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By Grant D. Nicholas

This paper compares an integrated evaluation approach to decision-making with more traditional sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. The primary objective is to highlight the differences in NPV that can arise from using these evaluation methods in a top down and bottom-up approach. Results from three resource scenarios, derived from sampling a "virtual" ore body (reality) on grid spacings of 75m, 50m and 25m, are analyzed and compared.

May 1, 2007

By Gérald Riverin, Bernard Boily, Daniel Bernard

"The Donalda gold deposit is located in the southern part of the Noranda camp, approximately 2 /em east of the Horne deposit. Combined past production and current reserves total over 1.5 Mt grading 6.9 grams of gold per tonne.The deposit consists of two main veins which are both narrow but persistent structures. The No 1 Vein, hosting about 80% of the gold ore, consists of an EW-striking banded quartz vein dipping on average 25° to the south. Although variable in thickness, it averages lessthan1 metre. TheNo2 Vein, located 300 m below the No 1 Vein, is similar to it except that it dips 50° south. Gold occurs mostly as fine native gold disseminated in quartz, with 2-3% pyrite and trace amounts of various sulphides and tellurides. The wall rocks are only weakly altered and mineralized with pyrite, hematite and sericite.Structurally, the Donalda deposit is centered on the Horne Creek fault (HCF) where the HCF is intersected by the ENE-trending DonaldaandCentralfaults.NorthoftheHCF,theNo1Veinishosted by the Quemont Rhyolite, whereas south of the HCF the vein is hosted by magnetic basalts and diorites of the Wilco Andesite Formation. The No 1 Vein extends across the HCF with only minor displacement, whereas the No 2 Vein has not yet been traced south of the HCF.A preliminary structural analysis of the mine shows that the HCF, which strikes 275° and dips 70° north in the mine area, has a reverse movement a lid that the flat dipping No 1 Vein is a tension vein. Both probably developed in response to the same stress conditions. Although the absolute age of the Donalda veins is not known, structural relationships indicate that they formed during the latest movements of the HCF, but prior to the intrusion of the Proterozoic D' Eldona Diabase. The occurrence along the HCF of gold-rich synvolcanic massive sulphides and much younger vein-type gold deposits (such as Donalda) indicates that the HCF was a very long-lived, deep-seated (?)structure which has controlled the circulation of gold-rich fluids over a long period of time."

Jan 1, 1990

By A Falter

Gyroscopic surveying instruments, which apply the physical law of a gyroscope, are being used for deter-mining the azimuth of lines with a high degree of ac-curacy. In the past ten years, gyro-theodolites have been introduced widely for underground orientation in the mining industry of Russia, Germany and South Africa. Gyroscorpic methods eliminate awkward procedures of conventional shaft plumbing, and provide more safety, excellent control and the highest precision at any point under-ground without interference with hoisting operations. The advantages of gyroscopic orientation in geodetic surveys become obvious in primary and secondary triangulation, in the determination of co-ordinates of single triangulation points, using the method of trigonometric re-section and intersection, and when traversing over long distances or in areas with obstructed view. Other fields of application are found in geophysical surveys and in the orientation of technical objects; e.g. radar stations, relay stations and ballistic missiles.

Jan 1, 1964

By C. A. Rowland Jr

"I. INTRODUCTIONFred C. Bond's ""Third Theory of Comminution"" (1) was published in 1952. The mathematical statement of the Third Theory is the well-known Bond Formula:where W - Kw H per short tonWl - Work IndexP - Product size in microns which 80% passesF .. Product size in microns which 80% passesWork Index, as defined by Fred Bond, "" ... is the comminution parameter which expresses the resistance of the material to crushing and grinding. Numerically, the Work Index is the KwHrs per short ton required to reduce the material from theoretically infinite feed size to 80% passing 100 microns."" (2)Work indices for grinding can be obtained tram Bond grindability tests and can be calculated from plant grinding mill operating data when power consumed per ton of ore ground, the feed size analysis and the product size analysis are known.Work indices obtained tram Bond grindability tests, having been obtained from standard and controlled laboratory procedures, are reproducible and for the sample tested are accurate. The degree of accuracy relative to plant mill operation depends upon how representative the sample is of the total mill feed.The results of the Bond closed circuit rod and ball mill grindability tests (3) are given in grams of product sized material produced per revolution of the test mill. In developing a method to evaluate plant operating data and results from his grindability test, Fred Bond developed the ""Third Theory of Comminution."" In the process formulae were developed for converting grams per revolutionobtained from grindability tests to work index.The standard feed sizes for the Bond grindability tests are:Rod Mill Test ore crushed to minus 1ll inchBall Mill Test ore crushed to minus 6 mesh (Tyler)The formulae for converting grams per revolution to work index incorporate the 80% passing sizes for the feed to and the product produced in the specific test. Therefore, accurate work indices can be obtained from Bond grindability tests when the feed size is finer than standard. To obtain accurate test results, the ratio of reduction should be greater than 6 to 1."

Jan 1, 1972

By Sunil Koppalkar, Guillaume Noel, Ahmed Bouajila, Makni Sami, Claude Gagnon

"Gold gravity recovery circuits utilizing enhanced gravity separators have become an integral part of many of the modern gold processing plants. Thus, efforts to improve the operating efficiency have been a topic of interest for metallurgists for many years. As part of this endeavour, a methodology to estimate the portion of gold in the ore that could be recovered by gravity separation (gravity recoverable gold or GRG) was developed at McGill University. It has been reported in the literature that the gold content estimated with this methodology is the theoretical maximum that is available for gravity recovery that could only be approached but never achieved. A comparison of GRG recovery obtained in the laboratory with the actual recovery in the plant shows that plants recover between one-third to two-thirds of the value predicted by the laboratory test.Research conducted at COREM shows that particle shape transformation during grinding is a major cause of the discrepancy (even though the bleed percent processed, the quality of cyclone classification and the operating conditions of the gravity separator also contribute to the difference). To analyze the gold particle shapes and their deportment, samples were collected from different streams of a grinding-gravity circuit in a gold plant and compared to a concentrate sample from the standard GRG test. A particle characterization methodology based on gold morphology was developed. GRG mapping in a conventional grinding-gravity circuit and the transformation of GRG into non-GRG, as mainly explained by gold particle reshaping, will be discussed. The knowledge gained from the shape analysis will be used to develop shape distributions and partition curves for the classification of shapes.INTRODUCTIONGravity concentration using centrifugal concentrators has gained increasing popularity since the invention of the enhanced gravity concentrators in the nineteen eighties. Among these, the semicontinuous centrifugal gravity concentrators are most commonly used for recovering gold and platinum group minerals (PGM) from grinding circuit streams. The benefits of gold gravity recovery are now well understood and the acceptance by the mining industry is overwhelming. The occurrence of reasonable amounts of gravity recoverable gold (GRG) in an ore prompts gold mills to install gravity circuits. Thus, the increased use of gravity concentration has necessitated a better understanding of the behavior of gold in grinding circuits and of the factors affecting the performance of the gravity concentrator (Laplante et al., 1995). Due to its high density (19.3 g/cm3 when pure) and malleability properties, gold tends to accumulate in circulating streams making it attractive for gravity recovery. The gravity recovery units are typically installed on a bleed stream of the cyclone underflow, mill discharge or cyclone feed."

Jan 1, 2011

By Michael B. Cortie

The young field of nanotechnology has as its objective the design and construction of useful devices made of nanoscale materials. Objects or structures which have at least one important dimension in the range 0.5 to perhaps 50 nm may be considered to be in the nanoscale domain. These sizes lie far below the 200 nm or so that can be resolved with an optical microscope, and are closer in size to the 0.3 nm diameter of individual atoms. Nanotechnology, which is the study and exploitation of these tiny structures, is attracting keen interest at present. The excitement is motivated by the observation that control of matter at the nanoscale holds the promise of faster computing, better medicines, and smarter materials. In this paper, the physical phenomena on which this optimism is based are broadly discussed and explained. Where appropriate, examples of the rather different and curious properties of gold at the nanoscale are used to illustrate the points covered.

Oct 1, 2003

By T. G. Joseph

"The Oil sands-Equipment Interactions Program (OsEIP) is a collaborative research venture between Syncrude Canada Ltd., James Progithin International Ltd. (JPi), the University of Alberta, P&H MinePro, and Caterpillar Inc. The objective is to better understand the behaviour of oil sands as it interacts with mining equipment, in particular, large trucks and shovels. With a move to ever larger equipment, mining oil sands of highly variable bitumen content, ground stability comes into question. This paper outlines this aspect of OsEIP and provides some insight into how some of the findings enable an improved understanding of oil sands behaviour that may impact large equipment design, operational and maintenance strategies. IntroductionThe mechanical behaviour of oil sands in the underfoot and in the face yields some of the harshest stability and digging conditions of any mining environment. High maintenance costs from truck and shovel fatigue failures predominate as a result of ground stability issues. Wear rates of shovel and dozer ground engaging tools (GET), rollers, roller paths and crusher screens result in costly and frequent replacement, or even more frequent and costly sacrificial wear zone building. From the shovel face to the crushers and screens, dry oil sands mechanics affects the degree of fragmentation and, ultimately, bitumen production.An increased knowledge of the behaviour of oil sands with respect to stability, fragmentation and abrasion, etc. would enhance the long-term equipment design process at the vendor level, and provide the end user with improved short-term operational guidelines and long-term strategies for future purchases and operation. Truck vendors recognize that the interaction between operator, seat, frame, suspension, tires and oil sands is unclear, and must be better understood before proceeding to next generation designs. Similarly for shovel manufacturers, the relationship between bucket/dipper motion, carbody, side frame, rollers, track and oil sands follow in the same vein."

Jan 1, 2002

By K. Turgeon, J. -F. Boulanger, L. Whitty-Léveille, C. Bazin

"Several companies targeting Rare Earth Elements (REE) around the world have completed a Preliminary Economic Assessment showing positive project financial results. Although REE ores may contain high REE value, financing these projects remains difficult in part due to the number of processes required to valorize the elements and the relatively low yield of these processes. Direct ore leaching without the production of a concentrate may reduce the capital and some operating expenditures through process simplification, and increase revenues because of REE recovery improvement.A silicate REE ore is used to test various hypotheses regarding whole ore processing and to develop a simplified flowsheet. An atmospheric leach (200 kg/t H2SO4) of crushed whole-ore containing 0,6% REE, followed by impurity removal and REE precipitation recovers 80% of the REEs in a solution containing REE and Th. The high value contained in most REE deposits makes whole-ore approaches worth considering for most projects, given the losses of valuable species typically associated with the production of a REE mineral concentrate from the ore. INTRODUCTIONRare Earth Elements (REE) find applications in modern and clean technologies, whether civil, industrial or military. With China producing more than 90% of the world’s REE, the embargo imposed by this country in early 2010 increased REE prices for a three year period. With prices having shrunk back many-fold from their peak value, projects put forward during the hike are struggling to secure financing. Owing in part to unconventional processes such as acid-baking and solvent extraction, REE plants are high capital cost and high operating-cost units, and present technological risks (Verbaan et al., 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Dany Pelletier, Yeves Breau, Ahmed Bouajila, Claude Gagnon

"In flotation circuits, direct measurement of the volumetric flow rate delivered by electromagnetic flowmeters is often difficult to obtain particularly due to piping and flow constraints. However, on-line material balance calculation could offer a reliable alternative to flow rate sensing. This paper describes an on-line material balance software package as applied to a copper flotation circuit for mass flow rate estimation mainly based on the output of an x-ray fluorescence onstream analyser. Rule-based procedures for the management of the main calculation modules are designed and integrated to a Comdale expert system. Attempts to diagnose the flotation process from mass flow rate data are also discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe need for improved process diagnosis, control and optimisation has become more evident for the mineral processing industry in the last decade. Therefore, new process variables need to be inferred or measured particularly in highly multivariable processes such as flotation. This process is subject to a wide variety of disturbances mainly generated by frequent and sometimes abrupt changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the ore and due to some irregularities in manual process operating procedures.A flotation circuit scheme is always a complex network counting more than two dozens of slurry streams. Information about those streams (%solids, metal content analysis, and flow rates) are important for process diagnosis, performance evaluation control and optimization (1,3).On-line sensing instruments such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on-stream analysers (OSA), gamma density gauges and electromagnetic flowmeters have been developed for the measurement of those variables. Unlike the other variables, stream flow rates could be determined by different ways:"

Jan 1, 2000

By Carlos F. Perucca, Maria Virginia Ramírez A.

"Chile based SQM S.A., exploits potassium chloride rich salts at the Salar de Atacama, in northern Chile. The process includes the solar evaporation of natural brines existing in the Salar salt bed, followed by conventional flotation to recover Muriate of Potash (MOP) for fertilizer use.This paper describes a structured method developed to aid in understanding the metallurgical response of the solar evaporated salts to conventional flotation. The method uses classical metallurgical data analysis combined with laboratory and plant-scale testing, and rudimentary mineralogical studies.As a result of the study, several changes were made to the flotation circuit which produced an operation that is much more consistent and easier to control, and has an increased recovery. An optimized circuit, currently being financially evaluated, has also been conceptually designed based on the findings of this work.INTRODUCTIONSQM S.A. is the world’s largest producer and distributor of specialty fertilizers, iodine, lithium, as well as a wide array of industrial and specialty chemicals. SQM is a public corporation whose shares are traded in the Santiago and the New York Stock Exchanges.SQM S.A. exploits the mineral rights at the Salar de Atacama in northern Chile. Its production processes involve the solar evaporation of natural brines existing in the Salar salt bed, aimed at the recovery of Potassium, Lithium and Boron compounds."

Jan 1, 2004

By Milton Fies

Introduction The first experiment in underground gasification of coal in the United States was conducted at Gorgas, Walker county, Alabama, under a co-operative arrangement between the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the Alabama Power Company, at the suggestion of the Power Company. The test was conducted on property of the Alabama Power Company, that owns some 19,000 acres of coal-bearing lands on which there is developed a highly mechanized mine producing some 2,500 cons of good quality steam coal per day. At the same locality ?there is a 200,000 kilowatt steam plant one of the largest in the southern portion of the United States. The Alabama Power Company owes much of its beginning in 1912 to British vision and courage. The original plans for building hydroelectric plants in Alabama, and for the construction of necessary transmission lines, were submitted to Sperling & Company, bankers of London, who agreed to underwrite certain bond issues, the proceeds of which would be used in launching the new Company on its programme. The set-up by which these funds from England were received was through an intermediary Canadian company, which the English investors desired. The Canadian company - Alabama Traction, Light and Power Company, Ltd. became owner of the securities of the Alabama Power Company and marketed its own securities through the banking house of Sperling & Company. Without assistance at this time the Alabama Power Company could not have gone ahead with its programme of expansion and the bringing together of the properties necessary for laying the foundation for a strong Company, fortified with ample power resources essential for future requirements and for dependable service to the public.

Jan 1, 1948

By S. Tuttle, R. Sisson

"Suncor Energy Inc. has proposed a 2.2 billion dollar expansion to the current oil sands operation, which will more than double the productive capability of the facility. As part of the application for this expansion, a comprehensive closure plan had to be developed and filed.Closure planning includes a systematic evaluation of the area to be developed, the development activities planned, the goals and objectives of the corporation in re-establishing landforms and ecosystems at the same time as running an effective operation. As early as is practical during the mine development, surface contouring is completed, soil is reconstructed, and vegetation, surface drainage and wetlands are re-established. Once active reclamation is complete and vegetation has been re-established, Suncor monitors maturation of landscapes and ecosystems to provide the submission basis for reclamation certification"

Jan 1, 1999

By Jose R. Hernandez-Aguilar, Chris J. Martin, Rob Thorpe

"This study presents an approach to establishing relationships between metallurgical performance and the characteristics of the bubble population (gas dispersion) inside flotation cells. Bubble size Db, superficial gas velocity Jg, and bubble surface area flux Sb (Sb = 6Jg/Db) measurements were obtained along with metallurgical samples in full-size equipment processing different ore types. The gas dispersion was manipulated by changing the operating conditions of the cells (gas flowrate and frother type) and the metallurgical performance (grade-recovery) was determined. In two cases, the Sb had a strong relationship with grade and recovery, hence, Sb could be used as practical operating parameter. In another case, Sb did not correlate with recovery. The reasons were attributed to creating small bubbles using frothers with desired anti-coalescence properties. This illustrated that bubble size was the key parameter for metallurgy rather than Sb.INTRODUCTIONUnravelling the mechanisms that govern the relationships between metallurgical performance and the characteristics of the bubble population (gas dispersion) inside a flotation cell remains a major challenge. Information on this subject is scarce in the literature, particularly, plant-scale data. The report of Jameson and Allum (1984) appears to be the first gas dispersion study conducted in industrial (mechanical) cells. To introduce concepts, some aspects of their work are reviewed here.The prime motivation of that study was to establish whether any particular cell design (among 44 cells surveyed) could produce very small bubbles (< 0.1 mm), which laboratory research suggested would increase the recovery of fine particles. Although one of the outcomes was that the (examined) cells did not seem to produce such small bubbles (Sauter mean1 D32 ˜ 0.9 mm), the analysis highlighted the importance of including other factors. Jameson and Allum indicated that, besides bubble size (Db), other characteristics of the bubble dispersion should be considered, namely: gas holdup ?g – the fraction of cell volume occupied by bubbles, superficial gas velocity Jg – is the gas flowrate divided by the cross-sectional area of the cell and, bubble surface area flux Sb – the rate of production of (new) bubble surface area (m2/s) per m2 of cell cross-sectional area. It should be noted that, whereas Jg, ?g and Db can be measured directly, the Sb is derived: Sb = 6Jg/Db, where Db is usually substituted by the Sauter mean diameter (D32)."

Jan 1, 2006

By Chris Larsen, Ian Orford, Mike Cooper

"An autogenous grinding circuit was commissioned at the Brunswick concentrator in October 1998. The autogenous grinding circuit replaced existing surface crushing plants, fine ore storage, rod and primary ball mills. The 8.54m diameter x 4.27m long (EGL) AN1 mill is driven by a bidirectional variable speed 6.3MW ABB wound rotor motor with Slip Energy Recovery (SER) drive. The AG mill was subsequently converted to SAG operation in May 1999 for a number of reasons. The mill is operated in closed circuit with horizontally inclined 660mm diameter cyclones to produce a circuit product P80 of 85 microns. Extensive test work and JKSimMet design modeling resulted in a production circuit operating closely within design expectations.The circuit is highly instrumented and controlled via a hybrid Programmable Logic Controller (PLC-5) and Fisher PROVOX Distributed Control System (DCS) that is in communication with the property information highway. An expert control system (Gensym G2) is used for control of the SAG mill load.Engineering and construction were completed in 28 months from the time of management approval for the project. The Brunswick AG/SAG mill circuit was commissioned on schedule at the $M 23.5 forecast budget."

Jan 1, 2001

By Derek H. C. Wilton

"The Nain Province (NP) of northern Labrador is a >600 km long by =100 km wide Archean craton that has undergone relatively little mineral exploration until economically signifcant concentrations of orthomagmatic nickel sulphide were discovered by Diamond Fields Resources (DFR) at Voisey’s Bay. Due to the great time span between crust formation andfnal intrusive activity (ca. 3.9 Ga to 1.27 Ga),there were, however, numerous metallogenic events within the NP.The NP was intruded by the ca. 1.3 Ga to1.2 Ga Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS) composite anorthosite-granite complex. The NPS dividesthe NP into the southern Hopedale Block (90 km by 150 km) and the northern SaglekBlock (375 km long by =50 km wide). These two blocks appear to represent two distinct Archean cratonic nuclei, each with its own distinct metallogenic history. The NPS is a coalesced assemblage of composite intrusions which include anorthosite, troctolite, norite, gabbro and granite.The Hopedale Block contains the Hunt River and Florence Lake greenstone belts, and the Weekes Amphibolite which represents remnantsf the older Hunt River greenstone belt. Geologically, these belts have some potential to host komatiitic Kambalda-style nickel, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) and meso -thermal lode gold mineralization. The unconformity between Paleoproterozoic cover sequences and the trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite (TTG)suite which engulfed the greenstones was the locus for lead-zinc-bearing quartz-carbonate veins. Minor fracture-hosted uraninite showings are also present in the TTG.The Saglek Block is a high-grade gneissterrane with deformed Archean supracrustal sequences but no greenstone belts. Within the gneiss are variably-sized enclaves that range in composition from anorthositic to ultramafic; some of these latter xenoliths contain abun-dant fuchsite. There are also three small anorthositic to ultramafic meta-igneous complexes present in the gneiss near Okak Bay.Some Archean meta sedimentary and maficgneiss supracrustal sequences contain iron-oxide and sulphide members. The sulphide-bearing Tasiuyak parag neiss defines the cra-tonic suture between the NP and Churchill(Rae) Province. Along the cratonic suture between the NP and Churchill Province from Ramah Bay north are remnants of the Archean(or Paleoproterozoic) Hutton Anortho site Suite. Ultramafc layers within the suite contain chromite and elevated Ni values.Three ca. 2.0 Ga supracrustal sequenceswere deposited in small fault-bounded basins within the NP. The Snyder Group contains pyrrhotitiferous massive sulphide horizons. TheMugford Group contains SEDEX-like massive sulphide blocks in a debris fow and ultramafic sills with unusual PGE concentrations; alaskitic granite cutting basement gneiss to the group contains stockwork-like pyritiferous quartz veins. The Ramah Group contains numerous MVT-style zinc-lead sulphide occurrences.The Reid Brook Intrusion of the NPS contains enormous and high-grade nickel-copper-cobalt massive sulphide bodies at the Voisey’s Bay deposit. Exploration in the northern portions of the NPS in 1995 has indicated the presence of other potentially economic nickel sulphide horizons."

Jan 1, 1996

By Y. Özçelik

Rocks show a variety of engineering and physical properties that affect typical quarry operation such as diamond wire cutting in the marble quarry. The physical and mechanical properties of rocks depend on their mineralogical and petrographical characteristics. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of mineralogical and petrographical properties of a rock, such as grain size and mineral content, and how these affect the wearing of diamond bead and cutting rate in a diamond wire cutting operation in a marble quarry. Statistical analysis is used to carry out the study. Three different rock types were examined, namely, hard rock (andesite) and softer rocks like limestone and marble. The study revealed that the mineralogical and petrographical properties of the rocks, such as percentage of quartz, biotite, plagioclase, matrix minerals, and opaque minerals, are important. In addition, the grain size of quartz and plagioclase in andesitic rocks and calcite grain size for carbonate rocks significantly influenced the wear rate and cutting rate in diamond wire cutting operations.

Jan 1, 2005

By David Clarry

?The issue ?reduction requirement ?Planning abatement steps ?Energy Management & Energy Efficiency ?Energy Recovery / Utilization ?Alternative Energy Professional Services Overview ?Capital Projects and Construction ?Project Development and Planning ?Engineering ?Project management ?Construction management ?Consulting ?Process ?Business ?Environmental ?Technology ?Operational Services ?In-house engineering services for operations

May 1, 2009

By G. B. Bell

"INTRODUCTION On February 1, 1962, after five years of exploration and research, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation announced that they would develop the Adams Mine. Plant construction began immediately and in December of 1964 the first shipment of pellets arrived at J & L's blast furnaces in Pittsburgh. J & L continued to operate the property through its wholly owned subsidiary, Jones & Laughlin Mining Company, Ltd., until August of 1971 when it was sold to Dominion Foundries and Steel, Limited of Hamilton. Dofasco engaged Cliffs of Canada, a subsidiary of Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company, to manage the operation of the property.SUMMARY:The Adams Mine is a one million tons per year iron ore pellet operation located in the Boston Township Iron Range, approximately seven miles southeast of Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The property includes 5,300 acres in which eight areas suitable for open pit mining have been outlined. It was estimated that the reserves in these out lined areas are sufficient to produce 30 million tons of high grade iron ore pellets.The ore 'consists of fine grained magnetite with alternating layers of chert and is mined by conventional open pit methods. This extremely hard and abrasive ore averages about 20 percent magnetic iron, and has a ratio of concentration of 3. 9 /1. Presently, mining operations are confined to two pits with a third one being developed for operations to begin in 1973.The run-of-mine ore is crushed and ground and then concentrated by magnetic separation and flotation to a concentrate grade of 68 percent magnetic iron. The concentrate is agglomerated by a grate-kiln pelletizing process and shipped by rail to Dofasco's blast furnaces in Hamilton and to Jones & Laughlin's furnaces in Pittsburgh."

Jan 1, 1973

By R. Gallinger, B. Kelley

"In 1997, a group of Canadian mining companies met to review the Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) program and to consider future activities. They concluded that (1) that Canadian industry and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) should fund a small secretariat in Ottawa to support technology transfer in Canada and, (2) that it was important for industry to continue the momentum of MEND on an international scale.The need for the International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) was strongly endorsed by consultants, company, university, and government experts from Australia, Canada, and the United States who convened in Vancouver in February 1998. The initial focus was the development of a solid knowledge base covering the collective experience of INAP’s members to promote the dissemination of successful practices, the identification of knowledge gaps, and the formulation of effective research proposals. The sharing of information on past successes and failures alone was viewed assufficient justification for the formation of INAP.INAP was officially launched in October 1998, and is now an effective, industry-based initiative to globally coordinate research and development in the management of sulphide mine waste. Significant improvements in the management of sulphidic mine materials through knowledge sharing, research, and development of technology by INAP will reduce liability associated with acid drainage.This paper will explore the international efforts and activities of INAP."

Jan 1, 2005

By E. M. Watkin

"Although Canada has achieved one of the highest living standards in the world, people and organizations have, over the past decade, begun to question the cost and means of this achievement. Concern has been expressed about the degree of environmental disturbance arising from industrial activities which have greatly contributed to our increased living standards. These industries include hardrock mining, pit and quarry operations, hydro-electric schemes, various agricultural enterprises and urban land developments.In the construction and operation of the above industries many environmental problems arise because the natural vegetative land cover is destroyed or drastically disturbed. Disturbance may occur to such a degree that revegetation is di ffi cult, often it appears impossible. Portions of the environment around such industries remain aesthetically unacceptable and appear to offer little or no potential for future resource use in wildlife, recreation or agriculture.The general public cannot dissociate itself from the activities of the aforementioned industries. It has, over many years, accepted the benefits and conveniences arising from those activities. Despite this, the increasing level of public concern imposes upon industry a need to alleviate or repair past, present and future environmental disturbance. Therefore it is incumbent upon industry to modify present technology or develop new techniques which would allow the disturbed environment to be easily and rapidly repaired."

Jan 1, 1975