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By E. C. Reed

Oil was discovered in Nebraska on Nov. I, 1939, when the Pawnee Royalty Company's Boice No. I well, about 3 miles west of Falls City (NE 1/4 NE 1/4, sec. 18, T.r N., R.16 E., Richardson County) was drilled into the Hunton formation but the develop-ment of the area took place during 1940. After a pumping test lasting 18 days, the Boice well stopped producing and failed to qualify for the State bonus of $ 15,000 offered for the first oil well to produce go bbl. per day for 60 consecutive days. On May 9, 1940, the Pawnee Royalty Company's Bucholz No. I well was completed about M mile southeast of the discovery well and flowed at the rate of about 330 bbl. per day, easily meeting the State bonus requirements. In addition to the discovery well, which later was reconditioned, and the bonus well, 28 producers were drilled in the Falls City field during 1940. Of these wells, 23 are in sec. 20, two are in the northern part 'of sec. 29, two in the southwestern part of sec. 17 and three in the eastern part of sec.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. L. Jr. Spencer

THERE is no question as to the importance of the part played by the retort in modern zinc smelting. A satisfactory retort should have properties that will result in resistance to slagging action and fire cracks, and have no tendency, or at least, only a small tendency, to soften and bend under furnace heat. The life and cost of a retort also are extremely important factors. The trend in zinc smelting during the past few years has been toward longer retorts and higher charge density. This is caused by the fact that the diameter is limited to 9 or 10 in. because of heat penetration difficulties in larger sizes. Consequently, increasing the length of the retort and density of charge offers the only practical means of increasing the amount of zinc produced per retort. The stiffness of a retort perhaps is the most important factor, as slag accumulates in the bottom of a retort which has sagged and very quickly cuts through, often ruining the retorts below. The development of the high-silica retort is a result of the demands made by the trend toward heavy charges.

Jan 1, 1931

By E. C. Reed

Oil was discovered in Nebraska on Nov. I, 1939, when the Pawnee Royalty Company's Boice No. I well, about 3 miles west of Falls City (NE 1/4 NE 1/4, sec. 18, T.r N., R.16 E., Richardson County) was drilled into the Hunton formation but the develop-ment of the area took place during 1940. After a pumping test lasting 18 days, the Boice well stopped producing and failed to qualify for the State bonus of $ 15,000 offered for the first oil well to produce go bbl. per day for 60 consecutive days. On May 9, 1940, the Pawnee Royalty Company's Bucholz No. I well was completed about M mile southeast of the discovery well and flowed at the rate of about 330 bbl. per day, easily meeting the State bonus requirements. In addition to the discovery well, which later was reconditioned, and the bonus well, 28 producers were drilled in the Falls City field during 1940. Of these wells, 23 are in sec. 20, two are in the northern part 'of sec. 29, two in the southwestern part of sec. 17 and three in the eastern part of sec.

Jan 1, 1941

Thus far virtually the sole theme of the conservationist has been the preservation of natural resources. Little thought has been devoted to the conservation of America's most significant asset-her people. True, considerable effort has been devoted to conserving man's physical strength by the invention and application of labor-saving machinery. Notable progress has been made also in the conservation of man's health through important discoveries in medicine. However, little if any positive success has been achieved in the conservation of the most valuable attributes of man-intellect, skills, manpower. Human resources are interrelated and interdependent. There is no monopoly on knowledge or skills' or human energy. No one must sell them short. All the knowledge and all the skills and all the energy possessed by all men are required to render all the services needed by all men. One of the major sources of wasted manpower is found in the nation's schools, with an educational system based on the outmoded theory of uniform education for all. Actually, if democracy means free initiative for the individual, and unlimited progress at the maximum rate of speed of which the individual is capable, then our public schools are not democratic in-

Jan 1, 1950

By O. C. Wheeler

Production in Colombia attained a new high during 1940 when it reached a total of 25,607,976 bbl. Of this amount, the Tropical Oil Co. produced 21;426,492 bbl., including 268,586 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Cololmbian Petroleum Co. produced 4,181,484 bbl. from its Barco property. The wildcatting program of different companies in the Magdalena Valley that was initiated during the previous year was continued but with results that were decidedly disappointing. Ten wells were drilled in the Magdalena Valley between the approximate latitudes of Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio and nine of these were dry; the tenth was a small producer of no commercial importance. The prospects of finding new fields in the Magdalena Valley thus received a serious setback, since some of the tests drilled were on well developed surface structures. The prospects of the Valley, however, have by no means been exhausted and drilling operations are being continued on other prospects. One additional wildcat was drilled outside the Magdalena Valley on the Colombian Petroleum Company's Barco Concession, which brought to 11 the total number of wildcats drilled in Colom-bia during the year. This well, known as

Jan 1, 1941

By O. C. Wheeler

Production in Colombia attained a new high during 1940 when it reached a total of 25,607,976 bbl. Of this amount, the Tropical Oil Co. produced 21;426,492 bbl., including 268,586 bbl. of petroleum condensate, and the Cololmbian Petroleum Co. produced 4,181,484 bbl. from its Barco property. The wildcatting program of different companies in the Magdalena Valley that was initiated during the previous year was continued but with results that were decidedly disappointing. Ten wells were drilled in the Magdalena Valley between the approximate latitudes of Puerto Wilches and Puerto Berrio and nine of these were dry; the tenth was a small producer of no commercial importance. The prospects of finding new fields in the Magdalena Valley thus received a serious setback, since some of the tests drilled were on well developed surface structures. The prospects of the Valley, however, have by no means been exhausted and drilling operations are being continued on other prospects. One additional wildcat was drilled outside the Magdalena Valley on the Colombian Petroleum Company's Barco Concession, which brought to 11 the total number of wildcats drilled in Colom-bia during the year. This well, known as

Jan 1, 1941

By J. C. Irvine

Meramec Mining Co., a joint venture by Bethlehem Steel Corp. and St. Joe Minerals Corp., is engaged in the mining, concentrating, and pelletizing of iron ore from the Pea Ridge mine near Sullivan, Mo., about 70 mi southwest of St. Louis. The orebody lies under about 1300 ft of sediments. It is tabular, about 2600 ft long and up to 600 ft thick, and lies in an approximate east-west delineation. The orebody dips about 80"s and is of unknown depth. The ore is primarily high grade magnetite with smaller zones of specular hematite. The Precambrian wall rock is rhyolite porphyry. The mine is serviced through two concrete-lined shafts, 19 ft 1 in. diam and 2500 ft deep. No. 1 shaft, equipped with an "A" type head-frame and conventional cylindrical drums, hoists men, materials, and waste rock; it is also the downcast air shaft. No. 2 shaft utilizes tower-mounted friction hoists to handle the two production skips, each with 24-ton counterweights, and a small man cage. The mine exhaust passes through this shaft. Ore is principally mined by sublevel stoping,

Jan 9, 1972

By W. N. Logan

THE petroleum industry in Indiana made no extraordinary progress during the year 1924. The surplus stock of crude, brought about by the production of 732,407,000 bbl. in the United States in 1923, as against a production of 557,531,000 bbl. in 1922, had its effect on prices though there were slight advances. These advances were more than offset by the continued high prices of labor and materials. TRENTON OIL DEVELOPMENT The principal development of the year occurred in the Hotmire pool of the Ridgeville district in northeastern Indiana. This pool lies partly in the southern part of Jay County and partly in the northern part of Randolph County. The oil is obtained from the upper horizon of the Trenton. During the past year, about 30 wells were drilled, 21 of which were productive. An attempt to extend the Hotmire pool to the northeast resulted in the discovery of a gas-producing area near the center of Pike township in Jay County; 10 wells have been drilled 4 of which produced oil. The Harvey Orr No. 1 produced 900,000 cu. ft. of gas per day.

Jan 3, 1925

By Auguste J. Rossi

As is well known, practically all the phosphorus of the ironores smelted in the blast-furnace passes into the pig-metal, increasing its fluidity, but diminishing its strength to such an extent that, if phosphorus exceeds a certain amount, the metal is only fit for fine castings, not required to resist strains, and it cannot be used for the ordinary purposes of good foundry-iron. No phosphorus being eliminated in the acid Bessemer process, the quantity admissible in pig-metal destined for that process must be very small, and hence the ores smelted must be strictly Bessemer ores, of which, in many districts, the supply is taxed to the utmost. On the other hand, very highly phosphoric pig, a metal of little or no value by itself, when refined by the Thomas-Gilchrist process in the basic converter, furnishes an excellent steel; but such pig-iron must be made from ores particularly high in phosphorus; and these ores are not everywhere abundant, and are much sought after for this special purpose. But there are many iron-ores containing a moderate, though still important, amount of phosphorus, which yield a pig-metal

Jan 1, 1897

By James A. Todd

Use of AN-FO in underground operations has greatly reduced the cost of primary explosives. AN-FO is also less sensitive than conventional dynamites, and when properly used, is safer. Maximum safety in the use of AN-FO, however, requires an understanding of potential hazards from toxic fumes as well as static electricity developed in pneumatic loading. Safe limits and guides have been established to permit most operations to pneumatically load holes that are bottom primed with electric blasting caps, but the toxic fume hazard is less widely understood. During 1959-1960 Du Pont cooperated with the U.S. Bureau of Mines to study the toxic fumes produced by prilled ammonium nitrate-NO. 2 fuel oil mixtures. The conclusions from this work were that oxygen balanced AN-FO, when thoroughly mixed, well primed and well confined in dry holes, produces no greater amounts of toxic fumes than conventional dynamites rated Class I by the Institute of Makers of Explosives. The study also showed, however, that any deviation from these guides tends to increase significantly the quantity of toxic fumes produced. This work was reported by the Bureau of International Symposium on Mining Research at Rolla, Mo., in February 1961.'

Jan 4, 1963

By C. R. Boyd

This section is about fifty miles in length, extending from the semi-magnetic and brown iron-ore deposits, near South Fork of Holston River, on Virginia and Tennessee State line, through Bristol, Tenn., Goodson, Imboden, or Mineral City, and Big Stone Gap, Va., to the Cumberland Mountain, on the line between Virginia and Kentucky. Following a geological section from the southeast for near South Holston River), to the northwest, we encounter, first: The slates of No. III.,* generally dipping southeasterly with a trend of N. 65' E. They ontcrop along the north bank of South Holston River, having a thickness of 375 feet, 260 feet of which, as at Pen Rhyn quarry and the James quarry, southeast of Bristol, is slate of high grade for interior architectural uses. Next northwest is an undulating series, giving surface-exhibits of these slates, alternating with Trenton limestone, for 21/2 miles, to the' line of semi-magnetic red iron-ores and brown iron-ores, of the upper horizon of No. II., generally pitching southeasterly, as though the whole series, including the slate described, formed a great trough, with its middle

Jan 1, 1887

By R. Hogg, D. W. Fuerstenau

Based on a simplified model for the motion of particulate materials in horizontal, rotating cylinders, approximate expressions have been derived relating the power consumption of a tumbling mill to its dimensions and speed of rotation and to the amount and nature of the charge. The basic assumptions underlying the model are that there is no slip between the charge and the mill shell, that the free surface of the charge remains essentially planar during rotation, and that there is no transfer of momentum from the material flowing down the free surface back to the mill shell. The relationships formulated from this model have been shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results taken from the literature. While the requirements of the model are most clearly met at low speeds of rotation, the results appear to be valid even for speeds up to 70-80% of the critical speed. Poorer agreement between theory and experiment is found when the charge consists of relatively large particles (balls) and when the filling of the mill exceeds 50% of the available volume. Qualitative explanations of these deviations have been offered.

Jan 1, 1973

Discussion of the papers of DAVID H. BROWNE, Louis V. BENDER, and R. E. H. POMEROY, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 97, January; 1915, pp. 49 to 60, 73 to 81, and No. 98, February, 1915, pp. 445 to 453, respectively. E. P. MATHEWSON, Anaconda, Mont.-After hearing about the success of D. H. Browne with his furnaces, we in Anaconda decided we might venture into the field of pulverized coal for reverberatory smelting. We sent a delegation of investigators to see Mr. Browne and his work, and they returned, filled with enthusiasm, and said they would recommend it strongly. We thereupon asked for an appropriation, and after some delay obtained the same and fitted up one furnace to use pulverized coal. We copied Mr. Browne's practice and his selection of machinery for drying and pulverizing coal; and we also copied the burner he used, which was a standard article on the market. We got an expert coal-dust machinery man to design our plant, and were very glad we did so as we avoided some of the unpleasantness that had been experienced at other plants through fires and minor explosions.

Jan 5, 1915

By H. M. Chance

The great outspread of the coal measures over portions of thirtyone of the sixty-seven counties of Pennsylvania, and the large number of workable seamy comprising the coal series,—together with some workable seams lately shown to belong to the (so-called) barren measures,—-create the impression that these fields contain a practically inexhaustible supply of fucl, and those who have estimated or attempted to estimate their available tonnage have generally promulgated this view. But the actual total contents of this coal-field is of no importance to us at present; calculations including all seams, whether thick enough to mine or not, whether pure enough to furnish a marketable fuel or not, whether accessible at reasonable depth or not, are of no practical value. As coal producers, we are interested not in the total contents, but in the total amount of easily accessible coal of good quality contained in beds thick enough for remunerative mining. The estimates contained in this payer refer exclusively to workable and accessible coal of commercial value,—we may call it available" coal. I am not aware that any one has as yet attempted to estimate in

Jan 1, 1882

By H. M. Chance

THE great outspread of the coal measures over portions of thirty-one of the sixty-seven counties Of Pennsylvania, and the large number of workable seams comprising the coal series, together with some workable seams lately shown to belong to the (so-called) barren measures, create the impression that these fields contain a practically inexhaustible supply of fuel, and those who have estimated or attempted to estimate their available tonnage have generally promulgated this view. But the actual total contents of this coal-field is of no importance to us at present; calculations including all seams, whether thick enough to mine or not, whether pure enough to furnish a marketable fuel or not, whether accessible at reasonable depth or not, are of no practical value. As coal producers, we are interested not in the total contents, but in the total amount of easily accessible coal of good quality con-tained in beds thick enough for remunerative mining. The estimates contained in this paper refer exclusively to workable and accessible coal of commercial value, we may call it "available" coral. I am not aware, that any one has as yet attempted to estimate in

Jan 1, 1882

By G. St. J. Perrott

During the past year, the Bureau of Mines has carried on an investigation of liquid-oxygen explosives (L.O.X.) to supplement the work described in previous publications.' The present paper gives results of the first part of this work, which was a laboratory investigation of the properties of typical combustibles used in L.O.X., and the relation of these properties to the absorption and retention of oxygen by the explosives and their explosive characteristics. No attempt will be made to describe the development of liquid-oxygen explosives, because this phase of the subject has been well covered.2 The L.O.X. cartridge consists of a paper wrapper filled with an absorbent combustible material that is saturated with liquid oxygen by soaking it therein. After saturation, the cartridge is removed from the liquid and fired with fuse and cap, or electric detonator, in a manner similar to other explosives. Certain types of cartridge may be detonated with fuse alone, requiring no cap to initiate the detonation. ' By suitable variation of the nature and density of the combustible, cartridges having a wide variety of explosive characteristics may be made.

Jan 1, 1925

By M. B. Ramachandra Rao

THE occurrence of copper ores at Garimenapenta, 14° 59 min 30 sec N Lat., 79° 33 min 10 sec E Long., in Nellore district, Madras State, India, has been examined and investigated on numerous occasions during the past two centuries.1 No tangible orebody was ever located as a result of all the ex-

Jan 4, 1953

By E. C. W. Perryman

The wide grooves formed at the grain boundaries when high purity aluminum is attacked by hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide have been attributed by earlier workers to the high energy of the grain boundary material. The effect has been investigated for high-purity AI-Fe alloys with up to 0.055 pct Fe as a function of iron content and heat treatment. It is shown that the explanation given above is untenable, but that the results can be explained on the assumption that iron segregates to the grain boundary in solid solution. IN 1934, Rohrmann¹ showed that aluminum of 99.95 pct purity suffered intercrystalline corrosion when immersed in 10 to 20 pct hydrochloric acid, and that the susceptibility to intercrystalline corrosion depended upon the heat treatment given. The greatest susceptibility was found for specimens quenched from a high temperature (600°C) and the lowest susceptibility for specimens cooled slowly from that temperature. Lacombe and Yannaquis2 have shown that super-pure aluminum (99.9986 pct) annealed at 600°C suffers intercrystalline attack in 10 pct hydrochloric acid and that this attack is intensified by anodic dissolution in the same solution at a current density of 10 milliamperes per sq dm. No difference in extent of intercrystalline attack was found between the 99.993 and 99.986 pct Al, which led the authors to suggest that impurities played only a secondary role in the mechanism of intercrystalline corrosion. It was found, however, that the attack at the grain boundaries depended upon the relative orientation of the grains, large differences in orientation favoring rapid attack. Boundaries where the two neighboring grains were similarly orientated showed high resistance to attack as did boundaries between grains which were in twin relationship. These observations led Lacombe and Yannaquis to suggest that the intercrystalline attack was due to lattice discontinuities present at grain boundaries. Assuming that the grain boundary is a layer three to five atoms thick and has a crystal structure which is a compromise between the two neighboring grains it is clear that the discontinuities will increase with increasing difference in orientation between the neighboring grains and hence the increasing tendency to intercrystalline attack. Roald and Streicher³ investigated the effect of heat treatment of aluminum alloys ranging in purity from 99.2 to 99.998 pct on the corrosion resistance in 20 pct hydrochloric acid and 0.30N sodium hydroxide. They found that in hydrochloric acid the intercrystalline attack appeared to be determined by the type and quantity of impurities present and by the relative orientation of the grains. No difference in the susceptibility to intercrystalline attack was observed between specimens quenched and those furnace cooled, from 575°C. In 0.30N sodium hydroxide some materials exhibited intercrystalline attack, this taking the form of V-notches. Rohrmann¹ offered no explanation for the greater susceptibility to corrosion of material quenched from 600°C. It seems possible that this difference is connected in some way with a different distribution of impurity elements in the quenched and slowly cooled specimens. The fact that Roald and Streicher8 observed no difference between quenched and slowly cooled specimens may possibly be due to differences in either rate of cooling or silicon content or possibly both. Both these would be expected to have an effect on the distribution of impurity elements. Although the rate of cooling used by Rohrmann was slightly more rapid than that used by Roald and Streicher the position cannot be clarified because Rohrmann does not give the silicon content and Roald and Streicher give the silicon contents of only a few of their alloys. That Lacombe and Yannaquis2 found no difference in corrosion behavior attributable to impurities between the two materials they used may be because both were of high purity compared with the aluminum used by Rohrmann.¹ Although they found no difference in the corrosion behavior of their two materials it is possible that the results obtained by Lacombe and Yannaquis may, nevertheless, have been influenced by impurity distribution, since, on the transition lattice theory of grain boundary structure, it would be expected that sparingly soluble impurities would tend to segregate to boundaries where the orientation difference is such that there is a greater density of atomic sites of suitable size to contain them. It was considered worth while, therefore, to examine the corrosion properties of a series of materials of differing impurity content with the objects of confirming the experimental observations made

Jan 1, 1954

By D. A. Kraai, S. Floreen

The effect of 1 to 50 ppm S on the ductility of nickel at 800° to 1400°F was studied. Results at each temperature showed a decrease in the reduction of area from approximately 95 to 5 pet over the sulfur range studied. Ductility varied with grain size, but only to a minor extent relative to the sulfiw effect. The effects of sulfur were completely offset by the addition of small amounts of magnesium. The results indicate that the "hot-short" loss in ductility is not an inherent property of nickel. Some possible mechanisms which cause the loss in ductility are described. MANY metals or alloys that normally possess high ductility exhibit a ductility loss at intermediate temperatures. This loss in ductility is often called "hot-shortness". Numerous examples of this phenomenon have been reported in the literature. Much of this work has been reviewed by McLean1 and by Rhines and Wray.2 To date there is no fully satisfactory explanation of the cause of this intermediate-temperature hot-shortness. It is generally recognized that impurities, and particularly impurities that form low-melting phases, can cause embrittlement. Examples of hot-shortness have been reported, however, where there were no obvious impurities present which would lower the ductility. Thus there has been some basis for believing that hot-shortness is an inherent property, and that even the purest metal would display a hot-short loss in ductility. This latter hypothesis was recently put forward by Rhines and wray2 based on studies of nickel and nickel alloys. In the discussion of this paper, however, Guard noted that high-purity nickel showed no hot-shortness.3 Thus there is reason to doubt whether pure nickel, or by inference any other pure metal, will inherently exhibit hot-shortness. The present work was initiated to determine the extent to which hot ductility was sensitive to very small amounts of an impurity element. If it could be demonstrated that hot-shortness could be induced by only minor amounts of an impurity, then it might be argued that hot-shortness in general is an impurity effect, and not a fundamental property of pure metals. The particular impurity studied was sulfur in nickel. The deleterious effects of sulfur are well- known. It is also well-known, and will be shown below, that additions of magnesium will render sulfur innocuous. When no such refining agents are added, however, the Ni-S system is a very useful one for studying the influence of small amounts of impurities. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Two heats containing -24 ppm S were vacuum-melted and small amounts of magnesium were then added under an argon atmosphere. These alloys were used to show the effectiveness of the normal magnesium treatment in overcoming the influence of sulfur. A second series of alloys with a sulfur range of 1 to 50 ppm was then prepared by vacuum melting nickel in alumina crucibles. No elements, such as magnesium, which tend to combine with sulfur were added. The higher sulfur contents were attained by adding nickel sulfide. Lower sulfur contents were prepared using a method in which the melt was oxidized under vacuum to produce the reaction S + 2O = SO2 These heats were subsequently deoxidized with carbon. Ten- to twenty-pound ingots were cast of all of the alloys studied. The compositions are given in Table I. The ingots were forged and hot-rolled to 3/4-in. bar. They were then annealed at either 2000" or 1600°F to produce different grain sizes. One-quarter-in.-diam tensile specimens were machined from the bars. These were tested at 800°, 1000o, 1200°, and 1400°F. The specimens were held at temperature approximately 45 min before testing. The strain rates were 0.005 min-1 to yielding, and 0.05 min-' after yielding. No extensometers or gage marks were placed on the specimens because the higher sulfur heats tended to fracture at the knife-edge indentations or gage marks. The properties measured were ultimate tensile strength and reduction of area. The analytical technique for determining sulfur at low levels was that developed by Burke and Davis.4 They reported a standard deviation of 1 ppm at an average sulfur level of 4 ppm in NBS standards. A standard deviation of 3 ppm is probably more realistic for the alloys used in this investigation considering the possibility of some segregation in the ingots. RESULTS A summary of the tensile results is given in Table I. As shown in the table, both heats to which

Jan 1, 1964

By Walter F. Gries

AN ounce of prevention is worth A a pound of cure' is an old proverb that has sometimes been forgotten in programs having to do with the health of workmen. Realization of the truth of this maxim is increasing, however, and today the iron-mining industry, with which I am particularly concerned, is becoming more alive to the prevention of illness and the conservation of health, thus decreasing the need for treatment after diagnosis has established its necessity. The healthy workman is the happy, efficient workman, and new programs tending to make him more health-minded are being put into operation. Preventive medicine is less costly than corrective medicine, to say nothing of the better results obtained. Periodic physical examinations, with close follow-up attention when required, have reduced the time lost because of illness, workmen's compensation costs, and group-insurance benefits for nonindustrial disabilities.

Jan 1, 1939