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VOLUME I Volume I of this three-volume report is the result of development of a comprehensive, coordinated approach to site data-acquisition activities to produce key plans and reports during the evaluation and development of a surface coal mine. A logic diagram illustrates activities in the planning and decision-making process from exploration through post-mining monitoring. The report briefly discusses major elements, other than the site environment, which influence development of mining and reclamation plans and refers to other readily available literature for details outside the scope of this study. The essence of the rationale is shown to be the 1 employment of necessary skills at the proper time to evaluate specific data ' requirements and integrate them into a cost-effective program to produce initial and major feasibility reports, mining, and reclamation plans, and the environmental impact assessment.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. C. Edwards, C. C. Hwang

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program was used to model buoyancy induced Product-Of-Combustion (POC) spread from experimental fires in the National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health (NOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL), safety research coal mine. In one application, the CFD program was used to predict spread from fires in an entry under zero airflow conditions. At a location, 0.41 m below the entry's roof at a distance of 30 m from the fire, the measured smoke spread rates were 0.093 and 0.23 m/s for a 30 and a 296 kw fire, respectively. The CFD program predicted spread rates of 0.15 and 0.26 m/s based upon the measured fire heat production rates. Based upon a computation with [c3h3] as the hydrocarbon fuel, a predicted 5 PPM co alert time of 70 s at a distance of 30 m from the fire is to be compared with the measured alert time of 148 s. In a second application, the CFD program was used to analyze smoke flow reversal conditions, and the results were compared with visual observations of smoke reversal for 12 diesel fuel fires. The CFD predictions were in qualitative agreement with visual observations of smoke reversal.

By R. Blickensderfer

Test equipment that simulated frictional impacts between coal-cutter bits and mineral inclusions at a coal face during operation of a continuous coal mining machine was used by the Bureau of Mines in the laboratory to study the incendivity of impacts between various rocks, metals, and hard-metal alloys in an explosive mixture of air-7 pct natural gas. Quartzitic sandstone was found to be the most incendive of several rocks tested. Limestone concretions from a coal seam, known locally as "sulfur balls," sparked furiously but were not incendive. Among the metals tested, the type of steel used in commercial coal-cutter tools was the most incendive material tested. A l7-4PH stainless steel was less incendive and appears to be the most promising high-strength steel alloy, reasonably economical, for use in coal-cutter bits. Some hard-metal alloys, primarily titanium and zirconium diboride composites, were also evaluated as possible replacements for the conventional cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide used in the tip of coal-cutter bits. The metal-bonded diborides were generally less inc endive but more brittle than the conventional tungsten carbide. Carbonitride coatings on tool bits were also tested but found to have no advantage. The source of ignition during frictional impact between metal and rock was studied. Immediately after impact, a yellow flash was observed and a smear of metal near its melting point occurred on the rock. This hotspot on the rock, rather than the yellow flash or sparks or metal fragments, was observed to be the cause of the ignition.

Jan 1, 1974

By K. P. Wang

The foundation of Japan's growing industrial and economic strength lies primarily in minerals, power, and technical know-how. Domestic raw material resources cannot supply domestic demand, and imports are indispensable. The Japanese are forced to acquire minerals and metals on a global basis, and their activities already have made an impact on international markets. A by-product of these efforts is the development and expansion of mines in many parts of the world to supply Japanese requirements. Japan now has a surplus capacity to produce finished products for consumption and export. Tradition-ally, domestic deficits in minerals have been met by importing crude materials. Because of the rising demand, however, the time has come when semi finished products as well as crude minerals are required. While the domestic market is the mainstay for Japan's industrial products, expanding export markets are essential for balancing trade and for providing economic prosperity and higher living standards for the Japanese people. Japan has a long history of mineral and industrial development, and the best in modern practices abroad has been adopted and modified for use under Japanese conditions of smaller enterprises, cheaper labor, and a more closely knit society. Generations of industrious workmen, technicians, and business-men have been trained in industrial occupations. Devastation of war temporarily slowed progress, but at the same time provided the opportunity for reconstruction, modernization, rationalization, and expansion. The Japanese excel in small and medium-sized operations, but they also have mastered large-scale production. Management is aggressive, practical, and strongly imbued with the concepts of effective utilization of resources. Integrated operations, diversification of facilities, intense competition among concerns in the domestic market, and close cooperation in foreign activities characterize Japanese industrial policies. Available capital has been utilized up to the limit for the establishment of mineral and other industrial facilities at home and abroad. Technology, machinery and equipment, and transport services have been exported along with venture capital, and funds have been advanced against future delivery of foreign raw materials. The Government has been restrained in regulatory functions and has provided technical services to private industry. Thus, Japan's technological foundations are secure, management practices are efficient, and government has stimulated production. The future outlook is bright for the continued rapid growth of mineral and other industries in Japan. Already supreme in Asia in per capita output and living standards, Japan steadily is gaining on the European countries. Steel production has overtaken the United Kingdom and is pressing the level in West Germany. Consumption of fuels and power is expanding at a rapid rate. Construction activities are booming. Japan has built up medium-sized non-ferrous industries. Its ability to produce the exotic metals needed in the nuclear space age is well established. Since Japan makes a great variety of mineral products, her overall posture in mineral extraction and processing is strong. Primarily as a result of intensive efforts in the mineral and other industrial fields, Japan is emerging in world markets as a serious competitor to all industrialized nations.

Jan 1, 1962

By Seth T. Reese

THE INJURY DATA and experience at coal mines in the United States for 1949 are presented in this bulletin under the following general sections: (A) General injury experience: 1. Tables 1 to 18: Contain current data on number of injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major and detailed classification of injuries, and distribution of injuries by part of body and days of disability. (B) Selected injury data: 1. Tables 19 to 45: Contain current data on various selected factors of operating and physical conditions that have contributed to the occurrence of injuries at bituminous-coal mines and at Pennsylvania anthracite mines. These factors include extent of hand and machine loading, size of mine by employment and production groups, thickness of bed or vein, duration and number of work shifts, rating of mine as gassy, or nongassy, types of cap lamps, ventilation, explosives, and combinations of factors that influence mine safety. (C) Injury experience by States: 1. Tables 46 to 52: Contain current data on number of injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major classification of injuries, injury records of all coal-producing States, and the relative standing by States according to injury-frequency rates. (D) Appendix: 1. Tables 53 to 84: Contain certain injury data for the years 1943-47 that have not heretofore been published.

Jan 1, 1953

By Ernest W. Hilton

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the environmental impact of the surface mining methods currently used in the steep-sloped areas of Central Appalachia: southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee. Comparisons are made between mountaintop/cross ridge mining, contour strip, augering and an innovative method surface shortwall mining which was attempted at Julian, West Virginia. Included in this final report are a discussion and analysis of current Appalachian production, reserves, and the extent of land affected on a county- by-county basis. Additionally, the seams within the steep sloped region have been assessed according to minimal standards of thickness, surrounding lithology, and areal extent to determine their amenability to surface shortwall mining. These seams have been tabulated with their ash, sulfur, and BTU content on a county-by county basis. Only minimal statements are made concerning quantity because of the narrow set of conditions required by the shortwall method. Other sections deal with the possible technical failings of an operational surface shortwall system based on field studies at shortwall operations, discussions with people experienced with shortwalls and research into ground control problems at sites where short- and longwall operations have been monitored. A final section details proposed additional research directions which the Bureau might take in the future.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. Bongarra

This report describes the development of the instructional design and content of a training program for shaft construction miners and supervisors. The recommended training approach is based on the results of a needs, task, and competency analysis of the jobs performed by conventional shaft sinking and raise drill personnel. Learning objectives were derived from the task analysis and the appropriate training delivery system was chosen using a selection technique which employed learning algorithms. The training described is aimed at improving the safety and efficiency of constructing shafts by new hire and experienced miners and supervisors. A self-paced, self-teaching, modular approach to training, using criterion-referenced tests was proposed. Recommendation was made to divide the training into three parts: Orientation and Safety; Task Instruction; and Practical Exercise. Training requirements for conventional shaft sinking and raise drilling were described. Training program content was detailed in the form of module and lesson design approaches. In addition, the report recommends a method for developing, implementing and validating the training program. The authors conclude that such an implementation would meet the major objectives of improving the safety and efficiency of shaft construction work operations.

Jan 1, 1979

By Robert H. Schutz

This publication lists and describes devices approved jointly by the Secretary of Interior and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the provisions of [§]70.300-1, Part 70, Subchapter 0 of Chapter I, Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations (35 F.R. 5548, April 3, 1970), for use as respiratory protection against respirable pneumoconiosis-producing dusts. Included are type C supplied-air respirators approved under Bureau of Mines Schedule 19R and dust, fume, and mist respirators approved under Bureau of Mines Schedule 21B.

Jan 1, 1971

By L. A. Neumeier

The Bureau of Mines evaluated the properties of a Zn-0.75 pct Cu-0.12 pct Ti alloy extruded at temperatures between 400° and 720° F. The extrusions were made with a reduction ratio of 28-to-l and at relatively slow speed. Rod was also extruded at 560° and 640° F with a reduction of 255-to-l. With increased extrusion, temperature, extrusion pressures decreased substantially and creep resistance of the rod improved significantly. Coefficients of thermal expansion were low in the long rod dimension. Microstructures, hardness, and tensile properties were also evaluated, and a limited evaluation was made of bend ductility at 32° F for the rod extruded with the 255-to-1 reduction.

Jan 1, 1969

By W. W. Adams

Because of insufficient funds for printing, the Bureau of Mines was unable to publish its annual bulletin covering accidents at metal mines in the United States for the year 1933. A brief mimeographed summary of the principal statistical data for that year was released to the public late in 1934. Since then reports for 1934 have been received from the mining companies, and in order to avoid further delay in releasing this information to the mining industry and others interested in the prevention of accidents in mining, statistics for both years are presented in this publication with a minimum of interpretation and comment. The fatal-accident rate for the metal and nonmetallic mines (excluding coal mines) of the United States was more favorable in 1933 than in any previous year since 1911, the first year for which the Bureau of Mines obtained reports from the operators. Further progress was made in 1934, when the fatality rate was even lower than that of 1933. On the other hand, the nonfatal-accident rate, which had reached its lowest level in 1932, increased in 1933 and increased further in 1934, although not to such an extent as to prevent the rate for either of those 2 years from being better than that for any year previous to r1931.

Jan 1, 1936

By Ralph L. Brown

As a preliminary step in a recent study4 of the phenols present in a low-temperature tar, the writers prepared the hydroxyacetic derivatives of the simpler available members of the phenol series in order to obtain material to assist in fixing the identity of similar derivatives obtained from the phenols of the tar. When comparing the melting points of the pure derivatives we had made with those given in the literature we were unable to find the characteristics of one of the xylenol derivatives which we had prepared--namely the 1, 3 dimethyl-2-phenoxyacetic acid, In the belief that the compound does not appear in the literature we are presenting these notes on its preparation and its melting point. The hydroxyacetic derivatives are easily prepared and in good yield, and are useful in studying mixtures of phenols. The 1, 3 dimethyl-2-phenoxyacetic acid makes the fifth of the six isomeric derivatives to be reported in the literature. Gluud and Breuer report the preparation of the 1, 3, 4, the 1, 4, 2, and the 1, 2, 4 derivatives. A fourth isomer-¬the symmentrical 1, 3, 5--has been reported by Schutz6, although no record of it occurs in the indexes. The remaining derivative--the 1, 2, 8-has not, been found and it is now being synthesized in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory of the. Pittsburgh Experiment Station. It is true, however, that from a phenolic fraction boiling 215.9 to 2180 isolated from natural petroleum, Tanaka and Kobayashi7 obtained a hydroxyacetic derivative melting at 103.3°. They state that this is the 1, 2, dime ethyl-3-phenoxyacetic acid but present no evidence for the assertion. The known derivatives are summarized in Table 1 following;

Jan 1, 1929

The U.S. economy continued to expand during 1986, although at the slowest pace since 1982 when the current business expansion began. Real gross national product (GNP) grew about 2.6%, slightly below 1985 growth but significantly below that of 1984. The continuing expansion was fueled predominantly by rising personal consumption expenditures as well as growing government purchases of goods and services. Fixed investment, although positive, failed to grow at the rate of the overall economy. The trade deficit, which increased more than 30% over the record 1985 level, continued to depress economic growth despite significant declines in the price of petroleum and the value of the dollar. On a more positive note, domestic employment continued to grow--increasing over 2 million from the 1985 level--and inflation and interest rates declined. The unemployment rate dropped slightly to 7.0%. Of direct importance to the minerals-producing industries, expenditures for consumer and producer durables as well as investment in residential construction each grew faster than the overall economy, but investment in nonresidential structures fell more than 10% from the 1985 level. The low level of real capital spending declined about 3% in 1986, following strong gains in 1985 and in 1984. Capital expenditures for new plant and equipment bottomed out in the second quarter and expanded in the third and fourth quarters. The decline in the first half of the year was partially attributed to uncertainty arising from the then-proposed tax bill. Also, there was little impetus for corporations to invest in new capacity since factories were operating at less than 80% of capacity during most of the year, in part because of continued competition from imports.

Jan 1, 1987

By R. R. French

The industrial minerals industry in the Atlanta, Ga., area was studied in order to better understand problems associated with exploiting mineral resources in and near metropolitan areas. A method for delineating the Atlanta urban area and its component parts was developed so that the factors affecting the location of the minerals industry could be viewed mere objectively in the urban context. Major attention is focused on the area's dominant crushed stone subindustry Demographic and socioeconomic analysis of the Atlanta, Ga., area shows that expansion of the metropolis and its environs will probably eliminate potential mineral resources from the mineral resource base in the area, and that the expanding metropolis will be the primary determinant of future mining sites. Competition for land is accentuated to varying degrees by the incompatibility of wining operations with residential and other environmental requirements. Areas of consideration are suggested to provide maximum development of land and resources for greatest economic benefits it minimum social cost. Further research is recommended to determine market locations in urban areas, optimum operating levels for industrial minerals plants, and alternatives to surface mining.

Jan 1, 1970

The annual reports of the supervising engineer of the seven sections comprising the Mining Division are assembled in the following pages and form the annual report of the division. In planning activities, the aim has been to adapt the work to changing conditions and needs of the mining industries and to avoid becoming bound to any particular type of investigation when others are found to be of more pressing interest.

Jan 1, 1939

By V. E. Edlund

This report presents the results obtained in a study of the technical feasibility of recovering a usable pig iron by pyrometallurgical treatment of typical copper reverberatory slags . The iron in the slag was readily reduced with carbon , but the copper and sulfur content of the metal was best controlled by a three - stage procedure comprising ( 1 ) melting the slag with pyrite to remove copper as a low- grade matte , ( 2 ) smelting the partly decopperized slag with fluxes and carbon to reduce the iron , and ( 3 ) refining the impure iron alloy from step 2 with a flush slag to remove sulfur and residual copper . Laboratory - scale tests demonstrated that washing with 8 wt pct of pyrite lowered the copper content of a typical reverberatory slag from 0.58 to 0.12 Subsequent smelting of a mixture composed of 70 pct decopperized slag , 25 pct lime , and 5 pct coke reduced 84 pct of the iron to metal containing 2.27 pct sulfur . This metal then was successfully desulfurized by treatment with a basic flush slag to produce a finished metal that contained , in percent , 93.5 Fe , 0.02 S , 0.26 Cu , and 4.9 C. Overall recovery of iron under the conditions of trial was about 80 pct . This could be increased if higher tolerances for copper could be accepted . Commercial processing would be accomplished in three furnaces with molten materials passing from one to another . Currently produced smelter slag could be treated fairly inexpensively , because the molten product would require only a little additional heat to produce an iron byproduct that undoubtedly would be attractive to local foundries .

Jan 1, 1964

The Black Hills Mineral Atlas briefly summarizes all pertinent date available on the mines and mineral deposits in the Black Hills that have been explored, developed, mined, or located. The purpose of the atlas is threefold: First, from available date the general potentialities of the Black Hills region can be determined, although it is not possible to calculate actual ore reserves; second, it will provide the necessary basic information regarding a given property or commodity for further detailed study; and third, the compilation is a comprehensive directory of Black Hills deposits.

Jan 1, 1954

By L. E. Geyer

"The following list gives the title and author of various publications of the Ceramic Experiment Station, Columbus. Ohio, of the Bureau of mines, together with other ceramic publications of the bureau, which have been published in technical journals and by cooperating agencies. The list also includes the publications on ceramics which have been issued as bulletins, technical papers, or mimeograph Report of Investigations of the bureau.Papers Published in the Technical Press.The Effect of some Electrolytes on the Properties of Clays. Schurecht, H.G. Jour. Am. Cer. Soc., Vol. 1, #3, March, 1918.A Pycnometer Operated as a Volumeter. Schurecht, H.G. Jour. Am. Cer. Soc.,Vol. 1, #8, August, 1918.The Properties of some Ohio and Pennsylvania Stoneware Clays. Schurecht,H.G. Jour. Am. Cer. Soc., Vol. 1, #4, April, 1918.The Fusibility of Graphite Ash and its Influence on the Refractoriness of Bond Clay. Booze, M.C. Jour. Am. Cer. Soc., Vol. 2, #1. Jan., 1919.Behavior under Brass Foundry practice of Crucibles containing Ceylon, Canadian and Alabama Graphites. Stull, R.T. Jour. Am. Cer. Soc., Vol. 2, #3. March, 1919."

Oct 1, 1924

By A. G. Loomis

Although secondary-recovery methods have not been applied widely in California, it is apparent that increasing attention and effort must be given to this phase of recovery if the State is to maintain its high rank as a petroleum producer. Steadily increasing demands for petroleum products and decreasing rates of discovery of new oil fields and rapid depletion of existing reserves emphasize the prospect of an adverse situation of supply and demand in the not-far-distant future. If the trend of discoveries becomes more favorable or if more complete economic recovery of the oil in place can be obtained by secondary recovery, this situation can be averted. Not only are these reserves of economic importance to the petroleum industry to meet increasing market demands, but economic reclamation of such reserves is an important conservation measure, which will prolong the productive life of many fields" Accordingly, progressive operators in California are alert to the possibilities of secondary recovery and have done much to implement such operations wherever feasible. Most of the operations are of the pressure-maintenance type} in which the reservoir pressure is maintained or partly maintained by injecting natural gas to increase oil recovery. The possibilities of recovering additional oil from stripper fields by gas drive and water flooding (including water disposal) also are being tested in experimental field projects. Table 1 summarizes gas and water-injection projects in California.

Jan 1, 1952

By Seth T. Reese

THE INJURY DATA and experience at coal mines in the United States for 1951 are presented in this bulletin under the following general heads: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 18: Contain current data on number of fatalities and nonfatal injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major and detailed injury agencies, and distribution of injuries by part of body and days of disability. (B) Selected injury data: Tables 19 to 43: Contain current data on various selected factors of operating and physical conditions that contributed to the occurrence of injuries at bituminous-coal, lignite, and anthracite mines. These factors include extent of hand and machine loading, size of mine by employment and production groups, thickness of bed or vein, duration and number of work shifts, rating of mine as gassy or nongassy, types of cap lamps, explosives, and combination of factors that influence mine safety. (C) Injury experience by States: Tables 44 to 50: Contain current data on number of fatalities and nonfatal injuries, frequency and severity rates, average severity, major causes and principal agencies, injury records of all coal-producing States, and the relative standing by States according to injury-frequency rates. (D) Major disasters: Table 51: Lists the coal-mine disasters that occurred during 1951, giving location, source, and cause. A major disaster in coal mining is defined as a single accident in which or as a result of which five or more men lost their lives. (E) Historical coal-mine injury experience: Tables 52 to 86: Contain data on injuries, injury-frequency rates, employment, and production at bituminous-coal, lignite, and anthracite mines from the earliest records through 1951.

Jan 1, 1955

By Dennis S. Kostick

Salt is a universal mineral commodity used by virtually every person in the world. Although a very common mineral today, at one time, it was considered as precious as gold in certain cultures. This study traces the material flow of salt from its origin through the postconsumer phase of usage. The final disposition of salt in the estimated 14,000 different uses, grouped into several macrocategories, is traced from the dispersive loss of salt into the environment to the ultimate disposal of salt-base products into the waste stream after consumption. The base year for this study is 1990, in which an estimated 196 million short tons of municipal solid waste was discarded by the U.S. population. Approximately three-fourths of domestic salt consumed is released to the environment and unrecovered while about one-fourth is discharged to landfills and incinerators as products derived from salt. Cumulative historical domestic production, trade, and consumption data have been compiled to illustrate the long-term trends within the U.S. salt industry and the cumulative contribution that highway deicing salt has had on the environment.

Jan 1, 1993