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By A. Davis, C. Webb, J. Sorensen

The abandoned Belle Eldridge Mine near Deadwood, South Dakota, is on land controlled by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The mine produced lead and zinc during the first half of the 1900s. Because of acidic drainage and elevated levels of metals in tailings and waste rock, the site was evaluated in 1998 and 1999. After evaluation, the mine was remediated during 1999-2001 by the BLM. Since remediation, values of pH in water samples have been nearly neutral and specific conductance values have been much lower than before remediation. The Grizzly Gulch forest fire of July, 2002, consumed much of the Belle Eldridge site and resulted in greater than normal erosion and sediment flushing during the months following the wildfire. Had the site not been remediated and the tailings emplaced within a capped repository, generation of acidity and off-site migration of heavy metals within sediments could have been severe at downstream locations.

Jan 1, 2007

By S. Schina

Part of the Imittos Western Peripheral Motorway in Athens is the twin road tunnel in the vicinity of American College, with 20m excavation diameter. In the paper, the environmental and other requirements, the geometry and the geological – geotechnical characteristics of the rock formations in the construction area are given. Information regarding the modeling and analysis methods that are used for the design of the temporary support, the final lining and the wedge and slope stability analysis is described thoroughly. Finally, the results of the analyses are compared with these of measurements and general remarks during the construction of the tunnels.

Jan 1, 2001

By K. Oraee

A comprehensive, harmonic and sustainable development has always been a real concern of state policy makers. To reach such development, regional planning is an approach which is widely applied. This paper deals with policies adopted by a given country with rich mineral deposits, in order to accomplish a mining growth as well as economic development in relatively poor regions. In this regards, first, some worldwide experiences belonging to China, with large scale mining operations and Nigeria with a small scale mining industry, are studied. The mining industry in Iran is then considered as a case study. The study continues by categorizing and prioritizing Iranian regions based on their mining potential and the degree of development, using statistical analysis and Taxonomy and AHP techniques. Results obtained serve to provide recommendations as to where capital investments in the mining industry would produce highest returns. The approach used, together with the practical policies suggested in this paper, can be used to adapt appropriate strategies for mining development in a way that contributes to regional development and a more effective income distribution.

Jan 1, 2012

By M. J. Fairweather, J. R. Egan, W. A. Meekel

Cominco Metals, in cooperation with two Canadian Universities and the Government of Canada, is developing applications for column flotation in the treatment of lead and zinc ores. Plant scale results at Polaris and pilot plant studies of Sullivan, Pine Point and Red Dog ores show column flotation to have significant advantages over conventional mechanical flotation for lead and zinc cleaning. Results from these ongoing studies are discussed in relation to ore texture, mineral recovery, impurity behaviour, scale-up and control.

Jan 1, 1988

By S. C. Langvik

The presentation named 'Dewatering of fines by Rotary Vacuum Disc Filters' has an opening why the filtration process is important to the Iron Ore Industry. It goes on to describe the various types of dewatering machines which have been used in this industry in the last 30-40 years, and where the vacuum disc filters now dominates. It presents also the most important design changes which have been made during this period to enhance performance. Further are discussed the principles of filtration and the factors and parameters which influence performance and operating costs. As a closing is presented today's ideas and thoughts about what can be foreseen of design modifications and improvements in disc filter design in the coming ten years.

Jan 1, 2001

By Tae-kyeong Yeu, Cheon-Hong Min, Hyung-woo Kim, Sup Hong, Minuk Lee, Chang-Ho Lee

This paper concerns the optimum arrangement of the buoyancy module, which is used for stable dynamic motion and structure stability of the marine flexible riser. The main method of this study is simulation-based design using Genetic Algorithm (G.A) for optimum design and Multi-body dynamic for simulation. The marine riser connects the vessel and the seabed-tracked vehicle. The motion of the riser affects the motion of the vessel and the vehicle. In this study, a marine riser of the deep-seabed integrated mining system (Figure 1) is used. This riser has a strong effect on efficient transfer of minerals. So, the buoyancy module must be equipped to supplement problems of the structure stability and the dynamic motion. Positions and quantities of the equipping buoyancy modules are determined by the at sea experiment (Figure 2). But this method is not easy because the actual sea experiment is expensive, time-consuming and dangerous (Figure 3). Thus, the position and quantity must be determined by simulation-based design. The dynamic analysis models of the riser and the buoyancy module were built in the commercial software DAFUL. In the marine environment, factors affecting behavior are current, drag force, etc.

Sep 1, 2014

By H. Sevim, M. K. Mohanty, Y. P. Chugh

The economics of “Conventional” and “Advanced Fine Coal Cleaning” (AFCC) circuits for refuse pond reclamation as well as active mine/preparation plant applications have been evaluated. The benefits of innovative tailings management schemes on the profitability of mining enterprises have also been evaluated as a part of this study. Analyses have been conducted for scenarios involving generation of two different product qualities of 5.81%, a quality that was obtained during AFCC circuit operation at SIU, and a more typical 8% product ash. The inability of the conventional circuits to achieve profitability while producing the lower ash content product is revealed from this approach. The spiral-only circuit is unable to produce a 5.81% ash product. A different version of the same circuit involving spirals and column flotation produced the desired product quality but could not maintain profitability. The AFCC circuits on the other hand, achieve net present values greater than $6 million, with return on investment in excess of 50%, in the water-only as well as dense medium mode, with and without tailings management. Addition of tailings management system to any of the circuits is found to enhance the project economics. The comparison of water-only and dense-medium applications of the AFCC circuits indicate a better suitability of the dense-medium circuit for producing premium quality products. Application of AFCC circuits in active mines offer better economics compared to applications in refuse pond recovery operations. The superior project economics are a result of reduced overhead cost and use of existing material handling facilities. Sensitivity analysis reveals the significance of capacity utilization on project economics.

Jan 1, 2002

By Steve Kral

The domestic mining industry may be in the doldrums but there appears to be hope, at least from a regulatory standpoint. At least one US senator believes that the events of Sept. 11, 2001 made many citizens see the need for the country to become more self-reliant on its growing energy needs. Even before that tragic day, however, the Bush administration was making a strong push to open up more public land for energy and natural resource development.

Jan 1, 2002

By L. Frederick

Measurement of gamma radiation occurring in nature to characterize geological formations has been widely recognized in mineral exploration. Different methods and apparatuses have been developed for drill hole logging purposes. Geological formations vary in amount of naturally emitted gamma radiation. A gamma signature from a geological formation is captured by utilizing different types of gamma detectors. A natural gamma radiation detector (NGRD) can be used to control mining whenever there is a significant difference between the radiation levels in the mineral or ore being mined and the waste materials surrounding the ore. Surface miners, such as the one shown in Figure 1, can precisely control the elevation of the cutter as the machine moves over the surface of the formation. This type of machine is predominantly used in selective mining operations, e.g. surface coal mining. If there is a means to know the position of the cutter relative to the interface between the ore and waste, the miner can recover all or most all of the valuable mineral with very little out-of-seam dilution. This paper discusses the results of a successful application of gamma detectors to control a surface miner at one of North American Coal Corporations? locations - Red Hills Mine. The mine has nine coal seams in total with thicknesses ranging from 12? to 60?. The bottom six seams (Figure 2) are minable. The mine has complex geology and a significant amount of annual rainfall (4.7 ft). The mine produces approximately 3.5 million tons of coal and about 40 bcy of overburden per year. The operation utilizes diverse mining equipment including Dragline Marion 8200, electric shovel P&H 2800, Caterpillar end dump trucks CAT 785 and 789; bulldozers CAT D11, D10, D8, and D6. Coal is mainly extracted by utilizing a Wirtgen SM 4200 surface miner that is loading CAT 785 trucks with high volume coal bodies and payload of 150 t. Operational cutting depth is 24 inches with maximum cutting depth of 36 inches. Surface miner operators determine a cutting depth based on multiple cues, the most important being visual observations of a coal seam being cleaned or mined. The cleaning process involves removal of the last foot of waste material covering the coal seam. This is one of two critical phases in the coal extraction process. If, during the cleaning process, an operator sets a cutting head too deep, valuable product is wasted. If it is set too shallow, waste material is left to be mined with the coal. The second critical phase occurs in the last cut on the interface between the coal and waste material at the bottom of the coal seam. If the cutting head goes deeper than favorable, then waste material is delivered to a power plant.

Feb 27, 2013

By D. R. Wilburn

This summary of international mineral exploration activities for the year 2007 draws upon available information from industry, literature and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) specialists. The summary provides data on exploration budgets by region and mineral commodity, identifies significant mineral discoveries and areas of mineral exploration, discusses government programs affecting the mineral exploration industry and presents analysis of the mineral industry based upon these data. Two types of information are reported and analyzed in this annual review of international exploration for the year 2007: 1) budgetary statistics expressed in U.S. nominal dollars provided by Metals Economics Group (MEG) of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and 2) information on regional and site-specific exploration activities that took place in 2007 and compiled by the USGS.

Jan 1, 2008

By S. J. Boone, A. Poschmann, C. Pound, A. Pace

San Diego’s Stadium Conglomerate consists of poorly cemented cobbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay. Conventional laboratory and in-situ testing is not suitable for characterizing its engineering properties. Although the formation is often considered a “rock” its behavior is more readily modeled using soil mechanics. Static and seismic design of a tunnel for the Mission Valley East light rail extension required that the stress-strain characteristics of the ground be identified over a broad strain range. Geophysical methods and field plate load testing were used to develop a full non-linear stress-strain model of the expected ground behavior. Quantification of the coarse material distribution was also required for selection of tunneling methods and construction considerations.

Jan 1, 2001

By G. Krogman, C. Walla, B. Wood

The Gebo Mining District (District) is located in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. Commercial underground coal mining began in 1906 with the arrival of the railroad in Thermopolis, which is located approximately 11 miles to the south. Mining in the District ceased by the early 1970’s. In Fall of 1999, Lidstone and Associates, Inc. (LA) and their subcontractors were retained by the Wyoming Abandoned Mine Land Division (WyAML) to perform an inventory of over 500 abandoned mine sites across Wyoming. During the summer of 2000 field inventory, a 30-foot deep headcut (Figure 1) and sink-hole were noted in the West Fork of Sand Draw (WFSD), immediately west of the Town of Gebo. The headcut and sink-hole were located at the culvert outfall associated with a stream crossing of a relatively well traveled county road. Upon further investigation, it appeared that underground mine workings had been exposed at this location. This resulted in a condition whereby water would be conveyed directly into the mine workings during a runoff event. The exposed mine workings as well as stream capture created a very hazardous condition. The WyAML implemented mitigation measures in the summer of 2000 by constructing a temporary stream crossing upstream of the existing failed crossing. To address this hazardous situation as well as a number of other hazards identified in the District during the field inventory, the WyAML retained PHC Reclamation, Inc. (PHC). PHC was directed to perform a field investigation and develop a Reclamation Plan to address all existing abandoned mine hazards in the District. Federal, state, and private parties own lands within the District. Hazards identified during the investigation included an underground mine fire, open adits, open shafts, subsidence, drainage problems, and coal slack. A Report of Investigation (ROI) was submitted to various regulatory agencies that documented the existing conditions and conceptual reclamation plans to remediate the hazardous conditions. After review of the ROI by the US Department of Interior - Bureau of Land Management (BLM) an on-site meeting was conducted. BLM Cultural Resource personnel declined to approve a District reclamation project until a historical overview of the entire District was prepared. Due to the hazardous situation associated with the WFSD stream crossing, Hot Springs County Road and Bridge Department convinced various state and federal regulatory agencies to allow reclamation of the stream crossing to occur. A decision was made to allow reclamation on privately owned lands within the WFSD drainage. This decision limited the amount of channel that could be subjected to reclamation upstream of the crossing to privately owned lands. PHC contracted LA to perform a geologic, geomorphic, hydrologic, and hydraulic investigation of the drainage to assist in the development of a WFSD reclamation plan. LA’s investigation consisted of four parts: Delineate the extent of mine workings in the area; Identify all drainage structures that required mitigation; Survey a series of channel cross-sections and a longitudinal profile of the impacted channel; and, Develop basin hydrology to assist in the design of a stable reclaimed stream channel.

Jan 1, 2006

By Adrian Coombs, Paul Magowan, Derek Zoldy

Continued development and intensification are fuelling the urgent need for new trunk infrastructure within The Regional Municipality of York and throughout the Greater Toronto Area. Permitting of these projects is increasingly subject to public scrutiny to severely restrict dewatering through construction technologies and the requirement for a comprehensive and effective Environmental Management Plan. Three current projects: one on the York Durham Sewage System and two in the City of Toronto 1.Conventional Design, Tender, Award: 4,150m (13,600 ft.) 2.7m (9 ft.) finished interior diameter soft ground tunnel for York Region’s YDSS Interceptor Trunk Sewer 2.Negotiated Contract: 3,800m (12,500 ft.) 3.5m diameter (11.5 ft.) rock tunnels for Enwave’s environmentally sustainable and innovative chilled water system in downtown Toronto 3.Conventional Design, Tender, Award: 2,200m (7,200 ft.) 3.3m diameter (10.8 ft.) rock tunnel for reinforcement of Hydro One’s primary hydro feed in the downtown core of Toronto These projects exemplify issues such as: EPB tunnel and sealed shaft technologies Substantial permitting requirements associated with dewatering Mitigation of rock creep Congested downtown rights-of-way Deep shafts and confined working compounds Unique scheduling and cost benefits when Owner, Contractor and Consultant can work together cooperatively.

Jan 1, 2007

By M. M. Gadde

Recent regulatory changes in the United States make it mandatory to conduct structural analysis of coal mine seals used to isolate abandoned workings from active mining areas. Different loading criteria are available for seal design depending on whether gob composition is actively monitored and maintained or not and whether the gob conditions lead to deflagration or detonation type loading. Since the loads involved in seal designs are dynamic in nature, the structural analysis must be made using dynamic stress analysis techniques. However, because of the significant complexities involved in conducting dynamic analyses, some designers use approximate simplified techniques to address the design problem. In this paper two such simplified methods are critically evaluated for their suitability to design coal mine seals. The benefits and limitations of the simplified methods are also outlined. Some comparisons are made to show the differences between sophisticated three dimensional dynamic analyses and the simplified methods and to delineate the problems associated with the latter approaches.

Jan 1, 2009

By Silvano Morelli, Giovanna Cassani, Renzo Bindi, Antonio Nicola

More than 70 km of main line and service tunnels have been excavated to date for crossing the Apennines between Bologna and Florence. A new design and construction approach, known as Analysis of the Controlled Deformation in Rock and Soils, (ADECO-RS), was adopted to tackle the extreme heterogeneity of the ground and the particular stress-strain conditions. The goal of this system is to obtain constant and predictable full section advance rates, even in very poor geology, with the highest possible level of safety and reliability. The execution of this gigantic project required the mobilization of 21 job-sites, with the concurrent operation of 30 excavation headings. The global production rates confirm the high quality of the design and the high level of industrialization reached during the construction stage, levels not previously obtained in similar conditions, using other approaches such as NATM.

Jan 1, 2003

Perhaps the most significant development in China's base metal sector is the discovery of major copper porphyries in northern Jiangxi Province and the adjacent southern Anhui Province. At the center of the new exciting district is the proposed Dexing copper complex, located some 350 km east of Nanchang, the provincial capital of Jiangxi. This project represents China's first attempt to put together a major large-scale open-pit operation, comparable in magnitude to Arizona porphyry operations. With the aid of Fluor Mining and Metals, the Chinese plan to develop a 135-175 kt/d open-pit mine, a matching large-scale mill, and the infrastructure needed to accommodate the big operations. An operation of this magnitude would significantly reduce China's import requirements by some 75%. China imports of the red metal are running around 200 kt/a. Under the direction of the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, the Chinese are currently operating a 10-kt/d mine and mill with equipment primarily of Chinese origin. Dexing engineers told ME that they are considering a possible scale-up to 20 kt/d. How this effort will ultimately jell with the major expansion program is largely a matter of conjecture. Fluor Mining and Metals received a $10-million contract in December 1978 to develop a preliminary engineering and design program. While the original plans called for a 175-kt/d capacity complex, the Chinese subsequently decided to scale it down somewhat. The current proposal is around a 135 kt/d, which would in- elude the existing operation, according to Dexing engineers. Completion of the engineering and design phase is expected by March 1980 and a go-ahead decision will likely be made at that time. The value of the engineering and construction contract is estimated between $800 million and $1 billion. At right, mined ore is dumped 150 m down the mountain to a holding pocket below for rail haulage to the processing plant. Below, a Chinese miner tackles the universal problem of hard toes in the pit with a jack leg. Reserves and Early History The Dexing mineralization consists of three principal ore bodies, including the Chushahung on the north mountain, and the Tungchang and Fuchiawu on the south mountain. Combined ore reserves are estimated by mine geologists at 1.7 Gt of 0.4-0.5% copper. As is characteristic of porphyries, the ore contains important associated values of molybdenum, rhenium, pyrite, gold, and silver. There is also some secondary calcocite and bornite with an oxidized capping. Historically, copper was recovered with iron from the pregnant solutions emanating from the Tungchang deposit as early as the Tang Dynasty (700 AD). Modern day exploration was conducted by the Bureau of Geology in 1956 and reserve figures were es-

Jan 3, 1980

By Sandeep Kumar Jeripotula, Govinda Raj Mandela, Aruna Manglapady

Dumper operators are frequently exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) in surface mines. Surface mining activities involve the amalgamation of comparatively high intensity of vibration and extended exposure durations. Efficient risk reduction mandates knowing of important phases of a task that poses a threat to health of dumper operators. So far in India very limited studies have been reported on WBV exposure with regard to surface mines. This paper evaluates WBV of dumper operators based on ISO 2631-1:1997 Standards and European Union (EU) Directive 2002 for different phases of job cycle. Six dumpers were considered for this study and the vibration measurements were made for all the four phases of the job cycle by placing the triaxial accelerometer on the operator’s seat-surface and at the seat-back, independently. The findings of the study revealed that the haulage task (loaded travel and empty travel) remains the chief contributor to vibration exposure according to seat-surface and seat-back measurements. Maximum frequency weighted root mean square (RMS) of 1.12 m/s2 and 1.09 m/s2 were reported for empty travel task for seat-surface and seat-back measurements, respectively. For seat-surface measurements based on RMS, Z axis remains as the dominant axis of vibration for all the dumpers during haulage task, whereas for seat-back measurements, the dominant axis varies between X and Y. Exposure action value (EAV) based on RMS has exceeded the threshold value of 0.5 m/s2 for all the dumpers during loaded travel and empty travel for seat-surface as well as for seat-back measurements.

By H. H. Murray

Recently developed clay deposits that will impact regional and world markets are described. These deposits, their location, geology, and physical properties are delineated. Kaolins from the State of Para in Brazil and from Ukraine; bentonites from Argentina and India; and palygorskite and sepiolite from China are world class deposits that when processed using modem technology will produce excellent products. Other deposits that may affect regional markets are kaolins from China, Australia and Indonesia; bentonites from Georgia (formerly USSR) and China; and palygorskite from India and Ukraine. New ball clay deposits that will affect regional markets are in China and Indonesia.

Jan 1, 1999

Soil erosion is strongly related to soil hydraulic properties. Understanding how surface coal mining impacts those properties is important in developing effective management practices to control erosion during reclamation. Soils from undisturbed areas, roughly graded mine spoil, replaced topsoil before seeding, and revegetated areas at the Rosebud Mine in Eastern Montana were evaluated to determine impacts on soil hydraulic properties. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine soil hydraulic properties, including particle-size distribution, organic matter content, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. WEPP simulations and risk analyses were performed on the soil hydraulic property data to determine the impacts of changes on soil erosion. The hydraulic properties of the soils in each representative area have significant differences due to the mining and reclamation practices at the mine. WEPP simulations show that the potential for soil erosion increases due to mining activities disturbing the soil. WEPP simulations also indicate that the potential for erosion may return to pre-mining levels over time with effective revegetation practices.

Feb 27, 2013

By Thomas C. Shapiro

This is the second in a series of articles on microcomputers and applications in the minerals industry. The first article (ME, Feb., page 129) discussed microcomputer terms and concepts. This article will discuss software for geology and mining. The third article will cover plant, administrative, and geotechnical software applications. Introduction Geology and exploration are areas where computers have a natural fit. Large volumes of data need to be tabulated, evaluated, and made into maps and reports that allow geologists and management to make a decision on a project or mine. Until recently, the programs that performed these tasks were cumbersome and not user friendly by any stretch of the imagination. Learning time to become an expert in these programs typically would be six months or more. The computers needed to run these programs are expensive mainframes. Several years ago, the use of minicomputers became popular because of their lower cost. Programs were adapted to fit these smaller machines and became friendlier. With the advent of micros, many programs. were rewritten and used the screen capability more effectively, thus providing a real advance in user interface. Programs and Price The definition of micro, mini, and mainframe is becoming blurred. For the purposes of this article, micro refers to either an eight- or 16-bit computer, costing less than $10,000 and, more typically, under $5,000. Mini refers to a 16- or 32-bit computer that typically costs more than $25,000. Mainframe refers to a 32-bit or larger computer that costs more than $250,000. There is a large gray area between micros and minis, and minis and mainframes. Technology and prices are changing so fast that the traditional definitions have become almost meaningless and price has become a better guide. With the arrival of the minicomputer, costs for hardware began to fall, but the programs have tended to remain unfriendly. In some cases, the minicomputer acted as a front end to the mainframe. Cost of both the programs and minicomputers could easily run a minimum of $70,000. A total cost of $200,000 would not have been out of line. The average geologist and company would have a great deal of difficulty justifying such a purchase. The advent of the microcomputer has changed all that. For $3,500 to $5,000, one can buy a 16-bit micro and a printer. Plotters with six pens are available for $2,000 that will produce a 280- x 430-mm (11- x17-in.) map. For several hundred dollars, software is available to act as a word processor, an economic spread sheet, or to perform ground water calculations. In fact, some programs are available for free. Some of these programs are relatively easy to learn. In addition, programs are being developed daily that are easy to use. More importantly, large programs that once ran only on mainframes are being converted

Jan 3, 1984