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By William Morales

De acuerdo a su diversidad biológica, la pila de la lixiviación de La Quinua es única en su género, por lo que es importante la clasificación de los diferentes frentes de minado. Posteriormente, de acuerdo al avance de explotación fue cambiando las características del mineral, facilitando la descarga directo a la pila de lixiviación. Sin embargo, la presencia de finos, arcillas y la poca profundidad de remoción del mineral, perjudicó la extracción de oro, orginando un incremento de inventario de oro en la pila de lixiviación. En este sentido, el presente texto describe los contínuos cambios del mineral y sus características, originando un cambio en el método de lixiviación a través del cambio de los controles operacionales de altura de banco y flujo de riego, en respuesta de pruebas metalúrgicas que se desarrollaron con el tipo de mineral.

Sep 12, 2011

By Larman J. Heath

Wellbore enlargement was tested using hydrazine hydrate in a gas-storage well in Ohio to increase the well productivity. The wellbore was to be enlarged by chemical disaggregation of the sandstone adjacent to the wellbore. Productivity immediately declined 49.1 percent and gradually declined to zero in 7 months. A down-hole camera survey showed a white-to-gray precipitate covering the entire wellbore surface. The precipitate was chemically analyzed and identified as mostly carbazic acid, a hydrazine derivative of carbonic acid. Formation of this precipitate was not anticipated; this viscous sub-stance caused the gradual loss in productivity of the well. The wellbore was not enlarged. Laboratory tests were run to determine what clay stabilization measures could be taken in sandstone cores to prevent clay swelling and particle migration caused by hydrazine hydrate. Normal clay stabilization methods did not prevent the virtually complete loss in permeability to hydrazine hydrate. Other laboratory tests using natural gas diluted with small amounts of carbon dioxide confirmed the ease with which carbazic acid could be formed in a hydrazine hydrate-saturated environment within and adjacent to the wellbore.

Jan 1, 1970

By Figueroa L. Aquiles

El presente trabajo plantea el uso de la pre-concentración en la etapa de chancado de las plantas metalúrgicas polimetálicas, como método de limpieza que busca eliminar el material estéril (ganga) antes de alimentar a los molinos y así reducir los altos costos de la molienda, flotación, secado y otros. Asímismo, los procesos de concentración van desde el pallaqueo hasta procesos sofisticados como la pre-concentración por análisis de dispersión de radiación gama y aquellos de separación por medios densos.

Nov 8, 1984

Draft tube circulators are now widely used instead of Pachucas for suspension of slurries in large tall tanks.Precipitators in the alumina industry are an example.Draft tube/tank diameter ratio is critical. Two independent criteria are given for optimum ratio. The hydraulic and energy relationships are defined. These require an impeller of very high specific speed. For a stable and efficient system the impeller should have aerofoil blades with a pitch angle which decreases from hub to tip.The draft tube must be matched to the impeller with inlet baffles above the impeller and flow control vanes below it. Tip recirculation must be suppressed. The tank itself should have a filleted flat bottom.Such a system exhibits the behaviour of axial flow devices with the characteristic undesirable behaviour at low flow.Installed and operating power requirements depend critically on hydraulic design and to a lesser extent on speed reducer efficiency.The problems of re-suspension have been overcome by a patented slot system which also improves behaviour at low flow to permit a more economic design. A number of other practical operating considerations are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. E. Heithecker

In Kansas, almost every oil well drilled into a limestone formation is treated with hydrochloric (muriatic) acid upon completion. This is done to increase the potential capacity of the well and thereby increase its "daily allowable" production (see p. 9), to shorten the time required to produce the recoverable oil, and to increase the quantity of oil recovered ultimately from the reservoir. The porosity and. permeability of limestone formations seldom are uniform throughout the proved area, consequently the production capacities of completed wells vary considerably. Acid treatment of wells tends to increase production capacity and to equalize potential capacity. If offset wells already have been treated with acid, new wells usually are treated to protect the property on which they are drilled against drainage. Even though competitive conditions do not exist in a field, it

Jan 1, 1939

By M. van Schoor

Coal remains South Africa?s most abundant and cheapest source of energy, and there is an ever-increasing necessity for optimal and safe extraction of the remaining reserves. Increasing focus on cost-effective mining and zero harm to the environment and miners has resulted in a shift in attitude towards the application of geophysics in local coal mining and exploration. Furthermore, technological advances have contributed to geophysics being embraced more readily by the coal mining industry, compared to a decade or two ago. Predictably, the growing interest in geophysical technologies has also created a need for education and training in the basic principles and application of geophysical methods, as local coal mining companies generally do not have in-house geophysicists. Consequently, the Coaltech Research Organisation?s Geology and Geophysics working group forum compiled a textbook aimed at addressing this need: to produce a guide for applying geophysics to coal mining problems in South Africa. The target audience for such a book would be coal geologists, mine surveyors, mine planners, and other mining staff with limited or no geophysics background. This paper provides a very brief overview of the book by summarizing key sections and selected examples. In doing so, the value of geophysics to solving a range of coal mining and exploration problems is highlighted.

Jan 1, 2014

By Pedro Lilienfeld

This report describes a program whose objective was to develop, design, fabricate and laboratory-test two prototype instruments capable of real-time selective detection and measurement of airborne fibrous-shaped particles. The operation of this fibrous aerosol monitor (FAM) is based on the rotation imparted to the acicular particles by means of a rotating quadrupole electric field of the order of 3000 V/cm. This field induces a dipole charge separation on the fibers and aligns them with the applied field. The selective detection of the fibers is effected by synchronous detection of the resulting modulation of the light scattered from a continuous-wave helium-neon laser beam by the rotating particles. The theory of operation, design of the electric-optical detection configuration and the electronic signal processing method are discussed. By means of a scattering pulse sharpness discrimination technique, fibers whose length exceed a selectable value are detected and their number concentration digitally displayed. Counting times of 1 to 1000 minutes permit the measurement of fiber concentrations between 0.001 and about 30 cm-3. A concentration of the order of one fiber per cubic centimeter can be assessed within a relative standard deviation of 10 percent with a counting period of 10 minutes. The FAM is a portable, battery-powered instrument capable of operating continuously for about 4 hours between battery charges. Preliminary tests with crocidolite and crysotile asbestos as well as with glass fibers were performed in the laboratory and the results indicate good correlation with the standard NIOSH phase contrast microscopy filter counting method.

Jan 1, 1977

By Keith Jones, Michael Francis

Contract 240 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link comprises construction of twin4.7 km long running tunnels through a densely populated area of East London. The tunnels were constructed by EPBM in Sands and Sandy Clays, passing 4.4 m below the existing London Underground tunnels, and at depths of 20–30m below ground level beneath the Great Eastern railway lines into London Liverpool Street and a series of railway bridges and hundreds of buildings. This paper describes how the project team managed the challenges relating to the issue of settlement: mitigating settlement effects, prioritising the structures to be assessed, controlling resource expenditure by incentives and flexible response to urgent work relating to unforeseen events such as ground collapse and discovery of unusual structures.

Jan 1, 2005

By Peter Fischer

Between 45,000 and 50,000 claims for subsidence are submitted each year to the German hard coal industry. In order to improve the service to claimants a quality management was established in 2005. This paper describes the process now used for handling these claims. A quality check has also been carried out by way of a customer survey, which was performed by an independent research agency. The results of the survey are presented in this paper. In Germany, research into mining subsidence mainly involves the prediction of ground movements caused by deep mining operations. Special areas of research are subsidence reducing aspects of the extraction panel planning, especially from the point of view of mining dynamics, as well as securing and restoration measures. This work seeks to prevent or minimize mining-induced damages close to the surface, for instance, buildings or infrastructure installations (such as pipelines), or underground mine openings (e.g. shafts). Roof collapses and surface fractures caused by shallow mine workings of an earlier era currently constitute a special area of investigation.

Jan 1, 2006

By Huamán G. Miguel A

El presente trabajo describe la exploración realizada por el Departamento de Geología exploraciones al prospecto de la comunidad de Carhuancho en Apurímac. El prospecto es uno de los proyectos en ejecución, cuyo objetivo es descubrir nuevas áreas mineralizadas que garantizen la actividad futura de las minas en actual producción. Los trabajos evaluativos geológicos-mineros se realizaron durante seis meses de campo y tres de gabinete. Para ello, se efectuó una interpretación geológica, levantamiento topográfico, mapeo geológico, además de perfiles topográficos de las vetas principales y toma de muestras especiales para la investigación del comportamiento metalúrgico y estudios minerográficos del mineral. Asimismo, el conocimiento geológico minero actual y las posibilidades del yacimiento alientan la exploración en profundidad hacia las vetas María Teresa, Carmen y María II, como de las áreas de las Catarata, Fragua y Cedruyoc, donde se han determinado leyes interesante de oro.

Aug 26, 1988

Recently published extensions to the mill-dump cutoff grade theory for joint open pit-concentrator operations lead to equations that must be simultaneously satisfied as a necessary condition for an optimal operating policy. These equations are parametrically dependent upon ore quality parameters, other than grade, relating to the ease of recovery of the disseminated mineral in the concentrator. Since it is not possible to treat quantities of ore corresponding to the size of selective mining units separately in the concentrator some mixing is inevitable and often deemed desirable in the interest of homogeneity of mill feed. This renders the calculation of cutoff grades for individual mining units futile; mining units must be grouped to form larger parcels that can be dealt with separately. In doing so an opportunity cost may be incurred; the loss of potential benefit that would result from such separate treatment. This matter is considered from a theoretical, qualitative, point of view. A numerical example then shows that a significant variability in the quality parameters can be tolerated without incurring such opportunity cost, provided sufficient knowledge is available concerning the distribution and effect of these variables to enable the use of effective mean values of these parameters in the cutoff grade calculation. Lack of such knowledge can have major consequences for the economics of the operation.

Jan 1, 1981

By Steve Kral

After years of cutbacks, closures and layoffs, the mining industry is beginning to expand again. Metals prices are up and so is investor interest and confidence in the industry. Gold prices began to slowly move up in January2003 and finally cracked the $12.86/g ($400/oz) mark in early December. Silver, too, is up, as is copper. So the mining industry is feeling good about itself again and many companies are expanding existing mines and developing new ones. One side benefit to mining’s improved outlook is that companies are beginning to send more of their employees to industry conferences. Such was the case at the109th Northwest Mining Association meeting in Spokane, WA. The meeting was held in early December and attracted 1,100 attendees and 84 exhibiting companies. That is up from 2002’s attendance of about 900 people and 65 exhibitors. The theme was “A Partnership into the Future.”

Jan 1, 2004

CONTENTS.IntroductionAcknowledgementsDescription of MineVentilation of MineOrganisation of Fire Fighting SquadsTraining of Fire Fighting SquadsRescue WorkFire Fighting and Rescue EquipmentFire AlarmsConclusionINTRODUCTION.This paper should be read in conjunction with that by R. P. Hooper, entitled "Underground Mine Fire Prevention at the South Mine," Broken Hill. Contents of the paper have been arranged similarly for easy reference. The methods used in educating employees in the use of Proto apparatus remain basically the same, but many changes in the methods and equipment used in subjugating fires have been brought about by the practical experiences gained by officers of the company in extinguishing the outbreaks which occurred in the latter half of 1944.Three fires took place during this period, the first in July, on M.L. 11 in openings leading to timbered workings previously worked and subsequently abandoned by...

Jan 1, 1946

By F. L. Pirkle

A heavy-mineral deposit about 1.6 kilometers (I mile) in length and averaging about three meters (10 feet) in thickness is exposed approximately130 kilometers (80 miles) east of Denver, along Interstate 70, in Elbert County, Colorado near the town of Limon. The deposit is exposed in a geomorphic feature known locally as Titanium Ridge. The dominant heavy minerals, accounting for about 70% of the total heavy mineral suite by weight, are ilmenite, garnet, and zircon. The mineralized zone appears in a series of visually interpretable facies that are stacked vertically and represent subtidal, forebeach, backbeach, washover fan, and aeolian depositional environments. These paleoenvironments are analogous to depositional environments represented by a modern heavy-mineral bearing facies tract on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Thus, Titanium Ridge provides evidence that heavy-mineral accumulation models for late Cenozoic deposits in the Georgia and Florida coastal plains are applicable to heavy-mineral deposits of the Western Interior subsurface and, by implication, the Western Interior Seaway, extending from Mexico to the Canadian Arctic.

Jan 1, 2011

The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) Mae Moh coal mine is an open-cut coal mine in Thailand that produces about 16 Mt of lignite annually to generate 2400 MW of electricity. The surface mine pit covers is 4 km by 7 km with mining depths ranging up to 260 m. A large pit slope is formed with the progression of the mining operation. However, massive slides in the pit slope occur often due to the existence weak planes such as faults and bedding, and the weak mechanical properties of the rocks. Hence, 200 m to 300 m boundaries of rock block including coal seams are left in front of faults in order to prevent slides and maintain the stability of the pit slope. As a result, there are significant coal reserves beneath the abandoned area along the pit slope. Moreover, the mined coal seams are very thick and their thickness range from 15 to 30 m.This paper discusses the application of multi-slicing highwall mining system with stowing to this very thick coal seam left around large pit slopes by means of numerical analysis.

Dec 6, 2010

By A. B. Parsons

Jan 1, 1971

By Vincent A. Scovazzo

On March 12, 1994, the 1,100-foot deep 2 Yard South panel of the 1l0 year-old Retsof Mine collapsed. At the time of this occurrence, the Retsof Mine was characterized as the world's largest, most productive salt mine. The collapse produced a seismic event and resulted in a sinkhole and small lake forming on the surface. An existing highway bridge was rendered unusable. Water entered the mine and despite valiant efforts by the miners and the mining company, the entire mine was flooded and lost. John T. Boyd Company (BOYD) studied the incident to evaluate design procedures, and assess the short- and long-term environmental impacts of the collapse. This paper presents our analysis of the cause of the collapse and our review of the rock mechanics design of 2 Yard South panel. Our review is, in part, based on a rock mechanics monitoring program of 2 Yard South. The monitoring program was established by the mining company as the panel was developed and continued even after the panel became unstable.

Jan 1, 1997

By Luis Paretto Olivera

El objetivo del trabajo estriba en el desarrollo de un método práctico para la determinación del bióxido de nitrógeno a niveles de mayores niveles de concentración mayores, donde se utilize el reactivo de Saltzman especificado para el gas, elimine el problema de utilizar botellas o jeringas hipodérmicas, y se mejore los resultados productibles. El estudio fue complementado por comparaciones de concentración de bióxido de carbono determinadas con la jeringa hipodérmica y el burbujeador poroso y la relación de los mismos (técnica de muestreos, métodos de análisis,y estandarización).

Aug 20, 1963

By Ian Misich

A research programme has been undertaken to evaluate and predict the effect of total extraction of coal by underground methods on the superimposed strata, aquifer systems and ground surface in the Collie Basin. Western Australia. The research work has integrated comprehensive field monitoring of surface and subsurface subsidence with empirical, analytical and physical modelling in an effort to develop an effective predictive tool which can be used in all mining scenarios. Early results indicate that although each method has certain limitations, this approach has enabled the researchers to develop a very good understanding of the subsidence mechanisms from the mine panel through to the surface in the weak, water saturated sediments in the Collie Basin. Given that both subsurface and surface subsidence characteristics have tied in well, greater confidence can be held for predictions made by representative models.

Jan 1, 1993

By Ismael Vemdrame Flores, Lindaura de Souza Cândido D’ Avila, Maurício Covcevich Bagatini, Arthur Felipe Lino Oliveira, Rafael Adriano Lopes Júnior

The use of pellet feed to adjust the chemical quality of the sinter is an alternative to the depletion of iron ore reserves. However, the addition of ultrafine in the sintering process can cause decrease of permeability and consequent drop in machine productivity. In this context, the present work investigated the addition of natural and ground pellet feed, evaluating its effects on cold agglomeration for sintering and quality of quasi-particles produced. Eight typical mixtures with industrial composition were produced in the laboratory, replacing Sinter Feed with different percentages of Natural Pellet Feed (NPF, 91% <150 μm) and Ground Pellet Feed (GPF, 83% <44 μm). The mixtures were subjected to cold agglomeration tests and the quasi-particles produced were evaluated by screening, shatter test, permeability test and disintegration into primary particles analysis. There was a decrease in the mean particle size of quasi-particles and reduce in permeability with addition of the ultrafines. The addition of NPF favored the layering mechanism in larger quasi-particles. The coalescence mechanism occurred for larger additions of NPF and GPF, being more expressive for GPF additions.

Oct 1, 2019