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By M. Hesham El Naggar, Yasser Abdelghany

"ABSTRACT: The axial and lateral monotonic and cyclic behavior of helical pile foundations was investigated and new innovative helical screw systems suitable for seismic loadings were developed and patented. More than one hundred full scale field load tests were conducted on instrumented helical screw piles installed in cohesive soil. The piles included: plain helical screw piles (P-HSP); grouted (G-HSPs); fiber reinforced polymer FRP-G-HSPs; and reinforced grouted RG-HSPs. The RG-HSP piles axial capacity was more than twice that for P-HSP, with minimal reduction after cyclic loading, and their lateral capacity was more than 3 times the P-HSPs capacity. A 3-D finite element model was established. The results of 3-D finite element modeling were used to establish the load transfer mechanism and a design methodology for the considered piles.INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEWHelical (screw) anchors have been utilized in tension loading and have gained popularity for bearing load applications. Helical piles represent an overall cost effective alternative to conventional piles for new construction and repair applications. The helical piles speed and ease of installation, less noise during installation added advantage with regards to their efficiency and reliability for underpinning including re-support and reconstruction of distressed and damaged foundations for either stabilization or rehabilitation. The “square shaft” SS175 pile is a segmented deep foundation system with helical steel bearing plates (helices) welded to a central steel shaft. Load is transferred from the shaft to the surrounding soil through these bearing plates. Segments or sections are joined with bolted couplings. Practically installed depth is limited only by soil resistance and economics. A helical bearing plate or helix is one pitch of a screw thread. All helices regardless of their diameter have a standard 75 mm pitch (Figure.1). The performance of single helical anchors and group action were studied experimentally and theoretically by several researchers, the researches focuses on the installation torque and uplift resistance. Some researches focus on the load carrying capacity with little pile response to cyclic loading effects or to instrumented full scale field testing. Helical piles axial compressive or lateral loading still is not well characterized and needs more analyses and their seismic performance was not investigated. For such this research was initiated to investigate the helical piles monotonic and cyclic performances under axial and lateral loadings to consider their usage in different applications in seismic zones. Among the several researchers, Clemence (1983); Mooney et al. (1985) conducted field and laboratory testing; Hoyt (1989), Hoyt et al. (1995), and Ghaly and Clemence (1998) conducted theoretical and experimental testing, Puri and Vijay (1984), Huang et al. (1995), Perko (2000), and Pack (2000) conducted theoretical analyses. Rao and Prasad (1993), Prasad and Rao (1994), conducted experimental testing; Vickars and Clemence (2000) studied the performance of helical piles with grouted shafts."

Jan 1, 2014

By Carnevale Francesco, Bracci Laudiero Alberto, Pampanin Piero

"SummaryIn the Port of Naples a slurry wall has been realized through a sandy layer up to a deep tuff layer using the Cutting Soil Mixing technique.The executed panels have dimensions of 2.8 m x0.65 m in plan and a total length of 25 m. Primary and secondary panels have been executed using the wet to wet technique. During the panels execution the following parameters had been measured: injection pressure, injected volume, verticality. At the end of the works an exploratory campaign has been carried out through boreholes collecting samples for laboratory tests in order to verify the diaphragm thickness and its physical and mechanical properties (i.e. unit weight, unconfined compressive strength).The interpretation of the collected data allowed to verify the efficiency of the method, the volume of slurry loss due to permeation during the panels execution, the quantity of the obtained spoil compared to the volume balance equation, both for the sand and the tuff layer.Eventually, the measured physical and mechanical characteristics of the panels have been correlated to the execution method performed.IntroductionIn the Naples Port area there is a polluted site which has to be hydraulically isolated in order to prevent the pollution of the groundwater that flows from land to the sea through the Port area. A hydraulic cut-off wall has to be realized and particularly a slurry-wall realized using the CSM method had been executed.To date, two stretches have been executed, 140 an 110 m in length respectively, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.After execution, the slurry-walls have been investigated with boreholes. In-situ and laboratory tests on the recovered samples of grout have been carried out; furthermore, the geotechnical parameters of the mix composing the wall have been measured."

Jan 1, 2014

By W. Sondermann

"AbstractThe construction of a distribution centre of minerals for a global mining and resources cooperation demanded the control of deformations and displacement of the stack reclaimer facilities on very inhomogeneous subsoil conditions. The variation of quality from soft clay with CPT values below 1 MPa up to rock formations were the challenge in design and execution of all the foundation works.The advanced design considerations were resulting in a barrier wall system to limit the deformations of the up to 40 m deep bored pile of the stacker-reclaimers, whereas the layout of the barrier wall and the stiffness of the elements had a major impact on the residual lateral forces to be absorbed by the bearing structure.IntroductionA large international raw material distribution organisation is currently building an iron ore and pellet distribution centre on the north-western coast of Malaysia. The distribution centre will handle around 90 MTPA (million tons per annum) of iron ore and includes accompanying plants for loading and unloading iron ore and pellets, pelletizing plants as well as corresponding storage space for these raw materials. The total storage space extends about 800m north to south respectively 1400m east to west and is about 200m from the coastline. The project area is located in a wide valley basin, bounded by a range of hills to the north. The existence of soil with low bearing capability in the area designated for the plant meant that measurements for ground improvement were required in the storage areas, in order to combine the needs of iron ore and pellet storage areas with requirements of the loading facilities as the overall project demand.Project LayoutThe iron ore distribution centre and the pelletizing facility both consist of an import/export jetty, material handling facilities, pellet plant and the associated infrastructure. This publication describes the execution of ground improvement and foundation works for the loading and storage system, which consists of five rows of stockpiles and four intermediate rows of stacker-reclaimers. The total area of these systems comprises 278,881 m2 (Fig. 1)."

Jan 1, 2014

By Faan Bornman

"Reeves and Platt1 stated that dense medium separation is one of the most complex unit processes in mineral processing today particularly if cyclones are used. It is also the most efficient gravity concentrating process available to process engineers. The complexity of the process and large number of design and operating variables means that the process has largely remained more an art than a science. Dense medium separation is well established in the diamond, coal and iron ore industries but is gaining popularity as a pre-concentration step in other industries. The maintenance issues are addressed that will affect the efficiency of the operation.INTRODUCTION The purpose of the dense medium separation (DMS) process is to separate the valuable material from the waste based on gravity differences. However, the specific gravity difference between the two fractions must be large enough to achieve high efficiencies. Heavy particles sink through the dense liquid and light particles float. DMS is also used for the pre-concentration of minerals before further downstream processes like communition, in order to minimise the treatment costs. Examples are the pre-concentration of diamond ores or metalliferous ores like nickel, copper and cobalt. Dense medium separation is also used to upgrade the material to meet different market specifications, for example in coal and iron ore applications. A typical dense medium separation process for a diamond application is shown in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2014

By Deane Tunaley, Clint Brearley, Steven Kotsonis, Richard Goodridge, Tom Smylie

Explosives are widely used in the Oil & Gas Industry for subsurface mapping via measurement of reflected sound waves as each charge is detonated. To complete a seismic survey, several thousand explosive charges may be deployed into narrow boreholes, often in areas difficult to access or where socio-political factors may increase the risk of unlawful recovery or sabotage of the explosives. Therefore, when misfires occur, the explosives left in the ground often cannot be retrieved or sympathetically detonated safely, in which case they are “abandoned” (in-line with local regulations) potentially posing a safety and security risk.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. Mphathiwa

When slope angles are designed during open pit optimization, there is a risk factor applied in steepening the slopes. The steepening of slope angles has implications for the safety and economics of the mining operation. The steeper the slope angles, the greater the probability of slope failure. Although a slope failure will result in added costs, the challenge is to compile an accurate cost-benefit exercise optimizing the economic benefits of the project without exposing mine workers and equipment to unacceptable risk of rockfalls. A balance between the safety of the operation and the economics of the investment is therefore required. The ideal situation is to have a slope monitoring system that will predict slope failure by detecting any ground movement before the actual failure occurs. This early warning will allow the risk factor to be applied with a high degree of confidence, knowing that the risk will be adequately mitigated. The objective of this paper is to provide guidelines on how to design an optimal survey slope monitoring system. It is the authors? view that for a survey monitoring system to yield desirable results, it should adhere to survey principles such as working from the whole to part and consistently cross-checking. The case study used is Jwaneng Mine, and the design strategy outlined can be used as a guideline for developing a new slope monitoring system or to optimize an existing one.

Jan 1, 2014

By Frank Haehnig, Kjell-Åke Averstad, Johannes Glückert

"AbstractThe Söderströmstunneln is part of the Citybanan project that is currently under construction in the centre of Stockholm. Main part of the lot Söderströmstunneln is a 300m long immersed tunnel connecting the inner-city islands Södermalm and Riddarholmen. It consists of three tunnel elements that have been immersed in summer 2013. Since the solid bedrock is descending in that area to more then 40m depth, the tunnel elements have been placed and are permanently supported on four pile groups that have been constructed in advance. The common Swedish system of steel core piles has been used to built the pile groups. Drilling and installation of the steel cores piles in free water depth of up to 20m had to be done from a pontoon. The steel core piles are connected with underwater concrete pile caps.IntroductionCitybanan is a new 6km long double track railway tunnel running beneath central Stockholm including two new underground stations Odenplan and Stockholm City. When completed in 2017 commuter trains will have their own tracks through Stockholm, whereas the remaining railway traffic will continue to use the exisiting two tracks (see Fig. 1). This will double the capacity of the railway traffic through Stockholm. The Swedish transport administration Trafikverket is the client for this project. The design and built contract is carried out by the German contractor Züblin Spezialtiefbau GmbH together with their Swedish subsidiary Züblin Scandinavia AS.As the new Citybanan tunnel is in large parts situated below the bedrock level, it can be executed as rocktunnel in the common drill and blast method. Between the two inner-city islands Södermalm and Riddarholmen the tunnel is crossing the Söderström, an arm of the lake Mälaren. Here the bedrock is descending to a deep valley with more then 40m depth. To connect the rock tunnels between these islands a 300m long immersed concrete tunnel supported on pile foundations is currently under construction."

Jan 1, 2014

By Trevor L. L. Orr

"AbstractThe background to the harmonization of geotechnical standards that has taken place in recent years in Europe has been the move to more economic and political integration following World War II that has led to the formation of the European Union. Prior to 2010 the standards used in the European countries for geotechnical design, investigation and testing and for the carrying out geotechnical work, such as the installation of piles, were the different national standards, which were not harmonized. The harmonization of geotechnical standards in Europe started in 1981 with work on a model Eurocode 7 for geotechnical design that led eventually to publication by CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, of the European Standard version of Eurocode 7 in 2004. In parallel with the work on Eurocode 7, a large number of associated harmonized standards have been, and are being, prepared by CEN and by the International Standards Organization (ISO) for geotechnical investigation and testing and for the execution of geotechnical works. Standards published by CEN must be adopted by the CEN member countries and all conflicting standards withdrawn. Hence all the CEN countries have adopted the same the harmonized text of Eurocode 7, but with National Annexes that allow national choice with regard to Design Approach and partial factor values. The adoption of Eurocode 7 and its associated geotechnical standards has removed the barriers to geotechnical activity in Europe due to the presence of different national standards. It has also enhanced the ability of EU firms to compete in the global market.Background to harmonization of geotechnical standards in EuropeThe initial moves towards the harmonization of geotechnical standards in Europe can be related to the economic and political developments that took place in the period immediately following World War II to revive the economies of Western Europe. Europe at that time was divided by a political and, in many places, a physical barrier, known as the Iron Curtain, into two very different and separate zones: communist in the east and non-communist in the west. In 1952 the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was formed, linking 6 countries: Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and establishing a common market in coal and steel. The ECSC was the first international organization to be established on the basis of supranational principles whereby negotiated power is delegated to an authority by the governments of the member states. In 1957 the ECSC became the European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking world, with the aim to bring about economic integration. With the addition of Denmark, Ireland and the UK in 1973 and Greece in 1981, followed by Portugal and Spain in 1986, this led to the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993. East and West Germany were reunified in 1990, following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU, and since then the numbers of countries in the EU has increased to 28, many of which are countries that were formerly behind the Iron Curtain."

Jan 1, 2014

By A-A. Bogno, Ch. -A. Gandin, A. Maitre, H. Henein

Most metallic materials are produced from their liquid state. In order to control the properties of industrial products, it is very important to understand their solidification path and the resulting microstructures which can be significantly affected by melt undercooling. High undercooling results in rapid solidification and a refined microstructure with minimal microsegregation. This paper reports on the analysis of rapidly solidified Al-Cu droplets obtained by a single fluid atomization process, Impulse Atomization. A quantitative analysis by Rietveld refinement method of the Neutrons Diffraction data was carried out to determine the fraction of the intermetallic Al2Cu. Knowing the fraction of Al2Cu, the eutectic fractions and corresponding dendritic and eutectic undercoolings were estimated using the metastable extensions of solidus and liquidus lines of the Al-Cu system calculated by Thermo-Calc. In addition to this work, a model of microsegregation coupled with ThermoCalc software via TQ (application programming interface of ThermoCalc) and the Wang-Beckerman model for dendritic growth velocities has been developed for binary alloys. This has led to the development of a phenomenological relationship between primary phase undercooling and initial growth velocity. A comparison of estimated primary undercoolings using a coarsening model with the adiabatic undercoolings for each alloy composition has confirmed that solidification occurs under adiabatic conditions during recalescence.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jonathan Allen, Peter Radziszewski

"Stirred mill technology dates back to 1928 where the idea to use “an agitator and spherical grinding media” was presented. The year 1948 saw the successful application of DuPont’s “sand mill” for pigment grinding. Subsequent years have led to the development of different types of stirred mills spanning a number of industries that require fine and ultrafine grinding. In the context of the mining industry, smaller grain size and other mineralogical characteristics have motivated the need to grind finer. In order to address this need, the interest in stirred milling technologies has grown over the last 20 years as can be illustrated by the large body of literature published over this same period of time. The typical observation reported in the literature is that in certain circumstances stirred milling is significantly more efficient than ball milling. Despite these developments, the tumbling mills are continuing to be used in fine and ultrafine grinding applications. The main reason for this, as communicated at the Canadian Mineral Processors roundtable discussion in 2013, is that the comfort level in understanding stirred milling technologies is not at the level of that of tumbling mills. The aim of this paper is to contribute to increasing the general comfort level with stirred milling technologies by developing a better understanding of how power and energy is affected by stirred mill impellor design and mill operation. This will be accomplished by first completing an overview of the power models found in the literature followed by a general description of DEM and CFD stirred mill models as well as the insights that can be drawn from them. Finally, a generic stirred mill power model will be presented and applied to different stirred mill types in order to develop some insights into the differences between different mill types. The paper will close with a discussion on some of the challenges that these models have and how future research might contribute to overcoming them."

Jan 1, 2014

By Maurizio Siepi, Stefano Trevisani, Pagliaccim Federico, Daniele Vanni

"Abstract: The paper describes a large innovative project completed in 2012-20123 by Trevi Group, to develop equipment capable to install ultra-deep diaphragm wall. The project highlights the capacity of SOILMEC to design and build a new hydromill able to reach an unprecedented depth of 250 m, including new devices for monitoring and correct the verticality. The entire project can take advantage of the long and solid experience matured by Trevi and Rodio (now part of Trevi Group), developing in house or, else, select the elements necessary for a high quality product in the ground.The paper describes the results of different systems used to monitor and control the verticality and the twist of panel during excavation, together with the method used to pour concrete. Finally, the results of verification coring and lab tests on concrete samples recovered at various depths are discussed. The test field has been supervised by representatives of three of the major Italian Universities, and lasts almost one year from August 2012 to June 2013.The verification holes made use of an innovative combination of directional drilling and coring, to check the quality of the plastic concrete for the full length of the panel. The data confirmed that the test panel has high quality concrete, meeting or exceeding to the prefixed requirements.With this test, super-deep cut-off walls reaching depths of 250 m have become a reality. This would change the perspectives of dam engineering both for existing dams rehabilitation and for new dams design and construction. With the execution of this test panel, the technology of milled concrete cutoffs has made a ”quantum leap”, pushing the limit of practicable dams."

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Stacho, Frankovská. J.

"Abstract The use of continuous flight auger (CFA) piles in Slovakia has increased significantly in recent decades. High-rise building of administrative centre Lakeside Park in Bratislava is based on piled-raft foundation. The technology of CFA has been used due to the advantages of this technology in comparison with driven and bored piles in local geotechnical conditions. Piles have been designed in accordance with Eurocode 7. Resistance of piles was calculated by using an analytical calculation model for bored piles according to Slovak technical standard and CFA technology has been taken into account by coefficient equal to 1.1. Settlement of piles was calculated by using a calculation model which is being used in Czech Republic and Slovakia. Two well instrumented static load tests were carried out to verify the pile design. The results of static load tests showed that the design was conservative. The paper presents analysis of numerical modelling of CFA pile and static load tests. Load-settlement curves and load distribution curves over pile shafts are compared. Software Plaxis 2011 has been used for numerical modelling. Hardening soil model allows considering over consolidation of Tertiary Silts and water pressure in deep sandy lenses. The article also presents the parametric study where the influences of pile-soil interface reduction factor, over consolidation ratio and material models of soils are analysed. The results of numerical modelling showed that the most appropriate results have been obtained when the interface reduction factor equal 0.9 and real behaviour of groundwater were considered. The conclusion of the paper confirms that mechanical behaviour of the ground can be better understood and determined by using FEM than analytical methods.1. IntroductionPiles are among the most frequently used elements of deep foundations. Piles transfer loads down to a suitable bearing stratum when the soil immediately below a construction is unsuitable. Piles are also used to reduce settlement of structure. At present, the requirements of limit settlement of structures are more stringent. Examples of these structures are commercial and administrative centres that form a complex of different tall buildings. High-rise buildings cause greater contact stresses than connected low-rise buildings. Pile foundations in such cases should be placed under the high-rise buildings to achieve an appropriate settlement.Resistance of piles can be determined from static load test results, in-situ tests and empirical experiences or calculations. Static load tests give the most reliable results, but these tests are also the most expensive. This is the reason for constant development of computational methods. Especially numerical methods give more accurate results by using more sophisticated material models e. g. hardening soil or hypoplastic model."

Jan 1, 2014

By James Ransford Dankwah

This work investigates the effect of waste plastics addition on the reduction of iron oxide by sawdust. Composite pellets of iron oxide containing sawdust (SD), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and blends of SD/HDPE were fired under argon in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures between 1300 and 1500 °C. Reduced samples were weighed after 10 minutes of reduction and the extent of reduction was calculated from the measured oxygen contents of the compact. The results showed improved extent of reduction when SD was blended with HDPE. The highest extent of reduction was achieved at SD:HDPE ratio of 2:3.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ziyad Abunada, David O’Connor, Abir Al-Tabbaa

"Abstract Contaminated land remediation using soil mix technology (SMT) is a relatively recent development which has been shown to be a cost effective and versatile system with numerous environmental advantages over other remediation techniques. The added complexities and variability associated with contaminated sites has escalated the need for field trials, field monitoring and specific QC measures to be undertaken for this setting and was the rationale behind project SMiRT (Soil Mix Remediation Technology). The main aim of project SMiRT was field validation, testing and assessment to provide stakeholder confidence in SMT and increase its uptake for land remediation in the UK. The field trials involved the treatment of 800 m3 of soil, through applying six different remediation techniques with four different SMT systems and introducing over thirty binders and binder compositions with a range of installation methodologies. Various issues were faced during the installation process and which were addressed on site. This paper presents some aspects of early age field observations, field monitoring, in-situ testing, coring and laboratory testing of cored samples and highlights some lessons learnt, providing valuable information on the issues that need to be addressed for this application of SMT.IntroductionAlthough soil mix technology (SMT) was developed in the 1960s in Japan and Sweden for geotechnical applications, its potential in geo-environmental applications became evident more recently the 1980s in the US and in the 1990s in Europe, having since increased to provide a range of remediation systems (Al-Tabbaa and Evans, 2003; Al-Tabbaa et al., 2011). The most common applications to date have been (a) the construction of low permeability containment walls or cut-off walls to contain a contaminated site; (b) stabilisation/solidification (S/S) treatment, with cementitious binders, for physical and chemical encapsulation of contaminants in soils and (c) the installation of permeable reactive barriers (RPBs), which are permeable walls that intercept the groundwater flow and remove contaminants from it, by mixing special additives with the native soil. Contaminated land remediation using SMT is a cost effective and versatile approach with numerous technical and environmental advantages over other remediation techniques. These advantages include the use of simple and well established techniques and equipment, speedy implementation, applicability to sites of any size and to multiple contaminants, elimination of off-site disposal, low risk and low emissions. There is a lack of competing alternative technologies that offer the same level of versatility and economic, environmental and social benefits, under current environmental legislation constraints. In addition, most currently available contaminated land remediation techniques are only partially effective, and are relatively contaminant-specific. This makes SMT a promising and timely contender to lead the market place in offering a cost-effective, efficient and low risk solution to contaminated soil and groundwater remediation and has resulted in a range of recent innovations."

Jan 1, 2014

By Qi Shifu, Guo Tao, Liu Haoquan, Yao Chaogui, Zheng Li

Abstract: To excavate oil-gas pipeline ditches in a rocky region or area the explosive method is needed. When a parallel ditch is to be dug by blasting near or in the vicinity of an existing pipeline, a safe criterion must be determined to ensure safety for the latter. In this investigation, with the construction of the second phase of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project, we carried out real blasting tests and numerical simulations to explore the safety criteria for the existing pipeline. Through this investigation, we obtained the safe strain elasticity threshold es2000µe, blast vibration velocity calculation formula, and the maximum vibration velocity Vmax=14cm/s(5.51in./s) for the pipe under blast shock loading, and worked out how to determine the charge size in the follow-up blasting excavation. These results can be used to determine the maximum explosive weight per delay and decide delays for the initiation circuit network in blasting a parallel pipeline ditch, and to make safety assessments for the existing pipeline in service. Having successfully been applied in the second and third phases of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project, China-Russia Oil Pipeline Project and China-Myanmar Gas Pipeline Project, these findings are very significant for other similar pipeline construction.

Jan 1, 2014

By L. M. Sekhukhune

The atmospheric leaching of copper-bearing matte by acidic ferric chloride solution was studied at the laboratory scale. The aim was to achieve maximum copper and nickel recovery by investigating the mechanisms of leaching, as well as identifying the effect of temperature, and concentration of ferric chloride and oxygen. Djurleite (Cu1.96S), hazelwoodite (Ni3S2), and Ni alloy were the primary phases detected in the matte. The quantitative composition of the matte was Cu 31%, Ni 50%, S 13%. Fe and Co constituted 2%, with platinum group metals (PGMs) accounting for 0.5%. A maximum nickel extraction of 98% was achieved using two-stage oxidative leaching at 90°C and 11 g/L Fe3+ as compared to 65% under non-oxidative conditions. A copper extraction of 99% was achieved in the first 45 minutes using two-stage non-oxidative leaching, and copper was recovered from solution by cementation. Three processes took place simultaneously throughout the leaching process, namely: dissolution, cementation/ metathesis, and oxidation. The leaching process was found to be diffusioncontrolled.

Jan 1, 2014

By Adam Powell, Matthew Earlam

INFINIUM, Inc. is scaling up a new molten salt electrolysis process for producing rare earth metals. Instead of conventional carbon anodes, this process uses Pure Oxygen Anodes™ which employ a stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte between the molten salt and anode. This eliminates two problems with today's rare earth metal production technology. First, it eliminates carbon anodes and contamination of the product by carbon and its impurities, enabling 10-100 times larger batch size than current practice, and lower labor costs. Second, it eliminates emissions of perfluorocarbons (PFC) such as CF4 and C2F6, which are very problematic greenhouse gases with 6000+ times the global warming potential of CO2. The zirconia also enables a sealed vessel with no LiF emissions, creates a reducing environment enabling use of low-cost welded steel vessels, and either produces a high-purity oxygen by-product or can use natural gas to reduce the necessary electrical energy with no HF production. This paper will describe the technology and its current status for rare earth metal production.

Jan 1, 2014

By Mani Manimaran, Inna Dymov, Mariam Melashvili, Chris Fleming, Joe O’Day

This paper presents experimental evidence that supports the use of bromine/bromide as a potential alternative to conventional cyanidation for gold leaching. The study evaluated a brominebased lixiviant, Stabilized Bromine, with considerably lower vapour pressure than liquid bromine. Using a rotating device, the rate of gold dissolution was determined at various concentrations of this reagent. The reactivity of pure pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite minerals was also evaluated in stabilized bromine reagent. Furthermore, bromine leaching of gold in a number of gold bearing ores was undertaken. Results showed that significantly higher gold recovery can be achieved with bromine than with cyanide when leaching gold encapsulated in sulphides, but bromine consumption was high owing to simultaneous oxidation of the sulphides. The greatest promise for the bromine leach process was with oxidized gold ores. The recovery of gold from oxide ores with bromine was comparable to that achievable with cyanide and bromine consumption was reasonable when leaching was conducted at a near neutral pH of ~6. In the case of oxidized gold ores containing copper mineralization, it is possible that bromine consumption may be lower than cyanide consumption, since there is evidence to suggest that bromine is less reactive than cyanide with copper minerals.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. E. Nesset, F. Rosenblum, J. A. Finch

"The self-heating of sulphides can be a major hazard in mining operations and concentrate handling, particularly during transportation and associated storage. Self-heating results from the oxidation of sulphide minerals and can vary from being insignificant to highly reactive and potentially hazardous to both humans and infrastructure. It is essential that there be a reliable test methodology that can measure and categorize a given sulphide material as to its self-heating potential. By their nature, sulphide ores and concentrates are complex and variable mineral mixtures making it difficult to predict their self-heating behaviour a-priori based on mineralogy or with a simple “snapshot” test. Furthermore, self-heating behaviour will depend on the state of oxidation of the sulphides as well as time, temperature and humidity. A review of available testing apparatuses and protocols that can be used to assess self-heating potential is presented. Each of these methodologies was examined in relation to its ability to measure and reliably predict the latent self-heating hazard of a sulphide material. Several of the methods were tested and compared to illustrate their strengths and weakness. The results indicated that a number of the test protocols may produce false negative indications of self-heating potential, constituting an obvious concern to the industry.INTRODUCTION Sulphides as well as other materials (coal, wood chips, hay, powdered milk, to name a few) that are stockpiled in an air atmosphere may undergo oxidation reactions which can result in the evolution of heat (Beever, 1984) (Hudak, 2002) (Blanchard, 2007). If the rate of heat generated exceeds the rate of heat dissipation, the stockpile temperature will rise, potentially leading to “hot spots” in the most reactive areas, and possibly even fires. The heat generation rate, the “self-heating” rate, depends on many factors such as the type and composition of material, particle size, moisture content, oxygen availability, ambient temperature and humidity, and of prime importance, the extend of prior oxidation, or more specifically, the presence of oxidation products. The desire of operators that mine, process or transport sulphide-bearing materials with a potential for self-heating is to have an accepted and reliable method for evaluating and quantifying the potential hazard of their material. The challenges are how to best measure the self-heating properties of given samples, and based on results, predict the behaviour of the bulk material over time and in-situ. Generally, when evaluating a given material one derives the self-heating characteristics of that sample at the time and under the conditions of testing, which will be referred to as a “snapshot test”. If that material is invariable, i.e. it will not change its response over time, then it may be considered to be a “predictive test”. However, if as a result of continuing oxidation or other changes, the material becomes more or less reactive with time, then a “snapshot test” is unreliable with respect to predictive ability."

Jan 1, 2014

By L. G. Wang

The stability of foams and froth plays an important role in flotation, in which small amounts of relatively weak non-ionic surfactants (frothers) are used to produce air bubbles and foams. In the present work, factors affecting the stability of the foams produced in the presence of common frothers, such as n-pentanol, n-octanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), and polypropylene glycol (PPG), have been studied. We used the thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique of Schelud-ko-Exerowa type to measure the equilibrium film thicknesses. The results were used to determine the contributions from the various surface forces to the disjoining pressures in the thin lamellae (foam) films formed between air bubbles. In addition, we used a model developed by Wang and Yoon (Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2006) to calculate the elasticities of the lamellae films at the critical thicknesses at which films rupture. The surface forces and elasticity da-ta were then compared with the foam stabilities in the presence of the various flotation frothers. It was found that foam stabilities are controlled by both film elasticity and surface forces, the relative contributions of which change with frother type and concentration. In general, surface forces play a more important role at relatively low frother concentrations, while elasticity plays a more important role at higher concentrations. At the frother additions usually employed in the mining industry, MIBC relies on surface forces while PPG-400 relies on film elasticity in producing stable foams. The former is capable of dampening the hydrophobic force, which is a major attractive force destabilizing lamellae films, while the latter is capable of reducing surface tensions at low concentrations.

Jan 1, 2014