Search Documents

By C. F. Willis

The problem of the curtailment of forces in large numbers does not often come to employment departments and is, therefore, a problem that many departments are not prepared to handle intelligently. Those companies that are able to measure the individual efficiency of each man would probably lay off men according to their individual ability, irrespective of dependents, citizenship, or other considerations. During the war when labor was scarce, the business of the employment manager in industry was hiring men and carefully placing them where they were best fitted to work. The careful selection of employees had developed to a considerable extent before the war, and was becoming a recognized science. In the last few months, however, the cancelation of copper contracts, the accumulation of large stocks, the necessary curtailment of production because the copper could not be sold, and the lack of any immediate prospects of' the copper market opening, have led to a universal reduction of forces, and the problem that industry now confronts is that of discharging rather than employing. The problem has been aggravated by the cancellation of contracts in many war industries with the consequent turning loose of hundreds of thousands of men, a great amount of unemployment, and the return of the soldiers and sailors. The problem has now become one of reduction of working force with the least hardship and the least injustice, and yet caring for the soldiers, sailors, and marines who have been in the service of the government for nearly 2 years, and are now returning to their pre-war positions. The Copper Queen Branch of the Phelps Dodge Corpn., operating at Bisbee, Arb., found it necessary, like all of the other copper companies of the country, to reduce its force materially. In making this reduction it was, after due consideration, decided to classify employees with respect to dependents, length of service, and citizenship. The question of individual efficiency or workmanship was not considered. Copper produced to sell at 26 c. a lb. has been selling at under 15 c., and very little copper is being sold at all. Practically every copper producer in the country has enormous stocks on hand, and it would be profitable,

Jan 1, 1920

By Frederic P. Dewey

It is common to blame irregular assay results upon volatilization and much has been written upon the subject, but there is no real evidence that, in a properly conducted assay, the loss of either gold or silver by volatilization is sufficient to affect appreciably the result, even when arsenic or antimony may be present. Bulk assays of flue dust from assay muffles have been published, but the data given are totally insufficient to even approximate the volatilization from a single assay; and such figures as we have indicate the volatilization to be extremely small. Diligent search in the literature and wide inquiry among assayers and instructors have failed to produce a single case where the litharge volatilized in making an assay has been collected and assayed for gold and silver. Having attempted to do this, with most indifferent success, I am not surprised that this has not been done. While various textbooks give volatilization as a cause of loss in cupella-tion, it may safely be said that in the rare cases where this volatilization is sufficient to affect appreciably the result it is due to excessive temperature. Percy' says "The loss of silver by volatilization during cupellation is very slight (unless the temperature has been much too high), and may be disregarded." This statement is repeated by the Beringers2 and Smith,3 who includes gold with silver. Mitchell4 says the litharge fume rarely contains over one ten-thousandth of silver. Campredon5 ays that at a proper temperature no silver is lost by volatilization. Primarily, excessive temperature may be due to too high general temperature in the muffle; but it may often be due to temperature localized within the bead by oxidation of the metals and this may be influenced by other causes than the general temperature. I have shown an ex-

Jan 1, 1921

By B. H. Caudle, L. G. Davies, I. H. Silberberg

This paper presents a method of predicting the recovery and performance of a five-spot steam injection project, in which a realistic approach to pattern sweepout efficiencies is made. Published methods for radial systems were modified for the five-spot pattern by approximating the stream lines with straight lines radiating from the injection well and then converging to the producing well. In each radial segment, the position of the steam front and the temperature profile ahead of the steam front were determined by heat balance equations, which included an estimation of heat losses to surrounding formations. The location of the saturations behind the cold water front was determined from a Buckley-Leverett solution to the material balance equation. Results from this program show steamflood recovery in a five-spot pattern to be considerably less than that predicted for true linear or radial flow systems. For a specific reservoir containing 900-cp oil, a steamflood in a purely radial flow system was predicted to recover more than 75 percent of the original oil in place when 2 PV of water had been injected as steam. A five-spot steamflood with otherwise identical properties was predicted to recover 10 percent of the original oil in place when 0.15 PV of water had been injected as steam and to recover almost no oil thereafter. A cold water five-spot flood in this system was predicted to recover approximately W percent of the oil in place with I PV of water injected. For a five-spot pattern in an example reservoir with 10-cp oil, steam injection similarly showed lower ultimate recovery than water injection but no improvement in recovery rule. Introduction The thermal recovery method considered in this study is steam injection in a five-spot pattern. Pattern steam injection has been given little attention in the past, possibly because of some rather obvious disadvantages. Unless steam temperature is maintained throughout the entire swept area, the process will revert to simple waterflood with all heat being lost prior to reaching the oil bank. Also, the oil viscosity reduction takes place near the steam front and not around the producing wellbore, so that low producing rates must still be endured. This is the reason for the success of the steam stimulation, or cyclic injection, in which the fluids are produced from the same well used for injection. On the other hand, steamflooding can offer some advantages. Oil displacement is by four methods: (1) mechanical displacement by the condensed water, (2) viscosity reduction of the crude oil, (3) swelling of the crude oil, and (4) distillation of the crude oil in the steam zone. Although dependent upon the crude, laboratory experiments have shown displacements up to 80 percent by steamflooding. In addition, steam is a good heat transport medium, since it is cheap and has a high heat content. Previous Investigations Previous publications have reported methods for predicting recovery in a steamflood for linear and radial systems. Since no pattern sweep efficiency is taken into consideration, the recovery even from a radial system must be greater than from more realistic geometries such as the very common five-spot patterns. Probably the broadest coverage is given by Willman who reported experimental results and offered a method of predicting recovery for a radial flow system. They concluded that both hot water and steam injection recover more oil than an ordinary waterflood, and that steam injection could yield recoveries "as much as 100 percent greater than by water flood." They also concluded that both the heat requirements for a reservoir and the residual oil remaining in the reservoir after steam injection were independent of the amount of oil originally in place, that short exploitation times were desirable, and that a high percentage of net sand in the reservoir with a high initial oil saturation was desirable. The method assumes that the flood occurs in three concentric cylindrical zones: (1) an inner steam zone, (2) a central hot water zone, and (3) an outer cold waterflood zone. Displacement in the steam zone is based on laboratory-determined residual oil saturations while the hot water and cold water zones use the conventional Buckley-Leverett equations. Although the results shown by Willman et al. are for a radial system flowing out from the well to an assumed external circular boundary, their equations did

Jan 1, 1969

By J. French Robinson

A review of production in the Eastern District for 1930 is necessarily brief. Drilling operations were curtailed, due to economic conditions, which in turn reduced production. However, in spite of these conditions, there have been a few outstanding developments which surpass any of recent years. The development of a field in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties, New York, has been rapid and probably reached its peak of production in 1930. The gas in this field comes from the White Medina Sand (Silurian), at an average depth of 2600 ft. Some of the wells had an open flow of 20,000,000 cu. ft. of gas per day,' with an original rock pressure of 965 pounds2 per square inch. Another area developed during 1930 was the Tyrone field, in Tyrone Township, Schuyler County, New York. This field was discovered 2nd is practically controlled by the Belmont Quadrangle Drilling Corpn. of New York. The production is from the Oriskany Sand (Devonian), which is found at an average depth of 2100 ft. The field covers approximately 2000 acres, and to date has 14 producing gas wells. The largest well had an open flow of 15,000,000 cu. ft. and an original rock pressure of 740 Ib. The gas from this field is impregnated with sulfur, and requires washing before it is marketed. Because little is known of the Oriskany Sand, a brief description may be of interest. This sand outcrops at Oriskany Falls, New York, and has a thickness of 10 to 12 ft. Its texture is coarse grained, it is composed mostly of quartz and is a regularly bedded sandstone. At Yauger's Wood, in Cayuga County, New York, it is exposed and shows a thickness of 26 feet. The discovery of the Tyrone field led to much prospecting in the New York and the northern part of Pennsylvania, and as a result of this search, the Allegany Gas Co. struck a large gas well in Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, which created considerable excitement through the Eastern District. The gas was encountered at a depth of 4010 ft., and tested 20,000,000 cu. ft. open flow, with a shut-in pressure

Jan 1, 1931

By Paul A. Farrar, Harold Margolin

The Ti-Al-V system has been delineated from 50 to 100 wt pct Ti and front 600 to 1400°C by X-ray and ntetallographic techniques. Isothermal sections were delineated at 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, and 1400°C. X-ray and metallographic evidence indicated the presence of two phases and in addition to those reported by previous investigators of the ternary system'-3. T HE titanium-rich region of the Ti-Al-V system as originally proposed by Rausch et UZ, and Jordan and Duwez3 was based on the binary Ti-Al diagram as proposed by Bumps et uZ. As additional phases have been shown to exist5-' in the region previously thought to be all a, the titanium-rich region of the Ti-Al-V system is open to serious question. Therefore, in order to determine the effect of the indicated changes in the Binary Ti-Al system on the ternary Ti-Al-V system the present investigation was initiated. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The experimental procedures in this investigation are the standard techniques used in the study of titanium-alloy systems which have been described in detail previously.1° Consequently, only details pertinent to the present work are discussed. The alloys employed for the delineation of this system were prepared from titanium obtained from the Bureau of Mines (73 BHN) 99.99 pct Al and 99.7 pct V, by the consumable arc-melting technique. The titanium was premelted into buttons of 25 g because spattering during the first melt caused uncontrollable loss of alloying constituents. Typical analyses of the material used have been reported elsewhere Attempts to hot roll the alloys prior to heat treatment were made on the first series of alloys prepared, but as the area of extensive hot workability was fairly restricted, see Table I, this practice was discontinued. The times of isothermal annealing are given in Table 11. A preliminary heat treatment of 96 hr at 1000°C was used prior to heat treatment at lower temperatures. The standard techniques used for polishing specimens involved belt-grinding, grinding on emery paper, polishing electrolytically, and etching with Remington "A" etch. In the low-alloy region it was found that the oRo etch, developed by Ence and Margolin,o gave better contrast between phases. Where this procedure did not differentiate between phases clearly, the method of stain etching developed by Ence and was used. It has been previously reported15 that filing of titanium alloys is not desirable for producing X-ray powders, since the powder becomes contaminated by the file material. Therefore, for those samples not brittle enough to Crush, the procedure described below was used. The specimen was wrapped in molybdenum sheet and placed in a vacuum system and evacuated to 0.03 p. Palladium-pur if ied hydrogen was then admitted to the system until a partial pressure of 5o Cm of H was reached. The specimen was heated in the system to the temperature of original heat treatment and was slowly cooled over a period of 3 hr to 400°C while the partial pressure of hydrogen was maintained. The sample was removed from the system after it had completely cooled and was crushed to a powder of 230 to 270 mesh. The powder, wrapped in molybdenum sheet, was dehydrogenated at the temperature of original heat treatment until a partial pressure of 0.03 p was maintained in the system for at least 1/2 hr. The tube containing the powders was quenched in iced brine while still connected to the vacuum system. After dehydrogenation, the powder, except for the

Jan 1, 1962

By C. E. Abbott

The Birmingham district, Alabama, is distinctive in the proximity to one another of its deposits of iron ore, coal and flux. These three basic requisites for the making of iron and steel are found within a radius of 10 miles. Both dolomite and limestone are produced, the former for blast-furnace flux and the latter for basic open-hearth operations. The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation, operates a limestone mine at Muscoda, near Bessemer, 12 miles southwest of Birmingham, served by its own railroad transportation system. The mine has a capacity of 130 tons per hour. Average analyses of a recent month's production arc as follows: Fe²zO³ SiO² Al²O³ CaCO³ MgCO³ Lump, percent............................. 0.51 0.22 98.63 0.14 Crushed and washed, per cent,................ 0.70 0.26 98.36 0.18 Lump stone, 2 1/2 to 755 in., is used in open-hearth operations at Fairfield Steel Works. Fine crushed and washed stone, 1% to 0.063 in., is calcined at the lime-burning plant and used for lime charges at the Ensley open hearths. Geology The district's deposits of hematite ore occur in the Clinton formation, and the limestone beds mined are stratigraphically 330 ft. above the ore beds worked. A cross section on the center line of the mine is shown in Fig. 1. This limestone formation, 130 ft. thick, is in the Warsaw horizon of the Lower Mississippian. It lies above 100 ft. of Fort Payne chert, which is immediately above the Clinton formation, and is composcd of layers of chert and cherty limestone, approximately 50 per cent of the material being pure chert. The chert is extremely hard, and the cost of driving raises through it is very high. Both iron ore and limestone deposits lie on the southwest limb of the Jones Valley anticline, the formations dipping from 15' to 32' to the southeast. The iron-ore seam outcrops along the crest of Red Mountain, a ridge with northeast-southwest trend rising 200 to 300 ft. above Jones and Shades valleys at the

Jan 1, 1938

By C. E. Abbott

The Birmingham district, Alabama, is distinctive in the proximity to one another of its deposits of iron ore, coal and flux. These three basic requisites for the making of iron and steel are found within a radius of 10 miles. Both dolomite and limestone are produced, the former for blast-furnace flux and the latter for basic open-hearth operations. The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation, operates a limestone mine at Muscoda, near Bessemer, 12 miles southwest of Birmingham, served by its own railroad transportation system. The mine has a capacity of 130 tons per hour. Average analyses of a recent month's production arc as follows: Fe²zO³ SiO² Al²O³ CaCO³ MgCO³ Lump, percent............................. 0.51 0.22 98.63 0.14 Crushed and washed, per cent,................ 0.70 0.26 98.36 0.18 Lump stone, 2 1/2 to 755 in., is used in open-hearth operations at Fairfield Steel Works. Fine crushed and washed stone, 1% to 0.063 in., is calcined at the lime-burning plant and used for lime charges at the Ensley open hearths. Geology The district's deposits of hematite ore occur in the Clinton formation, and the limestone beds mined are stratigraphically 330 ft. above the ore beds worked. A cross section on the center line of the mine is shown in Fig. 1. This limestone formation, 130 ft. thick, is in the Warsaw horizon of the Lower Mississippian. It lies above 100 ft. of Fort Payne chert, which is immediately above the Clinton formation, and is composcd of layers of chert and cherty limestone, approximately 50 per cent of the material being pure chert. The chert is extremely hard, and the cost of driving raises through it is very high. Both iron ore and limestone deposits lie on the southwest limb of the Jones Valley anticline, the formations dipping from 15' to 32' to the southeast. The iron-ore seam outcrops along the crest of Red Mountain, a ridge with northeast-southwest trend rising 200 to 300 ft. above Jones and Shades valleys at the

Jan 1, 1938

By George J. Bancroft

At the New York meeting of the Institute, April, 1907, I presented a paper entitled, The Formation and Enrichment of Ore-Bearing Veins,' in which paper I advanced the following propositions: (1) That the majority of mineralized veins are the product of expiring vulcanism; (2) that most of these veins were primarily mineralized by comparatively rich solutions in comparatively short periods of time; (3) that the solutions gained their metal-values from a comparatively rich source; (4) that there is a bary-sphere containing large amounts of the useful metals; (5) that eruptions spring from various depths and bring various kinds of magmas towards the surface; and (6) that only those eruptions which disturb the barysphere and bring a magma rich in metals sufficiently near the surface to be leached by vein-making solutions are productive of valuable ore-deposits, other eruptions producing barren veins. Ore-deposits due to magmatic segregation were not included in this general survey. As a result of considerable further study I have modified my views in some respects, while in others I feel more sure than ever of the ground taken at that time. That ore-bodies are infrequent occurrences and born of extraordinary conditions I think is now generally accepted. The theory that persisted for a time—namely, that ore-bodies were formed by the ordinary ground-water, which consists of extremely dilute solutions, derived from leaching extremely lean surface-rocks, and which must occupy enormously long periods of time in concentrating the values so leached, is, I think, now pretty generally regarded as not applicable to the great majority

Jan 1, 1910

EVERY dry thing that burns easily and multiplies or maintains fire by its own intrinsic nature can be put into an incendiary composition and various effects are produced. Some of these things are mineral combinations, like sulphur or its oil; some others, [163v] hot, dry, and subtle substances, like saltpeter; and some are. unctuous things, like fats and oils of any kind; while some serve because of dryness, like pith and wood. Some of these things are natural and some artificial But now I set aside the search for these differences in their composition. This is what I have found among all the ancient and modern things that I have been able to seek, and first, back in the time of Alexander the Great. Marcus Graecus, who was perhaps the inventor or a great experimenter and practicer of such things, writes of many of them. I have chosen some among these, and one* is this: In order to make it, he took Grecian pitch, alchitran, live sulphur, tartar, sarcocolla, niter, and petroleum oil, one part of each, and, in addition, a double amount of quicklime. He mixed it all with oil of egg yolks. Having put it in a well-covered and closed vessel of glass or glazed earthenware under warm manure, he left it for a month. Then, having liquefied it over a slow fire, always keeping the vessel well closed, he finally put this liquor in hollow sticks, in little pots, or in vessels expressly made, all with a little fuse fitted in the middle. If I should have to do this, I would say that a little gunpowder should be put in, which should give beginning to the fire so that it would ignite more easily. I have also found that another fire is made. For this sulphur is taken, or oil of sulphur if it is possible to obtain, petroleum oil or some rock oil, juniper oil, very well-refined saltpeter, and for one part of each of these five parts of asphalt; in addition, take goose or duck fat, pure black pitch, varnish, pulverized dove's dung, and enough aqua vitae to cover all the aforesaid things.. Then it is put in a glass vessel under warm manure for

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

UNDER the auspices of the Institute's Committee on Industrial Preparedness, a symposium was arranged for the Annual Meeting on the subject "Ores, Metals, and the War," with many well-known Government men and industrialists participating. Wilfred Sykes, president of the Inland Steel Co., of Chicago, presided, with C. K. Leith and Clyde Williams as vice-chairmen, Mr. Williams presiding over the latter part of the meeting. On the Auditorium stage in the Engineering Societies Building was a formidable corps of "experts," with an audience of several hundred to hear what they had to say and to ask questions.

Jan 1, 1942

By George A. Roche

Investment in growth stocks is the most assured way of achieving superior, long term investment accomplishment. There are many criteria used to select growth companies but the most important is a combination of superior management operating in an industry with above average growth potential. This growth stock approach is the cornerstone of investment strategy for two of the three mutual funds sponsored by the Price organization and for its private clients. However, during the past five years inflation has accelerated due to a variety of factors including the inability of government to meet seemingly unlimited needs with limited revenue sources.

Jan 4, 1972

By Alden B. Greninger, Victor G. Mooradian

Microscopic examinations of quenched (beta) 60:40 copper-zinc and quenched (beta) 74:26 copper-tin alloys have frequently disclosed long, thin parallel bands or markings within the polyhedral beta grains. Apparently, it has been accepted that these markings are mechanical twin bands, although there is no published account of experimental data that might tend to substantiate this belief for the copper-zinc system, and only meager evidence has been submitted for the copper-tin system. Johnsonl0 commented upon the markings he observed after deforming a quenched brass of 55.6 per cent copper and 44.4 per cent zinc. Clark's papers4 on the heat-treatment of Muntz metal contain many photomicrographs of markings in beta brass; these she referred to as Neumann bands (inasmuch as repolishing and re-etching failed to remove them) and stated that markings present in Muntz metal as quenched were the result of shock imparted during the polishing operation. Van Wert18 first suggested that these parallel markings in quenched beta brass (60:40) might be alpha precipitated along certain crystallographic planes of the matrix lattice. He showed that upon reheating the specimens to temperatures below 800" C., obvious precipitation of alpha within the large beta grains first occurred at the markings. In a discussion of this paper, Phillips stated (pp. 505-507) that in his opinion the markings observed by Van Wert were mechanical twins resulting from contraction strains produced during the quenching operation. In a study of segregate structures in beta copper-tin, Smith17 observed that in the quenched beta phase (containing 74.92 per cent Cu) parallel . bands or markings very similar to those in metastable beta brass could be

Jan 1, 1938

By Alden B. Greninger, Victor G. Mooradian

Microscopic examinations of quenched (beta) 60:40 copper-zinc and quenched (beta) 74:26 copper-tin alloys have frequently disclosed long, thin parallel bands or markings within the polyhedral beta grains. Apparently, it has been accepted that these markings are mechanical twin bands, although there is no published account of experimental data that might tend to substantiate this belief for the copper-zinc system, and only meager evidence has been submitted for the copper-tin system. Johnsonl0 commented upon the markings he observed after deforming a quenched brass of 55.6 per cent copper and 44.4 per cent zinc. Clark's papers4 on the heat-treatment of Muntz metal contain many photomicrographs of markings in beta brass; these she referred to as Neumann bands (inasmuch as repolishing and re-etching failed to remove them) and stated that markings present in Muntz metal as quenched were the result of shock imparted during the polishing operation. Van Wert18 first suggested that these parallel markings in quenched beta brass (60:40) might be alpha precipitated along certain crystallographic planes of the matrix lattice. He showed that upon reheating the specimens to temperatures below 800" C., obvious precipitation of alpha within the large beta grains first occurred at the markings. In a discussion of this paper, Phillips stated (pp. 505-507) that in his opinion the markings observed by Van Wert were mechanical twins resulting from contraction strains produced during the quenching operation. In a study of segregate structures in beta copper-tin, Smith17 observed that in the quenched beta phase (containing 74.92 per cent Cu) parallel . bands or markings very similar to those in metastable beta brass could be

Jan 1, 1938

By Marshall Pease, R. J. Brandon

A UTILITY that has a large consumption of coal must insure an adequate and sound supply of fuel. The Detroit Edison Co., which has an annual coal consumption of about four million tons and spends approximately $32 million a year for coal, including freight charges, has developed a program for fuel procurement and for evaluation and selection of fuel for reliable and efficient plant operation. Fuel Procurement Coal Purchasing Division: The Fuel Supply Div. of the Purchasing Dept. combines all of the procurement functions in one group, which must maintain adequate stocks of fuel. In addition to its usual purchasing duties, the division also governs transportation, follow-up, invoice and freight bill, in cooperation with the Accounting Dept. The Fuel Div. is comprised of the fuel agent, an assistant fuel agent, a coal buyer and five coal clerks, who follow the movement of each car, initially approve freight bills and invoices, and file claims whenever there is a shortage of one ton or more. The fuel agent reports directly to the purchasing agent of the Company, and all major programs are planned jointly with the chief purchasing officer. The apparent individuality of the fuel section is necessary because of the tremendous volume of coal cars handled each day, sometimes as many as 500, which must be handled promptly to complete the fastest possible move from the mines to the plants. Determining Annual Coal Volume: Through the combined studies of a Production Dept. Load Committee and the Controller's office, accurate predictions of coal requirements for any given year are provided the Fuel Dept. from 12 to 15 months in advance. This is divided into the requirements of all individual power plants and central heating plants. This in turn determines the quantity and quality for plants whose specific fuels vary with the type of equipment installed. In the Detroit area, which has a high industrial load, early estimates of annual coal consumption usually are resolved at the end of the year within 4 or 5 pct of the original plan. Operating in a highly developed industrial area eases the task of estimating primary output; and, with the residential demands increasing in a steady and fairly well-defined pattern, the overall coal schedules are not subject to radical changes during any given year. Selecting Suppliers: At any time, but especially during or before an emergency, the coal supply factor must be made secure. This is particularly true in the procurement of utility fuel. There are always extreme quantities of so-called "bargain" coal available during the buyers' markets, such as recently prevailed. These opportunistic offerings may be considered a means of averaging down overall price, rather than as a steady and dependable supply source. Coal is purchased on contract from mine operators and sales agents who have proved reliable. They are not opportunists who desert for higher dollars in times of duress; they do not fail to fulfill contracts when markets rise or overship when markets dip. The progressive operator today who is willing to expend capital to improve quality and service deserves much more consideration than a matching of short-term pennies. When a company has a high volume of annual needs, all phases of the mine supply must be considered. The mine must be able to produce the quality required at a fair price and be able to sell oversizes of coal in enough volume to screen sufficient nut and slack. It must crush coal and sell mine run at prices in line with competitive nut and slack and be willing to do so when there is no demand for prepared sizes. Determining Price: The public utility is in direct competition with any of its customers who can, if savings are guaranteed, generate their own power. Today, to a greater extent than ever before, private industry must do a better overall job than Government-controlled operations. The price of coal must be realistically balanced with the price paid by almost all industries and the railroads as well. The supply-demand ratio in coal is not difficult to discern. There is access at all times to Govern-

Jan 1, 1952

By George J. Bancroft

AT the New York meeting of the Institute, April, 1907, I presented a paper entitled, The Formation and Enrichment of Ore-Bearing Veins,1 in which paper I advanced the following propositions (1) That the majority of mineralized veins are the product of expiring vulcanism ; (2) that most of these veins were primarily mineralized by comparatively rich solutions in comparatively short periods of time; (3) that the solutions gained their metal-values from a comparatively rich source; (4) that there is a barysphere containing large amounts of the useful metals; (5) that eruptions spring from various depths and bring various kinds of magmas towards the surface; and (6) that only those eruptions which disturb the barysphere and bring a magma rich in metals sufficiently near the surface to be leached by vein-making solutions are productive of valuable ore-deposits, other eruptions producing barren veins. Ore-deposits due to magmatic segregation were not included in this general survey. As a result of considerable further study I have modified my views in some respects, while in others I feel more sure than ever of the ground taken at that time. That ore-bodies are infrequent occurrences and born of extraordinary conditions I think is now generally accepted. The theory that persisted for a time-namely, that ore-bodies were formed by the ordinary ground-water, which consists of extremely dilute solutions, derived from leaching extremely lean surface-rocks, and which must occupy enormously long periods of time in concentrating the values so leached, is, I think, now pretty generally regarded as not applicable to the great majority

Jan 1, 1913

By Francis B. Foley

In examining steel under the microscope, one is constantly confronted with structures that are difficult to interpret. Recently, in a collection of samples for exhibition purposes, the writer found a piece of open-hearth runner metal, 2 in. (50 mm.) in diameter, that had been fractured for use as a sample of cast-steel structure. On polishing and etching a section for the purpose of photographing a field to typify the microstructure of steel in the "as cast" condition, a variety of structures was found (Fig. 1) so arranged as to arouse interest at once. For a distance of about 0.065 in. (1.6 mm.) from the skin of the runner, normal ingot structure was found (Fig. 2); this was followed by a zone, about 0.215 in. (5.5 mm.) wide, of considerably lower carbon content in which occurred a most pronounced Widmannstattian structure (Fig. 3); from this point on to the center of the runner, the metal was again of normal ingot structure (Fig. 4). Representative samples taken from the metal in the three zones showed the following analysis: Carbon Nickel Chromium Per Cent. Per Cent. PeR Cent. Metal from skin........................... 0.34 1.26 0.63 Widmannstattian zone.................... 0.21 1.18 0.63 Metal from center......................... 0.34 1.32 0.67 Such a condition might result from decarburization followed by recarburization of the skin. This section came from one of the branch runners to the bottom of the mold, not from the main runner, and it is difficult to conceive of decarburization occurring in this portion of a runner. If the metal were stripped while quite hot, some oxidation would take place but the recarburization is unaccounted for. It could not occur by segregation after solidification—the tendency then is for diffusion and homogeneity. The following seems to fit the conditions and is offered as an explanation. The outside layer of normal structure 0.065 in. (1.6 mm.) thick was chilled on the walls of the runner brick when the molten metal first entered the runner. As the molten metal flows by, the outside of the stream

Jan 1, 1920

By Arthur Notman

TO present some idea of the magnitude of the gold-mining industry of Canada and the world, the records of 106 gold-mining companies currently paying dividends have been studied. Forty of these are in Canada, and 37 on the Rand in South Africa, these being all the straight gold-mining companies that paid dividends in the two areas in 1938. None of the base-metal companies that produce gold as a by- product, or even as a major fraction of the value of their total product, have beezl included. In addition, a group of 29 similar companies from Southern Rhodesia and the Gold Coast in Africa, India, Australia, Manchuria, Philippine Islands, the

Jan 1, 1939

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the MINING AND METALLURGY of the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as associates or junior associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special, weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the Bulletin or the Year Book of the Institute. The individual members of such a society will not be catalogued as individual members or associates of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special ,weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

SECTION I Page Page New York Section War Meeting on Employment xxxii Sulphur and Pyrite v Local Section News xxxiv War Minerals Committee xviii Forthcoming Meetings xxxvi St. Louis Meeting xx Library xxxvii Minutes, of Meeting, Executive Membership xli Committee xxvi Institute Committees Iv Members in Military Service xxvi Officers and Directors lxii Personal xxx

Jan 10, 1917