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By Michael Davies

Mined Material Management Meeting or Missing the Mark? o you agree that we have the technology to consistently design robust M3 facilities? ?YES your experience do these M3 facilities perform as expected during operations? ?USUALLY hat can be done to improve performance, e.g. better communications between project and operating teams, discontinuity between design and operational input by designers, others? ?UNDERSTANDINGWHY THINGS GO WRONG an we identify the key characteristics of ?good M3 facilities?, i.e. ones that are performing well? Can we identify ?good M3 facilities?, i.e. ones that perform well and can be held up as examples? ?WITHOUT QUESTION?? your opinion, for what reason do they not perform as expected? ?NO SINGLE REASON??..

May 1, 2010

By Jas. E. Thomson

"The Omega mine is in McVittie township in the Larder Lake area, Ontario. Production at the mine commenced in 1936, and, until the end of 1946, ore milled amounted to 1,558,604 tons, from which 207,074 oz. gold and 28,205 oz. silver, valued at $7,585,470, were recovered. The mine workings extend to a depth of 1,975 feet.GEOLOGYThe geology of the mine has been described in detail by C. P. Jenney (l) and the writer (2). The general geology and structure in the vicinity of the mine is discussed on an earlier page in this volume. The rock formations found in the mine workings are indicated on the accompanying plan and section (Figs. 1and2). They consist of an intermingled, south dipping complex of volcanics, sediments, and secondary talc-chlorite schists and carbonates. The carbonatized rocks, which are often referred to as 'dolomite' in the Larder Lake camp, are siliceous-carbonate replacements in the talc-chlorite schist zones. In places they contain green mica, probably fuchsite, and are cut by a stockwork of quartz veinlets and stringers. A stock of syenitic intrusives lies south of the mine workings.STRUCTUREThe main structural features are indicated in Figs. 1 and 2. The formations and orebodies have a pronounced southerly dip, which flattens with depth. The talc-chlorite schist and 'dolomite' zones are part of the Larder Lake fault or 'break' on which there appears to be very large displacement. Evidence throughout the district would indicate that the south side moved up and, in the case of the Omega mine, the thrust may have been distributed throughout the several intensely sheared zones. This slice faulting could account for the repetition of sediments and volcanics. An alternative possibility would be original interbedding of volcanics and sediments."

Jan 1, 1954

By L. Dekker

"In 1979 Chevron Standard Limited and Irving Oil Limited intersected a thick, high-grade sylvinite zone in the Windsor Group in the Chevron Irving Malagawatch No. I well in central Cape Breton. This well was the third and final hole of a program designed to evaluate a non-commercial oil discovery made by Chevron Standard's Mineral Staff in 1978 while carrying out base metal exploration. Nine holes were subsequently drilled to evaluate the significance of the potash discovery. The delineation drilling proved the Malagawatch structure to be complex with the potash zone showing erratic grade and thickness distribution. Based on the drill information the potash accumulation at Malagawatch is uneconomic, however, other salt ""structures"" in the Bras d'Or Basin may in time prove to have better potential.History of DiscoveryIn 1972 Cuvier Mines discovered the Gays River lead-zinc deposit (MacEachern and Hannon, 1974) which prompted Chevron Standard's Minerals Staff to carry out a study of the Windsor basins in Nova Scotia (Figs. I and 2). As a result of this program several carbonate-hosted lead-zinc prospects were identified in the basal Windsor carbonate; one of these was at Malagawatch on Cape Breton Island . In 1978, after preliminary exploration surveys, a diamond drill program commenced consisting of 5 BQ holes (Fig. 3), three of which tested the basal carbonate. Instead of the reefoid bank facies of the Gays River Formation (Giles et al., 1979), the favoured host for economic base metal mineralization, this carbonate was developed as a laminated, pelletoidal, lime packstone more characteristic of the facies equivalent Macumber Formation (Schenk, 1967). While drilling one of these holes, No. 3-78, oil scum was intermittently detected on the drilling mud. The hole was abandoned at 191 m in anhydrite, without having reached the basal limestone."

Jan 1, 1985

Introduction A Hypothetical Scenario: Suppose that your company's research department has developed a new device which represents a significant innovation. You would like to begin selling it as soon as possible. The new device has not been publicly disclosed. You're not sure about what type of intellectual property protection you should be seeking, or when you should be seeking it. As discussed below, assuming that the costs are worth it, a patent application probably should be filed before any public disclosure is made. In general, if you do not file a patent application prior to a public disclosure, you will lose rights. Major Types of Intellectual Property In this paper, intellectual property protection is broadly discussed. Practical steps which can be taken to minimize the possibility of losing intellectual property rights (and maximizing the possibility of benefiting from your company's intellectual property) are outlined at the end of this paper. The issues discussed in this paper are somewhat complex, because a number of outcomes are possible, depending on the facts. It is strongly recommended that you seek legal advice in your jurisdiction in connection with any particular circumstances relating to intellectual property rights. "Intellectual property" refers to a number of different types of rights. The major types of intellectual property are: (i) patents; (ii) trademarks; and (iii) copyright. Trade secrets are also usually considered to be a type of intellectual property, and they are also discussed in this paper because of their importance. In general, each of these types of intellectual property protects different subject matter, although there can be some overlap. Intellectual property rights are generally territorial in nature. The scope of protection of a type of intellectual property in a country (e.g., patent protection) depends on whether the specific national requirements for protection have been met.

Feb 1, 2008

By N. Lecuyer

"During early 1980, pre-production work commenced at the ""Les Mines Gallen"" project, north of Noranda, Quebec. As a result of the acid mine water associated with this property, a major pre-production phase included the installation of a water treatment plant to render the water environmentally suitable.This paper emphasizes the planning, installation and operational factors of the treatment plant necessary to the success of the mining operations and the maintaining of a clean environment.Introduction,T he Gallen Project is a zinc, gold and silver open-pit mining operation approximately 10 kilometres north of Noranda, Quebec. This property has a long history, with initial diamond drilling done in the early 1930s and underground mining taking place between 1953 and 1962. This property was reactivated in 1980, with production scheduled a t a rate of 45,000 ton s per month.Included in the reactivation plans for the property was the installation of a water treatment plant to treat the acidic mine water.Plant DesignThe requirements for the Gallen water treatment plant were two-fold. Firstly, it was necessary to neutralize the acid water and secondly to produce a sludge containing metal hydroxides and sulphates which would be stable when stored, and a clarified overflow meeting governmental regulations to be discharged to the environment.The flow sheet (Fig. I) will explain the process in treatment of the acid water.Acid mine drainage is treated with lime to increase the pH to 9.50. Metals in solution are precipitated as metal hydroxides and the 504 as calcium sulphate. The precipitate slurry is then aerated to convert ferrous iron to ferric iron, which is more stable for storage and disposal.The precipitate is next flocculated with a polymer flocculant and settled in the thickener to produce a sulphate/Hydroxide sludge and a final effluent discharged to the environment."

Jan 1, 1983

By M. L. Wacker

"Cigar Lake high-grade uranium mine in Saskatchewan is operating after 25 years of test mining, construction, and mine flood remediation. Factors include ground stability, groundwater control, radiation exposure, and ore handling. A 10 year test program resulted in validating “jet boring”, a non-entry mining method involving artificially freezing the orebody and surrounding rock; tunnelling to develop access crosscuts below the orebody; installing cased pilot holes through ore; extracting ore using rotating high-pressure water jets within pilot holes; and cavity concrete backfilling. Ore slurry is prepared underground, pumped to surface, and trucked to McClean Lake mill for processing to uranium concentrate.RÉSUMÉ Après 25 années d’essais sur les méthodes minières, de construction et d’assainissement suivant les inondations à la mine, l’exploitation de minerai à haute teneur en uranium Cigar Lake, localisée dans la province de la Saskatchewan, est opérationnelle. Les principales difficultés concernent la stabilité du terrain, le contrôle des eaux souterraines, l’exposition aux rayonnements et la manutention du minerai. Un programme d’essai de 10 ans a abouti à la validation du « forage à érosion », une méthode minière qui consiste à congeler artificiellement le corps minéralisé et les roches environnantes ; à creuser des tunnels pour développer des travers-bancs d’accès en dessous du corps minéralisé ; à installer des puits de fondation pilotes à travers le minerai ; à extraire le minerai à l’aide de jets d’eau à haute pression dans les puits pilotes ; et à remblayer les cavités avec du béton. La boue de minerai est préparée sous terre, pompée vers la surface puis transportée par camion jusqu’à l’usine de concentration de McClean Lake pour le traitement afin d’obtenir du concentré d’uranium.INTRODUCTIONThe Cigar Lake deposit is in northern Saskatchewan, 660 km north of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, at the east edge of the Athabasca basin (Figure 1; Bishop, Mainville, & Yesnik, 2016). The operation is jointly owned by Cameco Corporation, AREVA Resources Canada Inc., Idemitsu Canada Resources Ltd., and TEPCO Resources Inc. Cameco has been the operator of Cigar Lake since January 2002. The discovery hole was drilled in 1981. Commercial production was declared in May 2015 and the Phase 1 operation will have a mine life of 15 years."

Jan 1, 2017

By Yuki Koshino, Kenji Kaneko, Yasuhiro Aruga, Takuya Maeda

"In general, there is a strong correlation between dislocation characteristics and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. In this study, dislocation characteristics of tensile deformed Al-Mg alloys were examined by transmission electron microscopy. An Increase in the solute concentration, ranging between 0.3 and 1.1%, Mg leads to increase in strength and decrease in uniform elongation. The accumulation of dislocations during the tensile deformation is observed in lower strain as the concentration of solute Mg in the alloy is higher. It is believed that the solute Mg in Al-Mg alloy promotes the accumulation of dislocation during the tensile deformation resulting in the decrease in elongation.INTRODUCTION The influences of the amount of Mg concentration on the tensile properties of Al-Mg alloys has been investigated by many researchers. It has been understood that the tensile ductility of Al-Mg alloy is higher for the Al-Mg alloys with higher Mg concentration beyond 2 mass% (Mukai, Higashi, Hirano & Tanimura, 1993). Uchida and Yoshida (1995) reported the formation of microbands during the tensile deformation due to the localization of dislocations, and the amount of microbands were reduced when the Mg concentration of the Al-Mg alloy was increased from 3 to 9 mass%. Their study suggested that the dynamic recovery of dislocation was retarded due to the increase of the Mg concentration during the tensile deformation, which resulted the increase in ductility. On the other hand, in the case of Al-Mg alloys with the Mg concentration less than 3 mass%, the reason why the ductility of Al-Mg alloys decreases with increasing Mg concentration has not been sufficiently investigated. In general, the Mg concentration used for automotive usage is less than 1 mass%, in the case of Al-Mg-Si alloys (Aoki, 2013). Therefore, to clarify the roles of Mg in the low concentration range on ductility of aluminum alloys and to elucidate its mechanism contribute to alloy design of Al-Mg-Si alloys having good formability."

Jan 1, 2018

By Carl Faessler

Abstract Some Canadian geologists believe chat, in the Grenville sub-province of Eastern Canada, there is no granitic intrusion older than the anorthosite. The writers are among those who hold the contrary view. They suggest a new means to distinguish between rocks belonging to intrusions respectively older (Laurentian) or younger (Pine Hill) than the anorthosite. This new method is based on microscopical observations which demonstrate that the Pine Hill intrusives contain a large amount of exsolution perthite, whereas the Laurentian intrusives are completely devoid of exsolution perthite. Where perthite is present in Laurentian rocks, it is the result of lacer hydrothermal replacement. Introduction The present paper is the result of a systematic study of some acidic intrusive rocks in the Grenville sub-province. These rocks underlie large areas of the Canadian shield in the Province of Quebec, mostly along the southern border of the shield.

Jan 1, 1946

By Stephen Esposito

Outline ? Brief Overview of Solid Energy New Zealand ? Need for Integrated Risk Management at Solid Energy New Zealand ? Overview of Solid Energy?s IRM program ? What are the results and key learnings? Overview Of Solid Energy New Zealand ? 100% NZ Government Owned ? Produces 95% of New Zealand?s Coal ? Sales turnover USD150 million per year ? Sold 4 million tonnes of high quality coal in 2003 ? Coking and Thermal coals ? Exported 2 million tonnes of coal ? Significant international and domestic growth expected going forward

May 1, 2004

By Suping Yao, Chuanyu Jiang

In the last decade, the copper industry in China has witnessed a significant change. The capacity and production of refined copper has grown remarkably from 1.5 million tons in 2002 up to 5.88 million tons in 2012. And now, China has become the biggest copper producer in the world, counting about 30% of the global refined copper production. This paper summarized modern copper smelting and converting technologies employed in China copper industry, such as OT flash technology, TSL (ISA/Ausmelt), SKS bottom blowing, Jinfeng side blowing, etc…This paper also presents some key development and improvement of these technologies up to date from their practical application in China, what will contribute as great value to any new / or renovation copper smelting projects down the road. As an engineering company in China, NERIN has been involved in many of these projects in the past decade, played an important role in the engineering works and accumulated intensive experiences. NERIN is one of the best choices for the world clients in the copper industry, providing quick engineering service, delivering cost effective projects.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Kolacz

"A new sensor based sorting system has been developed, providing a possibility for laboratory scale testing and further scale-up of the separation results to the industrial operation. The new system contains different sensors as: X-ray detectors, visible light cameras, NIR cameras, ultraviolet cameras and magnetic sensors, in the same sorting unit. The sorting unit allows advanced calibration options and fine-tuning of the installed sensors to achieve the best separation effect under controlled conditions. Finally, the processed material can be analysed and separated by the rejection mechanism, similarly to the industrial scale operation. At the same time, the process is carried out with limited amount of material allowing detailed statistical calculations for processed particles and all sensor types. The optimal settings and sensor types are specified for the industrial application.The paper describes the scale up of the results achieved for iron ore and coal, where the test work was first carried out using the new laboratory sorting system and where the industrial scale sorting system has been built, in the final stage. The industrial scale sorting results showed a very good correlation between the laboratory and full scale operation. Thanks to the detailed study carried out in the laboratory equipment, the settings of the sensors in the full scale operation provided much better separation efficiency. It was especially important to provide proper setting for the X-ray sensor data calculations, which can be very critical for achieving the best results. During the industrial scale sorting of coal, the input material had 40-55% rock particles as the direct source of ash in the coal stream. The optimal laboratory unit settings and transferring these settings to the industrial sorter, provided 98.8% efficiency for removing rock particles with only few % losses of coal."

Jan 1, 2016

By Hung-Ming Chen

This paper presents a Cloud-based system framework for providing a web-based building information model (BIM) service. Cloud computing technologies were used to develop a BIM data center, which can handle the big data of massive BIMs using multiple servers in a distributed manner. In addition, the system allows multiple users to access the BIM data center online to submit and review BIMs concurrently. In this study, the advanced technologies/tools of web development and Cloud computing were applied and incorporated to develop a prototype system, named CloudBIM. On the client side, this study applied WebGL and HTML5 in the web-based interface development to achieve the 3D display of BIMs and the dynamic interaction with viewers through browsers. Users can access the services of CloudBIM by using PCs, laptops and tablets anytime anywhere to view the 3D model via browsers, which support WebGL. On the server side, this study used Apache Hadoop, an open-sourced distributed file system based on Google?s technologies, to establish a BIM data center. The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) can utilize multiple servers to provide mass storage spaces in a distributed manner. Based on the use of Apache HBase, which provides Bigtable-like structured storage for HDFS, this study proposes database schema for storing the information from massive BIMs in two bigtables, named Object table and Property table respectively. In addition, Hadoop MapReduce, a Hadoop component for the parallel processing of large data sets, is utilized for model data acquisition by parsing the IFC files of uploaded models in parallel.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. Gauthier, A. C. Brown

"Monometallic zinc mineralization associated with marbles of the Grenville Supergroup in the Mont-Laurier Basin of Quebec is found to be stratiform and to occur (1) within limited zones of dolomitic marble and (2) more precisely along contacts between these marbles and adjacent metaclastic units. Massive sphalerite with accompanying pyrrhotite and pyrite is the prime exploration target, and commonly gives rise to good geochemical anomalies, but generally weak and ambiguous geophysical responses. Disseminated sphalerite in dolomitic marbles may signal proximity to interesting massive mineralization, although, due to weathering, this broadly disseminated mineralization may not be detected easily on outcrops. It is concluded that the western and possibly the eastern margin of the Mont-Laurier Basin constitute favourable areas for continued exploration.IntroductionThe Grenville Supergroup marbles of Ontario, Quebec and New York State host numerous occurrences of zinc mineralization (Fig. I) , several of which have been periodically mined since the beginning of this century (Fig. 2). The Balmat Edwards district of New York is the giant of this depo sit-type, with the production since 1915 of some 20 million tons of ore grading 10% zinc, and acknowledged current reserves of approximately equal tonnage and grade. At present, there is renewed interest in the potential for similar mineralization throughout the Grenville Supergroup, and this paper outlines some of the geological, geochemical and geophysical guidelines that may be employed in the search for new ore. The geologic guidelines are derived especially from lithologic and stratigraphic features which survived intense, multiphase deformation and metamorphism.Although major portions of the extensive Grenville Supergroup hold potential for zinc mineralization, the present study is confined to a known zone of mineralization in the Mont-Laurier Basin of Quebec. Concurrently, we are compiling information on the regional metallogeny of the basin so that our conclusions can be applied to areas of similar Grenville Supergroup host-rocks elsewhere."

Jan 1, 1980

By C. O. Aksoy

"Pillars left to ensure the stability of major underground coal mine infrastructure (shafts, drifts) often contain substantial quantities of coal. Recovery of this coal is an efficient use of the resource, but often presents safety hazards; pillar extraction destabilizes the protected structure, and can make its use dangerous. In this study, the stability of an active shaft at an underground coal mine situated in the Soma- Manisa region of Turkey was investigated during the recovery of the coal in the shaft safety pillar.A proprietary three-dimensional finite element analysis model (ANSYS) was used. An elastic-plastic material model utilizing the Drucker-Prager failure criterion was employed. The three-dimensional Drucker-Prager formulation was preferred over the two-dimensional Mohr-Coulomb model because it was thought to more accurately represent the strain hardening behaviour shown by most geologic materials.Stresses and deformations formed around the shaft support were estimated using the model and the results were verified by in situ observations. The results show that stress distributions around the shaft and the subsidence of the shaft support are influenced by the location location of the extraction front and the break angle of the overlying material."

Jan 1, 2005

By D. A. MacFadyen, J. J. Brummer, C. C. Pegg

The early identification of a kimberlite dyke and the occurrence of pyrope garnet grains along a section of the Munro Esker north of Kirkland Lake encouraged the search for kimberlites. Subsequent exploration using data from aeromagnetic surveys completed for the Kirkland Lake Initiatives Program (KLIP) resulted in the discovery of five kimberlite diatremes in the area north of Kirkland Lake and another one to the south. These are only a portion of the cluster of pipes found so far that probably occur in the area. Recovery of the diamonds present in four of the pipes yielded 16 stones, the largest being 0.17 carats. Unfortunately evaluation of the pipes is a problem due to the cover of glacial drift, up to 92 m in thickness, which makes it difficult to obtain an adequate bulk sample. A study of their ages, mostly from drill hole samples, suggest that the kimberlite diatremes and other alkaline ultramafic rocks were emplaced along a northwesterly zone of rift structures. These alkaline ultramafic rocks cut across all earlier rock types and have ages ranging from 121 Ma to 173 Ma. The zone of deformation, along which these rocks occur, has been named the Lake Timiskaming Structural Zone (LTSZ), a modification of Lake Timiskaming Rift Valley (LTRV). Ultramafic intrusions which were emplaced along the LTSZ can be traced from the James Bay Lowlands in the northwest to past Belleville on the north shore of Lake Ontario in the southeast, a distance of about 1070 km. As the emplacement of these rock types become known more are certain to be found by drilling selected aeromagnetic anomalies. The project has demonstrated that aeromagnetic surveys can be used successfully to identify covered kimberlite targets.

Jan 1, 1992

By Gordon T. McKenna

"Syncrude Canada Ltd. is developing new concepts in lease-closure landscape design for its Oil Sands Leases 17 and 22 in northeastern Alberta. Closure planning is becoming an integral part of the planning cycles and of the lease operation. By incorporating closure planning into the day-to-day operation, the company will achieve acceptable lease closure in an economical manner. Ultimately, Syncrude will achieve lower operating costs through innovation in mine planning and a reduction in residual liabilities.New concepts being evaluated for lease-closure landscape design include: designing for closure, use of landforms and natural analogs, self-armouring bouldery ground, robustness in design, landform grading, terrain analysis of reclaimed land, geotechnical hazard assessments, choices in closure design timeframes, passive maintenance, determining post-closure monitoring goals, engineering tailings, engineering other substrates, use of test plots and field demonstrations, geomorphologic monitoring of reclaimed lands, defining closure goals, and visiting other mines. These concepts are being formalized under the new discipline of Landscape Engineering."

Jan 1, 1996

By E. Sigal

Overview ?Intrinsik has completed several wide area HHRA and ERA studies of mining and smelting communities ?Several ?Lessons Learned? ?Key areas related to: ?Study Design ?Data Quality ?Bioaccessibility ?Speciation ?Weight-of-Evidence Approaches ?Advances in Ecological Risk Assessment Techniques

May 1, 2009

By E. Asselin, P. Sauve, H. Salomon-de-Friedberg

"Residues from the CESL Copper process were leached using the CESL Gold process. The kinetics of reaction were confirmed to be fast with over 50% of the gold consistently extracted within 2 minutes of leaching. Final gold extractions under the conditions tested here were between 80-90% obtained within 90 minutes. A model for the CESL Gold process was developed. This model is slightly different based on whether the copper concentrate leach residue was ground or unground prior to leaching: the gold leaching rate constant is approximately twice as fast for the ground samples. Unground residues had a P80 of 13 ?m whereas ground residues had a P80 of 10 ?m. The model predicts a 43% decrease in leaching time for ground residue versus unground residue to achieve the same extraction under otherwise identical conditions. The model was more accurate for the ground samples. INTRODUCTIONTeck's CESL Process (Jones, 1996) was developed to provide an economically attractive alternative to traditional copper smelting. It has since evolved to also deal with copper concentrates containing valuable impurities such as nickel and undesirable ones, such as arsenic, while reducing downstream costs. Effective recovery of gold and silver is essential to the economics of the CESL Process. The Brook Hunt 2007 copper concentrate assay data (Wood-Mackenzie, 2007) were examined to determine the ratio of gold plus silver value relative to the contained copper. As indicated in Figure 1 below, nearly two-thirds of concentrates have 10% or more of their total value tied up in their precious metals content.CESL has extensively examined the recovery of gold and silver at bench, pilot and demonstration scale, which has culminated in the present CESL Gold Process (Barr et al., 2007). The process targets the precious metal contained in the leach residues produced in the copper portion of the flowsheet. This residue has two primary components which influence downstream processing. The major iron-rich fraction (-75 wt%) of the residue is a mixture of various forms of iron oxide precipitates including hematite and jarosite (Sahu and Asselin, 2011). The iron fraction ranges from amorphous to crystalline in nature depending on the compound precipitated, upstream operating conditions and feed material composition. The lesser, but by no means less important, fraction is a mixture of elemental sulphur and unreacted sulphides (principally pyrite).Elemental sulphur formed during the oxidative leach of the copper concentrate reacts with cyanide to form thiocyanate (SCN-) making a traditional cyanide leach approach too costly. Since the SCN formation reaction strongly depends on contact time with the CESL residues (Po, 2007) short contact times were preferred. This factor guided the development work towards the eventual room temperature, pressure cyanidation process which results in near complete gold dissolution in 90 minutes. A recent CESL gold demonstration campaign treating 1.5 t/d of residue from the copper oxidation step achieved an average gold extraction of 91% (96% maximum)."

Jan 1, 2012

By S. Gößling-Reisemann

Most copper ores contain valuable co-products such as molybdenum, gold, silver, nickel, etc. Sulphuric acid and steam are valuable by-products, which are generated dur¬ing copper production. The environmental impacts from mining and refining therefore need to be shared between these by-products and co-products, an issue in Life Cycle As¬sessment (LCA) referred to as allocation. There are different, recognised methodologies for doing so: burdens can be allocated based on the market values of these commodities, they can be allocated by mass, volume, molar amount, functionality, or other physical, technical or economic factors. All of these methodologies have their respective merits and restrictions, and the choice is usually case specific. Nevertheless, the choice between alternative methodologies can have dramatic effects on the LCA results. Recycling in LCA has to be handled in a similar way, as it essentially constitutes a special case of co¬production. The existing standards (ISO 14040 ff.) allow different methods for imple¬menting recycling and allocation into metal LCAs (open loop, closed loop, value cor-rected substitution, etc.), which are still a subject of discussion in the scientific community. However, the methodology used can significantly influence the ecological profile of copper and copper products. We will present an overview of the different methodologies available for including recycling and allocation and give an analysis of how the meth¬odological choice affects the final LCA results. This work will be followed up by quantitative case studies.

Jan 1, 2007

By K. Ihara, R. Akiyoshi, Y. Takaki, S. Kang, H. Shishido

"Tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy-electron backscattered diffraction (SEM-EBSD) analysis were performed in an Al-Mg-Si alloy to clarify the effect of annealing and cold-rolling reduction on the texture formation. The hot-rolled specimens were cold-rolled with the reduction of 58-75%(CR1), followed by annealing at 773 K for 5 min(IA). The secondary cold-rolling(CR2)for the IA specimens with the reduction of 33–66%, followed by the solution heat treatment(ST), were performed. Focusing on the CR1 and CR2 specimens, the average r-values increased with higher primary and lower secondary cold-rolling reduction, respectively. This was considered to be due to the increase of r-values measured in the direction of 45 degree with respect to rolling direction, caused by the formation of the ß-fiber components (Brass {011}<211>, Copper {112}<111> and S {123}<634>) with high density. Based on the texture analysis of annealed specimens it was suggested that the high density of the ß-fiber components after IA and the small amount of stored strain energy of CR2 introduced by the lower cold-rolling reduction remained the ?-fiber components even after solution treatment.INTRODUCTION Al-Mg-Si alloys have been applied to automobile body applications, due to their excellent paint-bake hardening (age-hardening) and corrosion resistance compared to other aluminum alloy. On the other hand, the mechanical properties and deep drawability of Al-Mg-Si alloys are inferior to those of steels. Thus, it is important to improve the mechanical properties and deep drawability in order to expand the application components. One of the best methods to improve the deep drawability is to increase the Lankford coefficient (r-value). Previous studies reported that the increase of the average r-value ( ) improves the deep drawability. The relationship between the r-value and texture of the alloy is also well known. Inoue et al. reported that the ß-fiber components, such as Brass ({011}<211>), Copper ({112}<111>) and S ({123}<634>), increase the r-value measured in the direction of 45o with respect to the rolling direction. r"

Jan 1, 2018