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Geophysical Abstracts 1 - 83 were issued in mimeographed form by the Bureau of Mines; Abstracts 87 - 111 were published in bulletins of the Geological Survey. Abstracts 112 and 113 were issued in mimeographed form by tine Bureau of Mines as Information Circulars 7256 and 7257. 1. GRAVITATIONAL METHODS 7004. Campbell, R. B. Florida's Geological Structure and Gravity. Proc. Florida Acad. Sciences for 1540, Gainesville, Fla., vol. 5, 1541, pp. 73-84.

Jan 1, 1943

By R. R. Lowery

An analysis of three 1-1/4-diam manufactured wire ropes of 6x19 classification was done to identify and describe reference conditions of new rope. Reference condition is of value when examining tested or retired ropes. Measurements of strand and rope pitch and of wire and rope diameter confirmed adherence of all ropes to those construction specifications. Mechanical properties of strength and ductility were determined by accepted methods for the ropes and wires from the ropes. Individual wires from one rope failed to meet minimum wire ductility values. Wire chemical composition varied in average carbon levels, from 0.70 to 0.78 wt pct, and in manganese content, from 0.45 to 0.80 wt pct. One manufacturer's product contained 1 to 3 wt pct Ni and Cr. Heavily wrought pearlitic steel microstructures were porous and contained inclusions. Cold work variations were evidenced by wrought grain width. Recorded anomalies reflected the condition of the manu-factured products. The report provides data that compare the three wire ropes studied, but cannot verify the effects that these conditions or anomalies have on rope service life.

Jan 1, 1983

By H. M. Coggin

The study summarizes the state of the art in rock mechanics, open pit and underground mining, leaching, geology, metallurgy and financial analysis Conceptual design of pit slope caving technique and analyses explore concepts for the exploitation of ore grade remnants in the walls and bottoms of open pit mines and the potential economics of the adaptations Several coded sites were examined for future studies where the feasibility of the method may be demonstrated. An extensive bibliography has been developed

Jan 1, 1977

By John Wilson

This report describes the performance of Phase I of a project to design, analyze, and demonstrate a multilift longwall mining method applicable to mining coal seams twelve (12) feet or more in thickness. A non-simultaneous multilift operation is the most viable thick seam mining technique for introduction to the United States coal industry. In the case of the proposed site at Emery, Utah it will result in an increase in coal extraction from 30% with present methods to at least 50% and possibly more. The major technological advance involved in this project is mining a lower lift under a previously mined upper lift. To accomplish this, entries must be developed and maintained beneath the upper lift gob. This will necessitate the use of steel supports at frequent intervals throughout the lower lift' entry system. This has not been done in the U.S. to date. An economic analysis of the project indicates that, while this method will result in a higher than average cost per ton for coal mined, the coal would be competitive with current-operation in the area.

Jan 1, 1976

Develop a mobile manipulator that one person can use to lift and maneuver 50- to 600-pound loads. It can be used in maintenance shops and mines to reduce lifting accidents (Figure 1 and 2). Background Lifting heavy items is one of the leading causes of injury in the workplace. Mine Safety and Health Administration statistics showed that, in 2004, back injuries accounted for over 20% of all injuries (1,699 cases) and resulted in 110,000 lost days of work. Forty-one percent of those injuries resulted from materials-handling or maintenance activities.1 In addition to back injuries, lifting injuries include hernias, ruptures, sprains, and strains resulting from losing control of the item being lifted. Factors associated with accidents are weight of the item being lifted, awkward postures, inadequate handholds, and the working environment itself. High accident rates were noted when lifting items that ranged from 50 to 600 pounds, particularly in tight working quarters where maneuverability was critical. Research indicated that a mobile lifting arm would eliminate many lifting accidents in environments where other lifting devices (fork lifts, overhead cranes, mobile A-frames) would not be practical. NIOSH has built a first-generation mobile manipulator unit designed to be used on hard, level floors such as in a shop. The complexity of motion, number of moving parts, compact design, and design constraints of the manipulator required advanced computer-aided design work (Figure 3). As a result of the design work, thirty-eight claims are included in the patent applications. NIOSH will be conducting field trails and working with manufacturers to put the manipulator into industrial use.

Dec 1, 2006

By James Pennington

[The Mining and Metallurgical Divisions of the Bureau of Mines, Region V, conducted an investigation in 1950-51 of the iron sulfide deposits in Aitkin and Carlton Counties, Minn. Twelve diamond-core-drill holes, aggregating 2,347 feet, were drilled in secs. 14 and 15, T. 46 N., R. 25 W., Aitkin County, to increase reserves of iron sulfides known to exist 2 miles southwest in secs. 28 and 29, T. 46 N., R. 25 W. Three diamond-core-drill hobs, totaling 561 feet, were drilled in Canton County, sec. 7, T. 46 N., R. 2 0 W., to check reports of the presence of a large sulfide deposit in that area. Mineral-dressing tests were made on cores from 10 holes drilled in Aitkin County. These included core from hole 21 drilled in sec. 28 and submitted by the Glen Development Co.]

Jan 1, 1953

By Raymond B. Ladoo

Talc is a hydrous magnesium silicate having the chemical formula H2Mg3 (SiO8 ) 4 ; it is often called steatite, soapstone or potstorie, and by the trade names talc clay, agalite, asbestine, and verdolite. The term talc may be used to include all forms of the pure mineral, whereas steatite denotes particularly the massive, compact variety, and soapstone the impure, massive form that often contains only 50 per cent of talc. Merrill 1 says: The name soapstone is given to dark-gray and greenish talcose rocks, which are soft enough to be readily cut with a knife, and which have a pronounced soapy or greasy feeling; hence the name. Such rocks are commonly stated in textbooks to be compact forms .of steatite, or talc, but as the writer has elsewhere pointed out, and as shown by the analyses here given, few of them are even approximately pure forms of this mineral, but all contain varying proportions of chlorite, mica, and tremolite, together with perhaps unaltered residuals of pyroxene, granules of iron ore, iron pyrites, quartz, and, in seams and veins, calcite and magnesian carbonates. When pure, talc is soft, having a hardness of 1, but when impure or when it grades into its varieties, the hardness increases to 3 or 4. Talc ranges in color from pure white and silvery white through gray, green, apple green, gray green to dark green, nlso yellow, brown, or reddish when impure. It is rarely, if ever, found in wellformed crystals, but often occurs in foliated plates or in fibrous aggregates. It is commonly compact or massive or in fine granular aggregates. Several analyses of talc from different regions ·are given in Table 1. Talc has several varieties, the most important of which is Rensselaerite. This variety, found in a small area near Gouverneur, St. La.wrence County, N. Y., is a hard, fibrous, -waxlike mineral having the same chemical composition as talc, but lacking its softness and its peculiar greasy feel. Its hardness and its peculiar fibrous form, even when ground, have made its grinding and separation a separate problem. In addition to the varieties of talc and soapstone, the mineral pyrophyllite or agalmatolite, a hydrous silicate of alumina, with the formula H2Al2 (Si08 ), is also mined and sold as talc. It resembles talc in color, feel, luster, and structure, and may be successfully substituted for true talc for most uses. In this paper it will be considered as one of the commercial forms of talc.

Jan 1, 1923

By John C. Edwards

Several experimental programs were conducted at the Pittsburgh Research Center to investigate the level of mine fire detection and alarm capability possible using state-of-the-art technology. These programs involved comparison of the response and alarm time of optical and ionization type smoke sensors to smoldering and flaming coal combustion in a smoke chamber. Coal combustion experiments conducted in the smoke chamber demonstrated that a CO concentration of 5 ppm above ambient corresponded to an optical density of 0.022m1. For the four smoke sensors for which a continuous analog signal was available, a smoke sensor alarm was defined as the average background signal plus ten times the peak-to-peak noise. This alarm criterion resulted in the association of the alarm for three of the four sensors with a smoke optical density of 0.022m-1. and 0.033m-1 for the fourth smoke sensor. The smoke sensors used in the smoke chamber studies were incorporated into large scale diesel fuel fire experiments conducted under normal ventilation conditions in the Safety Research Coal Mine (SRCM) at the Pittsburgh Research Center. These experiments showed that a diffusion mode smoke sensor alarmed earlier than a diffusion mode CO sensor; and, based upon the measurement of the optical transmission at the location of a pump mode ionization type smoke sensor that a pump mode ionization smoke sensor alarmed at an average smoke optical density of 0.021m" for the twelve experiments conducted. A series of 30 and 330 kW diesel fuel fire intensity experiments were conducted under zero airflow conditions in the SRCM. It was determined that :(I) thermal sensors are inadequate at 30 m from a 300 kW fire;(2) a diffusion mode ionization smoke sensor can be more effective for mine fire detection than a diffusion mode CO sensor;(3) recommendations can be made for sensor spacing in a mine entry based upon the measured CO buoyancy induced spread rates along the mine roof and the time for a developing coal fire to ignite a conveyor belt.

By L. H. Adami

The heats of formation of anhydrous cadmium sulfate, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, and zinc sulfate were determined by hydrochloric acid solution calorimetry. The values at 298.15° K for formation from the metal, rhombic sulfur, and oxygen gas follow (cal/mole): CdS04J -222.0 ± 0.3; CoS04, -212.0 ± 0.4; CuS04) -183.4 ± 0.6; NiS04, -208.1 ± 0.2; and ZnS04, -233.1 ± 0.2. Corresponding heats of decomposition to form the metal oxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen were derived from these results; heats of decomposition to form the metal oxide and sulfur trioxide were also derived.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. E. Head

This paper embodies the data obtained by a detailed statistical, microscopic analysis of the composite mill feed concentrate, and tailing, from the Magne and Arthur mills of the Utah Conger Co. for 1 month in 1929. It is one of a series of papers by the same authors dealing with the mineralogical characteristics of the ore and concentration products from various well-known plants. The work was done in the cooperative microscopic service laboratory at Salt Lake and represents the results of cooperation between the United States Bureau of Mines, the Utah Copper Co., and the University of Utah.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. E. Head

[This paper embodies the data obtained by a detailed statistical, microscopic analysis of the composite mill feed concentrate, and tailing from the Magne and Arthur mills of the Utah Conger Co. for 1 month in 1929. It is one of a series of papers by the same authors5 dealing with the mineralogical characteristics of the ore and concentration products from various well-known plants. The work was done in the cooperateive microscopic service laboratory at Salt Lake and represents the results of cooperation between the United States Bureau u of Mines, the Utah Copper Co. and the University of Utah.]

Jan 1, 1935

By Eric L. Trist

The objective of this contract was to review the results of the Rushton Mining experiment in work organization and design, to explore the extension of knowledge gained from Rushton to other underground coal mines, and to conduct a search for a potential mine site for a demonstration project. The primary focus of the contract was on a search process to provide the research team with the opportunity to evaluate the different potential experimental sites, in order to select one or more with the highest potential for success. This search process also provides the various levels of union and company officials the opportunity to fully understand the context of the research before making a decision on whether to participate. While the search project failed in its attempt to locate a specific mine site, the research team believes that this is not a rejection of the actual project but rather extreme caution because of the uncertainty within the UMWA.

Jan 1, 1978

By Oliver Bowles

The various Latin American countries are undergoing a slow process of industrialization. The harvesting of one or two agricultural commodities or the mining of a few marketable minerals is being supplemented by development of an Integrated industrial economy. In many countries, progress in this direction has not been rapid, but as it gains impetus an increasing market for cement is a natural consequence. This is evident from the fact that industrialization is linked with increasing transportation, and means of transportation are very poor in much of Latin America. Bridges, culverts, and concrete Highway's, now scattered sparingly throughout the vast land areas south of the United States, must multiply as the demands of industry increase and as a higher scale of living is attained. Eventually the South American countries will be linked by modern highways. Furthermore, the arid climate of many regions creates a demand for construction of dams and irrigation works, and a continent poor in coal reserves but with abundant water power inevitably must direct its energies toward the construction of hydroelectric power plants. Countries rich in raw materials but with few natural harbors have urgent need of massive concrete breakwaters and docks. The demand for concrete in houses will also grow. Standards of living are low, and perishable building materials are widely used. As living conditions improve cement will be used increasingly in home construction. Even in the field of simple and modest housing cement affords a means of creating low-priced verminproof and fireproof homes, for which the need it imperative under climatic conditions that prevail in this area of the world. Already many of the countries have undertaken extensive public works, and such programs are likely to increase. Assuming moderate industrial progress and stabilized governments the demand for cement in this great southern area promises substantial growth.

Jan 1, 1940

By Linda L. Chasko, Ronald S. Conti, John D. Cool

Mine operators often rely on mine rescue teams to save lives during an underground emergency such as an underground fire, explosion, roof fall or water innundation. It is extremely important that team members are provided with adequate exploration equipment and that training simulations are conducted in a realistic manner. A series of mine rescue training exercises was developed, conducted, and evaluated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Deep Mine Safety and several mining companies. The exercises were conducted at NIOSH’s Lake Lynn Laboratory and operating mines during 1995 to 1999 and resulted in improved technology and training for mine rescue teams. For example, existing technologies were identified to help rescue teams during exploration. These included various chemical light shapes and laser pointers to identify team members and mark crosscuts and mine materials, strobe lights for mapping out escapeways and marking crosscuts, and thermal imaging systems to see through smoke. A hands-free communication system showed potential for enhanced communications between team members and the fresh air base. Anew team lifeline that allows for flexibility of movement between team members was developed. A positive-pressure inflatable escape device (IED) was used to isolate the “hazardous” environment from fresh air and allow rescue team members to traverse through. An inflatable feed-tube partition that can rapidly block large openings such as underground passageways and simultaneously provide a feed-tube for high-expansion foam generators was also deployed for several simulations. During the simulations, mine rescue team members donned self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA) and traversed more than 400-m of mine passageways filled with nontoxic smoke. Visibility ranged from 0.3 to 0.9-m. In one area of the mine, a kerosene heater was used to simulate a fire and reduce the oxygen concentration. In another area, a 1.5 pct methane zone was established. The team members searched for "victims,” administered first aid, mapped the passageways, built temporary stoppings, and ventilated the smoke-filled entries. Advanced training included the extinguishment of a conveyor belt fire in a surface fire gallery. Two teams, each carrying charged waterlines, were escorted into the fire gallery through both doors. These teams controlled the rollback smoke and extinguished 7 to 9-m of burning conveyor belt. Team members indicated that the exercises were extremely beneficial due to the realism of thetraining simulations.

The inherently explosion-proof mine (EPM) concept is based upon the non-flammability of certain combustible-oxidant-inert gas mixtures, and the effect of partial pressure of gases on physiological reactions. In a properly controlled underground environment, gas explosions are impossible, men can do work, and relatively high concentrations of methane would be permitted. A systems analysis has been performed to examine the physiological, engineering, and economic feasibility of such a concept, and methods and equipment are recommended for maintaining an EPM atmosphere in a bituminous coal mine producing a nominal two million tons of clean coal per year. It is concluded that: engineering feasibility can be demonstrated using subsystems and components that can be designed and built within the present state-of-the-art, that economic feasibility is possible within approximately five years, and that physiological feasibility is sufficiently promising to warrant continued investigation.

Jan 1, 2012

By R. J. Leary

The Bureau of Mines experimental blast furnace was blown with oxygen-enriched blast in combination with natural gas injected at the tuyeres. The air blast was augmented with oxygen to form an enriched blast containing 24,8 pct oxygen, and tests were run at natural gas injection rates of 4.5, 6.0, and 8.3 pct of the air blast. Similar enrichment to 26.8 pct oxygen was tested at natural gas rates of 7.2, 9.1, and 11,0 pct of the air blast. At intermediate proportions of natural gas to oxygen, (1) the fuel rate and the replacement ratio of coke by natural gas were unaffected by oxygen injections and (2) the productivity increased about 4 pct for each I pct oxygen added to the blast. The higher proportions of natural gas to oxygen were less efficient; in return for a lower coke rate, the fuel rate increased and productivity declined. A deficiency in reducing gas imposed a limit upon lower than normal proportions of natural gas to oxygen. Beyond this limit the formation of reducing gas was insufficient to support the rate of metal production. When this condition was encountered, the coke rate requirement for specification iron was abnormally high and production fell off badly. Adiabatic flame temperature is discussed as a means for proportioning oxygen and natural gas additions.

Jan 1, 1967

By Michael R. Norland

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report on U.S. and Canadian 1iterature pertaining to soil characterization and the use of soil amendments as a part of the reclamation process of coal surface-mined lands contains 1,280 references. The references were published during the 1977 to 1988 period. Each reference is evaluated by keywords, providing the reader with a means of rapidly sorting through the references to locate those articles with the coal mining region and subjects of interest. All references are annotated.

Jan 1, 1991

By W. J. Wenger

Colorado has been producing petroleum since 1863 but only recently has become a major oil State. The first well was drilled on Oil Creek near Florence, but out-put was relatively small until discovery and development of the Weber sandstone reservoir at Rangely. Oil was discovered in the Weber sandstone in 1933, and the reservoir was developed after 1940, bringing Colorado, in 1949, to 11th place among the 48 States as an oil producer. Colorado's output increased further because of the discovery and development of many fields in the Julesburg Basin since 1949 By 1954 Colorado was in ninth place and maintained that position through 1955.4/ Between 1946 and 1951, Colorado's oil production more than doubled, while the total United States production increased only 25 percent. It seems probable that production will continue to expand in Colorado for many years. This report presents analyses of 92 crude oils from 73 fields representing 90 percent of the production in 1955. Abridged analyses are listed for easy comparision, and complete analyses arc given in the appendix. Oil samples were collected for study from many different sources. Although many of the newer fields were not sampled, their oils probably are very similar to those from corresponding formations that were studied and tabulated.

Jan 1, 1957

By William C. Cooley

Data on equipment and components which have been used in hydraulic mining experiments, tests, and operations were collected from the literature. Also data were obtained from U.S. manufacturers and suppliers of equipment which is potentially applicable and available in the U.S. for hydraulic mining. The data have been divided into 24 main categories (see the following page) and have been assembled on two-page data sheets which follow. Wherever possible, drawings or photographs are included immediately after each data sheet.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. M. Stuve

In this Bureau of Mines investigation, the low-temperature heat capacities of polycrystalline phases corresponding to the sulfide compounds CoSO?89' CoS1?33, and CoS2 were measured by adiabatic calorimetry within the nominal temperature range 5 to 300 K. The derived absolute entropies S298 were 10.36±O.02, 12.96±O.03, and 16.31±O.03 cal?mol-1?K-l, respectively, assuming third-law behavior. In addition, the standard enthalpy of formation 8Hf298 of CoSO?89 was determined by bromine solution calorimetry. The derived value of 8Hf298 was -50.63±2.1 kcal?mol-1, based on the 8Hf298 of Co0. This result is considerably more negative than previously published formation values based on high-temperature gas equilibrium studies.

Jan 1, 1985