates between the hydrophobic particles and the bubbles, allowing the bubble to carry the particles to the froth layer. To form such aggregates, the bubbles and particles must collide, and the intervening liquid layer must be drained below the liquid layer critical thickness, forming a stable threephase contact (TPC) (Ralston & Dukhin, 1999). Particles detachment may take place if the particles still have sufficient kinetic energy and the TPC is not formed. Previous studies of bubble-particle interaction in electrolyte solutions have been conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Assemi, Nguyen, & Miller, 2008), and by approaching the bubble using mica plate (Pushkarova & Horn, 2008), however, these studies did not focus on the bubble-particle collisions. Bubble collisions and attachment to hydrophobic (Teflon) and hydrophilic (glass) surfaces in a a-terpineol solution have been investigated by Krasowka et al. (2003)."

Jan 1, 2016

By B. Van den Bogaert, K. Binnemans, T. Van Gerven

Europium is one of the most critical rare-earth elements due to the limited supply of this element combined with a high demand for red lamp phosphors. Therefore, the recycling of europium from end-oflife lamp phosphors has become increasingly important. Photochemical reduction of europium(III) to europium(II) and subsequent removal from rare-earth mixtures by precipitation as EuSO4 is a very selective and efficient method to recover europium from binary europium/yttrium solutions. It is shown that full separation of europium and yttrium is feasible from laboratory prepared non-equimolar Eu/Y mixtures up to a ratio of 1/20, which reflect the composition of red lamp phosphors. Optimal conditions were determined at pH 4 with isopropanol as a radical scavenger, which is a less harmful and toxic compound than the commonly used formic acid scavenger. Europium removal efficiencies of more than 95% were achieved, with a purity of 98.5% of the EuSO4 precipitate. The irradiance of the used light source, expressed in mW/cm2, has a large impact on the illumination time needed to remove europium from the solution. It is observed that higher irradiance results in a shorter induction time, i.e. a period during which virtually no europium is removed, and a faster removal rate once the induction time has passed. The photochemical separation technique was applied to recover europium from leached industrial red lamp phosphor (YOX) powder, with a Eu/Y ratio of 1/30. Europium recovery of 50% was reached with a purity of 96%, proving the feasibility of this method for the recycling of europium from end-of-life lamp phosphors.

Jan 1, 2016

By P. Keller, T. E. Lister, G. G. Clark, L. A. Diaz

As electronic technology continues to evolve there is a growing need to develop processes which recover valuable material from antiquated technology. This need follows from the environmental challenges associated with the recovery of raw materials and fast growing generation of electronic waste. Although present in small quantities in electronic devices, the availability of raw materials such as rare earths and precious metals becomes critical for the production of high tech electronic devices and the development of green technologies (i.e. wind turbines, electric motors, and solar panels). Therefore, the proper recycling and processing of electronic waste presents an opportunity to stabilize the market of critical materials, providing a proper disposal and treatment of a hazardous waste stream. This paper describes the development and techno-economic assessment of a comprehensive process for the recovery of value and critical materials from electronic waste. This hydrometallurgical scheme aims to selectively recover several value streams (base metals, precious metals, and rare earths) present in electronic waste. The economic feasibility for the recovery of rare earths from electronic waste is mostly driven by the efficient recovery of precious metals, such as Au and Pd (ca. 80 % of the total recoverable value). Rare earth elements contained in magnets (speakers, vibrators, and hard disk storage) can be recovered as a mixture of rare earth oxides which can later be reduced to the production of new magnets.

Jan 1, 2016